林业剩余物颗粒燃料成型工艺

分析了环模孔长径比、林业剩余物的粒度、含水率和进料转速对颗粒燃料成型的影响,并找出了杉木、松木、樟木、杂灌、锯末、竹屑6种林业剩余物的颗粒燃料较佳成型工艺条件.检测结果显示,生产的林业剩余物颗粒燃料的密度在1.1 g/cm3以上,以杉木和松木为原料的颗粒燃料的热值最高,超过17 800 kJ/kg.     

生物质棒状成型燃料的物理特性研究

利用木屑、竹屑及玉米秸秆等生物质原料,采用棒状成型机将原料压缩为棒状成型燃料。试验测定了成型燃料的松弛密度、抗跌碎性、抗渗水性和吸湿性等物理特性参数。结果表明:生物质原料纤维排列形态对成型燃料的密度有影响,原料纤维形态结构排列整齐与零散结构相比,成型后成型燃料的密实度更好。生物质原料固定碳含量影响成型后成型燃料的表面颜色,固定碳含量低的生物质原料,成型后成型燃料的表面颜色较深。试验结果也表明了原料纤维形态和原料特性对成型燃料的抗跌碎性、抗渗水性及吸湿性均有重要影响。     

基于市场分析的中国生物质成型燃料状况

研究了2010年中国生物质成型燃料,尤其是农林剩余物成型燃料的发展情况.首先讨论了生物质成型燃料技术及其分类,然后分析了农林剩余物资源状况和能源利用潜能,最后对中国各个地区的生物质成型燃料发展状况进行了市场分析和优势、劣势、机会、挑战分析.分析表明:主要的农业剩余物和大部分林业剩余物可作为生物质成型燃料的良好原料,具有很大的能源利用潜能;在华中、华东、华南、华北和东北等地区生物质成型燃料市场发展情况较好;发展和提高生物质成型燃料技术及成型燃料燃烧技术,为成型燃料提供更多的激励和支持政策,建立更多成型燃料示范基地,提高公众环保意识及限制煤的不合理利用等将有利于中国生物质成型燃料的发展.     

油茶果壳固定床低氧烘焙及产物理化性质研究

油茶果壳资源化利用是当今林业系统研究的热点问题之一。本研究将油茶果壳碎屑在固定床反应器中低氧烘焙,以期利用燃烧尾气替代氮气,在获得较佳理化性质烘焙产物的同时,降低烘焙工艺成本。试验结果表明:烘焙产物的热值随失重的提高而升高,然而能量收率表现为相反的规律。同时,烘焙产物的堆积密度则呈现先降低后升高的趋势,并在失重25.80%处达到最低值。通过成型过程提高该条件下的堆积密度,并结合含水率、能量收率和能量密度的变化规律,失重25.80%处的工艺条件(烘焙温度270℃和载气含氧量9%)有望成为工业应用的选择。     

林业“三剩物”的开发利用现状和前景概述

目前国内"三剩物"(采伐剩余物、造材剩余物和加工剩余物)以作为人造板和制浆造纸的原料、制备化学品以及作为直接和间接燃料的形式被利用.国际上林业剩余物能源的研究开发主要集中于气化(使有机物转化成可燃气体)、液化(利用生物发酵或酸水解技术制取乙醇和通过热解等技术转化成液化油)和固化(林业剩余物能源固化成型技术).未来林业"三剩物"的开发利用将集中在:作为木材的替代资源的开发利用;以木材"三剩物"和次小薪材为原料生产加工综合利用产品;林业"三剩物"高品质生物质能源产品的开发.     

