基于Weibull分布的林分结构可视化模拟技术研究

林分结构是林分生长和林分经营的理论基础,具有重要的生产实践和科研价值。以杉木人工林为研究对象,以30 m×30 m样地大小为例,以Weibull分布拟合林分直径结构,并进行x2检验。在已知林木算术平均胸径和林木株数的前提下,以C#语言为基础,结合Weibull分布模型、测树因子间关系模型、生物量估计模型、GDI+技术与MOGRE技术,实现了林分结构统计图表可视化模拟,并对林分进行了2维3维可视化模拟。结果表明:Weibull分布可有效拟合林分直径结构分布,可视化模拟技术使林分结构得到了更加直观高效的表达,为研究林分结构提供了新的技术手段,为提高森林经营管理水平提供了可视化决策平台。     

用Weibull分布拟合刺槐林分直径结构的研究

应用三参数Weibull分布拟合刺槐林分林木直径分布，并与正态分布及回归方程Y=ae^b(x-x^-)^2拟合结果对比，表明用Weibull分布拟合效果好，精度高，能描述刺槐林分林木直径分布规律，可反映出实际分布与理论分布接近的程度，有一定的现实意义。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘梭梭林分距离结构模拟

以天然梭梭林分的距离结构情况为研究对象,通过对梭梭林分最近邻距离概率分布模型的构建,建立预估梭梭林木距离的模型,为荒漠树种林分空间结构的分析与重建提供方法支持。利用Stochastic Geometry 4.1软件随机生成均匀、随机和团状3种分布类型的模拟样地,使用Matlab软件对模拟样地中的目标点以及实测样地的林分进行最近邻距离分布模型拟合,并对模型进行了拟合参数估计和拟合效果的Kolmogorov-Smirnov(K-S)检验。结果表明:模拟样地和实测样地的最近邻距离分布可以用两参数威布尔分布(Weibull-2)模型进行拟合,拟合效果较好,其中模拟样地和实测样地距离分布拟合的R~2值均在0.883～0.997之间,均方根误差(RMSE)取值分别在0.003～0.052与0.007～0.041之间,D值均小于D_(0.05)值,结果服从原定假设。因此,Weibull-2分布可以用来描述天然梭梭林分距离结构的分布,且表现出了良好的适应性,说明Weibull-2分布可以用来对不同树种的林分空间结构进行描述。     

马尾松人工林直径分布收获模型及其应用研究

马尾松人工林直径分布收获模型系统包括三大部分，即林分因子模型、Weibull分布参数回收模型和林分收获模型。此模型系统保证了林分变量间的一致性，实现了林分结构和产量(蓄积量和出材量)的动态预测，为用材林林木资产评估、确定森林的经济成熟提供了必要的技术手段。     

长白山云冷杉针阔混交林年龄结构研究

保证幼苗幼树的林下更新是森林可持续发展的必要条件之一,了解和确定幼树幼苗的更新株数标准是很有必要的,这就需要了解林分从幼树幼苗到大径阶林木完整的林分结构.用1988年调查的4块长白山云冷杉针阔混交林皆伐标准地的幼树幼苗数据和大于检尺径阶林木数据,对林分的年龄结构进行了研究.比较了只用大于检尺林木数据建立的年龄分布与所有林木数据建立的年龄分布之间的区别,并用负指数分布、Weibull分布和幂函数对年龄结构进行了拟合.用胸径≥7 cm的林木数据得到的长白山云冷杉针阔混交林年龄结构呈偏左正态分布,用所有林木数据得到的年龄结构呈反J型分布,龄级35 a以后两者的分布形状相似.通过拟合时的R2和预估值的x2检验结果发现,Weibull分布对林分结构的拟合效果最好,其次是幂函数,负指数分布最差.但Weibull分布也不是最理想的分布函数,虽然R2达到了0.996,但x2=297.24大于xo.05 =42.557,这可能和数据数量的多少有关.     