轻简化油茶果处理设备

“轻简化油茶果处理设备”是湖南省林业科学院(国家油茶工程中心)承担的“湖南省林业科技计划项目”、“中央财政林业推广项目”等课题资助的研究成果,由株洲丰科林业装备科技有限公司制造。该套设备由上料机构、分级机构、剥壳机构、粗筛机构、控制系统等组成,可实现油茶鲜果到湿籽的高效快速处理。采用柔性滚动碾搓可调间隙脱壳技术(专利号:201821411066.X)进行采后加工前端经济处理。性能参数设备处理量≥2吨/小时,剥壳率≥99%,茶籽净度≥90%,破损率≤5%。近2年来,该设备已在湖南祁东、株洲等中小型油茶企业推广。     

不同品种（种）油茶果径、籽径测定及机械脱蒲性能研究

对浙江主栽的11个油茶Camellia oleifera良种与3个浙江本土油茶品种（种）分别测定果径和籽径及其直径分布,并选取其中6个长林系列品种的油茶果进行混合测验机械脱蒲效果,分析油茶果的脱蒲率、油茶籽破损率和蒲籽分离率,研究果径、籽径对油茶机械化脱蒲的影响,为油茶果机械化脱蒲及加工机械开发提供理论依据与数据支撑。结果表明,果径分布区间在<19 mm、19～31 mm、31～43 mm、>43 mm的油茶果实比例分别为0.67%、35.55%、54.65%、9.13%;不同品种（种）油茶籽径分布有一定的差异,油茶籽径分布区间在<9 mm、9～15 mm、15～21 mm、>21 mm的油茶籽比例分别为1.79%、31.45%、57.80%、8.96%。机械化脱蒲试验结果表明,油茶果的脱蒲率为92.78%,油茶籽的破损率为2.34%,蒲籽分离率为87.20%,油茶籽径大于30mm的油茶籽易受损,果径在19.58～21.22 mm的油茶果不易脱蒲和分离。可依据试验结果对油茶果脱蒲机械的辊子的尺寸、辊子运动的速度、筛选器的间隙等关键零部件进行设计与分析,同时可对不...     

鼓式削片机对竹子加工质量的影响因素分析

采用鼓式削片机切削竹子时原料的最佳水分应控制在25%～35%范围内,水分低会增加细竹屑的产生.此外,内置筛网的尺寸和飞刀的锋利程度对细竹屑的产生也有影响.     

杉木枝、叶成型燃料技术的研究

开创性地利用采伐废弃的自然风干杉树枝叶为原料,并适当加大原料粒度,以提高原料与模具的摩擦力(阻力),适度延长原料在模具内的滞留时间,使原料能在机模内温度较低(120℃以下)的状态下成型。生产出的产品低位热值4 228 cal/g、灰分1.56%～1.99%、热效是吉安天河煤矿产原煤的163%,是现市场中最优质的生物质成型燃料。     

移动式制粒机的设计

随着人们对能源重视程度的提高,生物质能被人们所看好,回收利用林间三剩物是实现节能减排的重要方向.为了得到能量高、体积小的生物质燃料,人们研制了生物质制粒机,将粉碎后的木质材料通过挤压而得到高密度、高热值的生物质颗粒.它具有以下主要特征:有比较高的密度,一般1.0～1.3g/cm3;热值一般为16 000 ～ 17 000J/kg;灰份小,有害成分低,可以实现零的排放[1].在我国传统林间剩余物的加工技术研究中,人们要通过背负式割灌机将林间剩余物割倒,然后利用人背或者牲畜将剩余物从林间运输到集材道上,再用拖拉机将枝桠散装运输到林道上,打包捆扎运输到林场,在林场转运大型汽车运输到木颗粒加工厂.     

Effects on forest products markets of second-generation biofuel production based on biomass from boreal forests: a case study from Norway

Second-generation biofuels are often seen as essential element in the future bioeconomy strategy. Countries with extensive forest resources such as Norway often view wood as preferred bio-feedstock, yet the effects of wood demand on assortments of harvested wood and other wood-based industries are unclear. Focusing on the importance of feedstock choice, we analyse the impacts of establishing a second-generation medium-scale biofuel plant in Norway. For the analysis, a dynamic forest sector model where the choice of tree species, wood assortments, production of bioenergy, and forest industry products are explicitly included, was applied. We find the optimal biofuel feedstock mix to be dominated by softwood chips from pulpwood comprising 48% of total biomass inputs in 2030 and increasing to 67% by 2055, followed by hardwood chips from birch, comprising initially 34% of total biomass inputs and 16% by 2055. The proportion of harvest residues remained constant at about 18% over time and roundwood was not used at all for biofuel production. Despite the additional demand for chips, the single medium-scale biofuel plant will have only minor effects on existing forest industries and harvests in Norway, as the domestic impact is dampened by changes in foreign trade flows, especially of chips.     

利用森林可燃物制炭的初步研究

用昆明地区8种森林可燃物制成了11种成型炭,实验表明：11种成型炭与2种实木制成的炭的热值相近。将森林可燃物固化制成成型炭可减少林内可燃物载量,经济、生态效益显著。     

中国神农架国家自然保护区鄂西箬竹(Indocalamuswilsoni)的群落特征(英文)

通过对含有鄂西箬竹的4种植被,即针阔混交林、次生阔叶林、疏灌丛及草甸的样地调查,比较分析了箬竹群落的区系构成,生活型、群落结构及竹类生存状况。20年前的针叶树种的采伐提升了样地的物种多样性,但影响了其下层植物箬竹的生存。疏灌丛比其背景植被草甸含有更高的物种多样性和更多的地下芽植物,然而疏灌丛下的箬竹长势更好。箬竹偏喜于缓坡上具有中等盖度的植被环境。发生于次生阔叶林中的箬竹群体开花预示着在整个神农架亚高山生境的箬竹将在未来的几年内同时开花死亡。这不仅会改变现存竹类立地的区系构成和群落结构,同时也会波及到这一稀有物种的生存问题。     

毛竹林下立体栽培黑木耳生长与品质

为了合理利用竹林空间,促进竹菌复合经营发展,开展了不同栽培方式下黑木耳生长和品质的比较研究。结果表明,在竹林下袋料立体栽培的黑木耳具有大小均匀、光泽度好、杂质少等优点,每袋采收产量比农田的增加17.2%,单朵质量增加19.7%;竹林下黑木耳采收时间少于农田栽培,在一定程度上减少了人工管理时间与成本。黑木耳营养成分受栽培环境影响较为明显,竹林下黑木耳氨基酸总量、可溶性糖、灰分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量以及Na、Mg、Fe等矿质元素含量高于农田,除竹林第1批黑木耳可溶性糖含量为最高值(6.070%)以外,第2批黑木耳营养品质总体高于第1批。选择适宜的林地光照、湿度、温度等生态环境要素,可实现竹林下黑木耳复合经营效益的最大化。     

天全县毛竹实生林速生丰产配套技术研究

四川省天全县从2001年至2003年在17个乡镇发展毛竹实生苗造林14 466.67 hm2,至2006年郁闭成林,本文研究了毛竹成林到成材的前10 a生长主导因素。结果表明:毛竹造林用苗,宜用整窝实生苗。实生苗造林前5a主要是补植抚育保成活,最主要的措施是砍灌、除草、亮窝正苗。后5 a是成材的关键时期,主要措施是控制立竹度,保持4 500株·hm-2～10 500株·hm-2都可以,超过10 500株影响成材。施肥效应对成材影响不明显,毛竹苗从栽植到第8个年头,几乎都可以不施肥,以后施肥以P、K为主,每hm2在1500 kg以内即可;将四川毛竹造林海拨向上推进了200 m达到1 400 m。     

竹木屑主基质配比菌棒对香菇出菇效率及品质的影响

本文以香菇为试验对象,通过分析竹屑与杂木屑主基质配比菌棒与传统基质菌棒污染率、出菇产量、营养成分和产出效益的差异,筛选出香菇菌棒的最佳竹屑与杂木屑主基质配比(以下简称竹木基质菌棒),系统揭示竹加工剩余物在食用菌栽培利用中的可行性,旨在为竹材资源高效利用提供新的途径.结果表明:3种竹木基质菌棒总污染率显著高于对照(P=0...     