长白落叶松人工林径级分布规律初探

多数研究者认为,用Weibull分布描述林分径级结构,是一个比较理想的模型.本文利用设在带岭林业局南苗圃的17年生长白落叶松密度试验地,作为原始资料,用Weibull分布对其径级分布进行模拟,并     

浙江省毛竹直径与年龄的二元Weibull分布模型

利用2004年复查的浙江省森林资源连续清查体系4250个固定样地中的245个毛竹纯林样地数据,用具有严格概率模型性质的二元Weibull分布模型描述浙江省毛竹直径与年龄的二维结构,并讨论二元Weibull分布模型的生成函数,给出几个不同形式的表达式,指出模型良好的概率模型性质。一元Weibull分布模型的直径、年龄模型分别是二元模型的边际分布,而且用边际分布求得的参数与用联合分布求得的参数也很接近。本研究是省级地域的毛竹宏观模型,该模型也可尝试应用到林分水平,以及其他类型森林。     

森林经营决策模拟系统的设计与实现

以湖南省株洲市攸县黄丰桥林场为研究对象,以Visual Basic和Access数据库为开发平台,通过模拟生成一个与现实林分相似的虚拟林分,应用Weibull分布、Monte Carlo方法和随机分布方法对林分直径结构进行模拟;利用数学分析和统计方法计算林分经营决策因子;根据林分经营决策因子的决策准则,建立森林经营决策模型,然后对其进行检验.由此设计并实现了森林经营决策模拟系统.该系统可以动态地模拟林分直径结构,模拟结果非常稳定;能动态地模拟林木的地面位置;实现了模拟数据结果的实时浏览查看、图表图像显示等多项功能.     

关于五常市宝龙店林场主要林分类型直径分布的研究

研究应用五常市地区宝龙店林场调查的20块次生林标准地的数据,分析林分的直径分布规律,运用指数分布、正态分布和Weibull分布函数对其进行拟合,用R语言对样地数据进行处理,建立直径回归模型,用分布检验并比较各种分布函数对实际数据的拟合效果。研究结果表明:随着林分树木直径不断增加,林木株数在总体上呈现出减小的趋势。在人工林中,正态分布和Weibull分布的拟合效果较好;在阔叶林中, Weibull分布拟合效果更好。     

广东省针阔混交林直径分布规律研究

基于2012年广东省森林资源连续清查样地和样木调查数据,分析广东省针阔混交林直径分布特征,应用Weibull分布函数分别按全林分、不同起源、不同龄组和不同林分密度对省域尺度的针阔混交林林木直径分布进行了拟合和卡方检验。结果表明,在SPSS和Matlab软件中拟合出的15个模型中有10个能够较好地由Weibull分布函数模拟,多模型较好地表达了起源、龄组、林分密度等主要林分因子的针阔混交林林木直径分布。但纯天然起源、人工植苗、幼龄林、中龄林、林分密度为1 000~1 500株/hm2和2 000~3 000株/hm2的针阔混交林林木直径分布模型因受人为干扰,Weibull拟合效果不理想,需进一步尝试其它抗干扰模型。     

Modeling frequency distributions of tree height,diameter and crown area by six probability functions for open forests of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus persica</Emphasis> in Iran

The prediction of the distribution of quantitative variables in a forest stand is of great interest to forest managers, for the evaluation of forest resources and scheduling of future silvicultural treatments. The aim of this research was to model the distribution of quantitative variables for Quercus persica in open forests in Iran. To investigate the probability distribution of trees in natural stands, 642 trees were selected for measurement using a systematic random sampling method. Selected trees were measured and data were analyzed. Gamma, beta, normal,lognormal, exponential and Weibull probability distributions were fitted to the height distribution of trees. Variables of distribution functions were estimated using the maximum likelihood estimation method. Actual probability and probability which derived from functions was compared using Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Anderson–Darling tests. Beta, Weibull and Weibull probability distributions explained the distributions of tree height, DBH and crown area.     

火炬松人工林直径分布收获模型的研究

搜集福建省火炬松人工林各30株林分平均木和优势木的树干解析数据，运用正态分布、对数正态分布、Weibull分布、B分布、Γ分布函数来拟合福建省火炬松人工林的直径分布规律。结果表明：Weibull分布的拟合效果好，标准地接受率为80％，用参数回收技术建立火炬松人工林直径分布收获模型，经检验，每公顷材积平均相对误差8．37％，每公顷胸高断面积平均相对误差6．72％。因此该模型可以用来估测福建省火炬松人工林的林分结构和产量。     

金沟岭林场云冷杉过伐林林分直径结构的研究

以吉林省汪清林业局金沟岭林场云冷杉过伐林112块固定样地1987—2003年间4次调查数据为依据,分析其株数径阶分布特点,并用Weibull分布和负指数分布描述其直径结构。研究表明:该林分直径结构为异龄林结构;Weibull分布函数和负指数分布函数均能表达云冷杉过伐林直径结构,Weibull分布函数拟合的效果比负指数分布好。     

Fitting irregular diameter distributions of forest stands by Weibull, modified Weibull, and mixture Weibull models

Irregular diameter frequency distributions of forest stands include multimodal structure of mixed-species stands, highly skewed and highly irregular shapes of uneven-aged stands, and rotated sigmoid form of old-growth stands. In this study, a traditional two-parameter Weibull model, a modified two-parameter Weibull model, and a finite mixture of two-parameter Weibull models were used to fit four artificial example plots. The model fitting and comparison results indicate that the mixture Weibull model is more flexible to fit various irregular diameter distributions, while the traditional Weibull model fails in every case to adequately describe these frequency distributions. The modified Weibull model is a good choice for fitting the “rotated-sigmoid” diameter distribution of an uneven-aged old-growth stand. However, it may not be sufficient when a diameter frequency distribution is multimodal or highly irregular in shape.     

青石冈林场木荷直径结构研究

以湖南青石冈林场木荷人工林为研究对象,分析了木荷直径结构规律。运用威布尔分布(Weibull)、正态分布、对数正态分布和伽马(Gamma)分布进行直径拟合,并结合X2对拟合结果进行检验,结果表明:木荷林分平均胸径为10.4cm,在5.1～37.1cm之间变动,全距32.0cm,径阶分布范围不大;小径阶的林木数量居多(6～12cm),累计百分比已达到83.7%;4种分布函数中,威布尔分布拟合效果最好,其次是对数正态分布,但两者的差异不大,均可用于预测木荷林直径结构。     

A model for predicting log yield from stand characteristics

A method for forecasting the log‐class distribution resulting from harvesting forest stands is investigated. The diameter distribution of a stand is approximated by a two‐parameter Weibull density function, the parameters of which are recovered from stand level characteristics. Theoretical bucking is performed for actual and simulated distributions and the resulting log yields are compared. An application to 40 stands indicates that an accurate prognosis can be expected, given a good approximation of the diameter distribution. For cases with multimodal diameter distributions or many small trees, the prognosis is unreliable.     

抚育间伐对栓皮栎人工林直径和树高分布的影响

[目的]以河南登封林场栓皮栎人工林为研究对象,研究抚育间伐对林分不同生长阶段林木株数、林木直径分布和树高分布的影响,为制定科学合理的抚育经营措施奠定理论和技术基础.[方法]在株数强度为31.55％的间伐林分和条件基本一致的未间伐林分内,分别设置1个1 hm2样地,间伐作业2 a后获取每木检尺数据,分别利用Normal分...     

Use of Gumbel and Weibull functions to model extreme values of diameter distributions in forest stands

Context

Families of the Gumbel (type I), Fréchet (type II) and Weibull (type III) distributions can be combined in the generalized extreme value (GEV) family of distributions. Maximum and minimum values of diameters in forest stands can be used in forest modelling, mainly to define parameters of the functions used in diameter class models as well as in some practical cases, such as modelling maximum diameters for sawing and processing purposes.

Aims

The purpose of this study was to examine and compare two extreme value distribution functions (the Gumbel and the Weibull functions) in modelling the distribution of the minimum and the maximum values of representative sets of tree diameter samples. Both of these functions were applied to the lower and upper values of the diameter distributions of the main forest species in northwest Spain: Quercus robur L., Betula pubescens Ehrh., Pinus radiata D. Don, Pinus pinaster Ait. and Pinus sylvestris L.

Methods

Parameters of the Gumbel function were estimated using the mode and the moments of the distributions, and parameters of the Weibull function were estimated using the moments method.

Results

In general, the Weibull distribution was the most suitable model for describing the maximum diameters. The mode method of the Gumbel yielded the best results for minimum diameters of birch and Monterrey pine. The Gumbel distribution, fitted by either the mode- or moments-based methods, proved more suitable than the Weibull distribution for describing the minimum diameters in maritime pine and Scots pine stands.

Conclusion

In some cases, better results were obtained with the Gumbel than the Weibull distribution for describing the distribution of extreme diameter values in forest stands in northwest Spain. This is the first example of the application of the Gumbel distribution in forest modelling.