Canopy tree development and undergrowth bamboo dynamics in old-growth Abies–Betula forests in southwestern China: a 12-year study

Interactions between forest canopy characteristics and plants in the forest understory are important determinants of forest community structure and dynamics. In the highlands of southwestern, China the dwarf bamboo Bashania fangiana Yi is an understory dominant beneath a mixed canopy of the evergreen Abies faxoniana (Rheder & Wilson) and the deciduous Betula utilis (D. Don). The goal of this study was to better understand the role of bamboo dominance, canopy characteristics, and periodic bamboo dieback on forest development. To achieve this goal, we measured tree seedling, tree saplings, and trees, forest canopy characteristics, and bamboo cover in permanent forest (n = 4) and gap plots (n = 31) in a mixed A. faxoniana and B. utilis forest in Sichuan, China. Dwarf bamboos died off in 1983 in the gap plots, and in three of the four forest plots. Forest development was assessed for the period 1984–1996. The seedling bank in forest and gap plots increased after bamboo die-off. A. faxoniana seedlings increased more than B. utilis in forest plots; the opposite pattern characterized gap plots. The proportion of seedlings on raised micro-sites on the forest floor also changed and new seedling were more abundant on the forest floor. By 1996, bamboo seedling cover and biomass had recovered to ca. 45% or their pre-flowering values. Rates of bamboo seedling recovery were faster beneath canopy gaps and deciduous trees than beneath forest or evergreen trees. Tree mortality exceeded recruitment in plots with dense bamboo; the opposite pattern was found in the plot with little bamboo. The mortality rate for B. utilis trees (2.4% year⁻¹) was higher than that for A. faxoniana (0.8% year⁻¹) and forests with dense bamboos became more open over the census period. Tree mortality was size-dependent and intermediate sized trees had the lowest rates of mortality. Stand basal area increased mainly due to greater basal area gain than loss for A. faxoniana. Interactions between tree species life history, canopy type, and bamboo life-cycles create heterogeneous conditions that influence tree and bamboo regeneration and contribute to the coexistence of A. faxoniana and B. utilis in old-growth forests in southwestern China.     

经营强度对蜀南竹海楠竹保护的影响

竹林区竹类种质保育需要建立避免人为干扰的竹类自然生态系统,但现有的竹林粗放遍及各处的经营策略则直接威胁到竹类种质栖息地的保护。通过对蜀南竹海人工经营和未经营下楠竹林群落环境与种群结构的对比分析,认为保护区内楠竹林经营强度改变了植物群落结构,导致植物物种多样性的丧失,地表灌木、草本和凋落物的盖度降低,生物量减少;考虑天然楠竹林结构演替,楠竹的人工经营(纯林经营)是维持楠竹林生产力和楠竹林的必然途径。基于现代林业理论,提出了县域楠竹林适度经营与保护的空间分工性、集约化策略,以期获得保护区长期的生态经济社会效益与生态安全屏障的优化格局。     

浙江安吉退化毛竹林改为竹阔混交林模式初探

为提高退化毛竹纯林的生态价值,重建森林生态系统,结合安吉县培育珍贵树种、营造彩色森林建设目标,试点研究了将安吉退化毛竹纯林改造成彩色林分或竹阔混交林的具体模式。结果显示,退化毛竹林通过采用留养抚育、适度透光间伐、适当清理林下灌木、补植乡土珍贵树种等方法改造后,阔叶树种均生长良好。     

Community features ofIndocalamus wilsoni in the Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, China

Four vegetation types, namely coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest, secondary deciduous broadleaved forest, open shrubs and meadow, with dwarf bamboo (Indocalamus wilsoni) are compared on their floristic composition, life form, community structure, and survivorship of bamboos. Disturbance of conifer-logging two decades ago promoted the species diversity, but negatively influenced the survivorship of dwarf bamboo which is dominate on the forest floor. Open shrubs bear more species diversity and more geophytes in its life-form spectrum than its background vegetation subalpine meadow, however, dwarf bamboo is growing much better in the open shrubs than in the meadow. It seems dwarf bamboo probably favorites to occur in the vegetation at gentle slopes with a mediate canopy cover. Its mass flowering in the secondary deciduous forest suggests that a simultaneous flowering and following dieback maybe irrupt in the recently coming years over the subalpine Shennongjia in China, which will be not only alter the floristic composition and community structure of the old bamboo stands, but also influence the survivorship of this rare species. Biography: Li Zhao-hua (1964-), male, Ph. D Candidate in the Ceter for Development Researches (ZEF) of Bonn University, ZEF, Bonn University, Walter-Flex-Str. 3, D-53113 Bonn, Germany. Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai