不同脱乙酰度壳聚糖对肉仔鸡生长性能与免疫功能的影响

通过在日粮中添加不同脱乙酰度壳聚糖研究其对肉仔鸡生长性能和免疫功能的影响。试验结果表明:1～21日龄,添加壳聚糖各组对肉仔鸡日增重均有不同程度的抑制作用,但差异不显著;22～49日龄中添加脱乙酰度95.3%壳聚糖,具有一定的促生长作用。在肉仔鸡生长全期添加不同脱乙酰度的壳聚糖对肉仔鸡生长性能无显著影响。21日龄时脱乙酰度86.2%壳聚糖组T淋巴细胞比率显著高于对照组,而其他壳聚糖组与对照组相比,差异不显著;添加壳聚糖有助于提高肉仔鸡新城疫HI抗体水平的趋势,但差异不显著。     

龙虾壳聚糖的制备条件优化及其对断奶仔猪生长和免疫功能的影响

试验筛选了不同温度、碱浓度和处理时间对龙虾壳聚糖脱乙酰度的影响,优化了高脱乙酰度龙虾壳聚糖的制备条件,并探讨了其对断奶仔猪生长和免疫功能的影响。结果表明,在50%的NaOH溶液中,110℃以上温度条件下,处理时间1.5h以上,可制备出高脱乙酰度的龙虾壳聚糖;在日粮中添加500mg/kg的壳聚糖,可以提高断奶仔猪的生长性能及免疫功能。     

不同脱乙酰度壳聚糖对肉仔鸡肠道菌群的影响

1日龄AA肉仔鸡250只,随机分为5组,每组设5个重复,每个重复10只鸡。对照组(Ⅰ)喂给基础日粮,试验组(Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ)分别在基础日粮中添加脱乙酰度为82.5%、86.2%、90.5%和95.3%的壳聚糖10g/kg。试验期7周。试验结果表明:不同脱乙酰度壳聚糖对肉仔鸡肠道菌群的影响不同,在21日龄,脱乙酰度82.5%壳聚糖组能显著抑制盲肠大肠杆菌的增殖(P<0.05),各壳聚糖组均能不同程度地促进盲肠乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌的增殖,其中脱乙酰度90.5%、95.3%壳聚糖组对双歧杆菌数量的影响差异显著(P<0.05);35日龄,各组盲肠大肠杆菌和双歧杆菌数量无显著差异;脱乙酰度82.5%和86.2%壳聚糖组与对照组相比能促进盲肠乳酸杆菌的增殖,且差异显著(P<0.05)。     

不同脱乙酰度壳聚糖对肉仔鸡生长性能与脂类代谢的影响

1日龄AA肉仔鸡250只,随机分为5组,每组设5个重复,每个重复10只鸡。对照组(Ⅰ)喂给基础日粮,试验组(Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ)分别在基础日粮中添加脱乙酰度分别为82.5%、86.2%、90.5%和95.3%的壳聚糖10g/kg。试验期7周。试验结果表明:1～21日龄,添加壳聚糖各组对肉仔鸡日增重均有不同程度的抑制作用,但差异不显著;22～49日龄中添加脱乙酰度95.3%壳聚糖,具有一定的促生长作用。在肉仔鸡生长全期添加不同脱乙酰度的壳聚糖(10g/kg)对肉仔鸡生长性能无显著影响;在日粮中添加不同脱乙酰度壳聚糖对肉仔鸡腹脂和血脂有一定的抑制作用,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

壳聚糖对动物脂肪代谢及生长性能的影响

壳聚糖(chifosan),是甲壳素的衍生物．又名可溶性甲壳素、脱乙酰甲壳素、甲壳胺、几丁聚糖．是通过甲壳素一定程度的脱乙酰而得到．通常将脱乙酰度55％以上的甲壳素称作壳聚糖,化学名称是(1．4)-2-氨基-2-脱氧-β-D-葡聚糖。在众多的天然多糖中,甲壳素及其主要衍生物壳聚糖是唯一的碱性多糖．具有生物相容性、可食用性、可抗菌性、     

家蚕蜕皮物和蝉蜕制备壳聚糖的理化特性与抑菌活性分析

壳聚糖在医用材料等领域有广泛用途。以家蚕5龄幼虫、蛹的蜕皮物以及蝉蜕为材料制备壳聚糖,并测定样品的结构、理化性质和抑菌活性。3种材料制备壳聚糖的红外光谱与壳聚糖标准品基本相似,只存在个别峰值、峰位的差异,表明3种壳聚糖样品的基本结构相同。3种壳聚糖的粘度和分子质量存在一定差异,其中蝉蜕制备壳聚糖的粘度达到90.4 m Pa·s,家蚕5龄幼虫蜕皮物(简称5龄蚕蜕)制备壳聚糖的粘度则低至11.7 m Pa·s,蚕蛹蜕皮物(简称蛹蜕)和5龄蚕蜕制备壳聚糖的相对分子质量分别为2.6×104、1.2×104,均小于蝉蜕制备壳聚糖的相对分子质量(1.0×105);蝉蜕和蛹蜕制备壳聚糖的脱乙酰度接近,均高于5龄蚕蜕制备壳聚糖的脱乙酰度。3种壳聚糖抑菌的最适p H在4.5~6.5,依据测量抑菌圈的大小,以5龄蚕蜕制备壳聚糖的抑菌效果最好,其次是蝉蜕和蛹蜕制备的壳聚糖。测试结果提示,家蚕5龄幼虫和蛹的蜕皮物以及蝉蜕等均是开发昆虫壳聚糖的优质原料。     

蛹皮脱乙酰几丁质作为微囊材料的研究

利用低分子量的脱乙酰几丁质可取代聚-L-赖氨酸制作做囊,所得脱乙酰几丁质微囊与聚赖氨酸微囊相比有相似的优红蛋白通透性和较强的机械强度。脱乙酰几丁质微囊能包埋葡萄糖氧化酶而不使之逸出。脱乙酰几丁质的脱乙酰度、分子量、浓度和复膜时间及溶液的pH值对微囊的通透性有一定的影响,以分子量的影响最大。     

壳聚糖-海藻酸钠胶囊性能及释药的影响因素

壳聚糖-海藻酸钠胶囊是以聚电解质复合结构为囊膜形成的可降解胶囊,胶囊作为药物载药系统是目前医药领域的研究热点之一。壳聚糖-海藻酸钠胶囊作为药物的载药系统具有缓释、控释与靶释药物性能,同时囊膜作为药物与外界环境的隔离层,能够降低酸、碱、酶等不良因素对药物的影响,保持药物的稳定性,以及作为细胞培养微反应器吸附净化有毒金属离子的作用。文章阐述了壳聚糖脱乙酰度、壳聚糖分子质量、壳聚糖浓度、壳聚糖溶液pH值,以及海藻酸钠浓度、氯化钙浓度对囊膜强度和胶囊释药性能的影响。     

绿色饲料添加剂——壳聚糖

壳聚糖是由甲壳素经脱乙酰化处理后的产物,通常将脱乙酰度55％以上的甲壳素称作壳聚糖,其学名为聚氨基葡萄糖,化学名（1．4）-2-氨基-2-脱氧-β—D-葡聚糖,广泛存在于虾、蟹等动物的外壳和藻类、真菌的细胞壁中。     

壳聚糖及其在家禽饲料中的应用

壳聚糖又称脱乙酰甲壳素聚氨基葡萄糖,是甲壳素脱乙酰后的产物。甲壳素是自然界中产量仅次于纤维素的天然产物,广泛存在于虾、蟹等甲壳动物外壳中。壳聚糖因具有优良的生物相容性,可被溶菌酶溶解,可生物降解,其代谢产物无毒,且能被生物体完全吸收等独特的理化特性,在医药、食品、化妆品、农业及环境等方面应用较为广泛。而壳聚糖作为一种极有潜力的饲料添加剂只是在近几年才开始进行研究开发的,本文将对近年有关壳聚糖在家禽饲料中的应用效果进行总结分析。1壳聚糖结构与理化性质壳聚糖是甲壳素脱乙酰后的产物,化学名称为β-(1,4)-2脱氧-D-…     

Evaluation and comparison of acid-base findings obtained using the partial and Astrup's technic in cattle]

The aim of the study was to compare the acid-base (AB-) findings in cattle obtained parallelly by the equilibration method after Astrup and the partial method (titration determination of total carbon dioxide in blood plasma) and at the same time to determine pH, net acid-base exudate in urine and the specific weight of urine. Altogether we made 65 parallel examinations in three groups of cows according to phases of reproduction. In 70.8% of cases correlation between the two results was very good or good, however under the condition that in many cases it was necessary to know also blood pH for the employment of the partial method. Without the knowledge of the blood pH good correlation would be obtained only in 33.8% of all cases. The partial method does not provide satisfactory results mainly in diagnosing respiratory disturbances and in determining compensatory degree of acid-base disturbances. We analysed two alternative values for the top, reference limit of vol. % CO2 in plasma: 60.0 or 55.0. The results imply that from the aspect of correct partial method interpretation it is more accurate to use the value 60.0. A high interpretation correlation between pH and net acid-base urine exudate was also confirmed and that independent urine pH values may be used in a complex acid-base examination to obtain acid-base findings. The representation of the basic types of acid-base disturbances indicates that metabolical acidoses are most frequent in highly pregnant cows (36.9%) mostly without proved compensation. The largest proportion of normal acid-base findings (43.4%) was determined in cows after calving in which also the compensatory mechanisms were most often activated. In connection with these findings the possibilities of impaired health of calves are discussed.     

Evaluation of colostral IgG1 absorption in newborn calves after treatment with alkalinizing agents.

The effects of alkalinizing agents, administered prior to feeding colostrum, on blood-gas and acid-base values and on absorption of IgG1 were determined in 40 newborn Holstein calves. Two treatments, sodium bicarbonate (3 mEq/kg of body weight, IV) and doxapram HCl (2 mg/kg, IV), were evaluated, using a randomized complete-block experimental design. These treatments resulted in significant (P less than 0.01) alteration of blood-gas and acid-base values, generally in the direction of normal values for adult cattle. Significant least squares mean effects were detected for sodium bicarbonate treatment on blood pH (+ 0.04 units, P less than 0.01), PCO2 (+ 4.1 mm of Hg, P less than 0.01), and HCO3 concentration (+ 4.4 mEq/L, P less than 0.01). Significant least squares mean effects were detected for doxapram HCl treatment on blood pH (+ 0.06 pH units, P less than 0.01) and PCO2 (-5.2 mm of Hg, P less than 0.01). Absorption of colostral IgG1 was not affected by the treatments given or by the altered blood-gas and/or acid-base status.     

新生牛血中Cu/Zn-SOD的提纯及肝素、壳聚糖的逐层自组装包裹

试验旨在通过对超氧化物歧化酶（super oxide dismutase, SOD）改性,提高其稳定性。本试验采用了热变性提取方法从新生牛血中提取Cu/Zn-SOD,采用逐层自组装技术,以肝素与壳聚糖为材料,对从新生牛血中分离提纯的SOD进行物理包裹试验,并对包裹后Cu/Zn-SOD的稳定性进行研究。结果显示,在耐热稳定性上,包裹的SOD相对酶活性比天然SOD提高了3.3倍;在耐酸碱性方面,在pH分别为3.0、11.0的条件下,包裹的SOD相对酶活性较天然SOD提高了2.0倍;在抗胰蛋白酶水解的能力上,包裹的SOD相对酶活性较天然SOD提高了2.7倍。采用肝素、壳聚糖制成的外壳对SOD进行物理修饰可得到较好的效果,且其具有较强的机械强度、生物相容性较好,外表面的壳聚糖有助于帮助跨细胞膜转运,可应用于口服剂型SOD的开发。     

Separation and Purification of Cu/Zn-SOD from Newborn Bovine Blood and Prepatation of HEP and CHI Using Layer-by-layer Self-assembly Technique

In order to improve the stability of super oxide dismutase (SOD) with some modification,we used thermal denaturation extraction method to extract Cu/Zn-SOD from newborn bovine blood,and used layer-by-layer self-assembly technique,heparin and chitosan as material to modificate the SOD which separated and purified from newborn bovine blood.The results showed that compared with the natural SOD,the modified SOD increased 3.3 times in the thermal stability;In acid and alkaline,under the condition of pH 3.0 and pH 11.0,the acid-base resistance property of the modified SOD raised 2.0 times;On the antitrypsin hydrolysis ability,the relative enzyme activity of modified SOD had increased 2.7 times than natural SOD.The modified SOD with shell outside made of heparin and chitosan by physical modification could get better effect,and had the strong mechanical strength,better biocompatible,outer surface of chitosan was helpful to cross the cell membrane transport,and it could be applied to the development of oral dosage forms of SOD.     

不同脱乙酰度壳寡糖促胰岛细胞增殖、胰岛素分泌及调节餐后血糖作用的研究

试验旨在探讨N-乙酰化反应制备的不同脱乙酰度壳寡糖对胰岛β细胞系NIT-1的促增殖及胰岛素分泌作用,并进一步探讨在体内壳寡糖降低链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病大鼠餐后2 h血糖的作用。通过N-乙酰化反应制备得到水溶性的不同脱乙酰度的壳寡糖,在细胞水平上,通过形态学观察、MTT比色法、放射免疫等方法研究不同浓度的壳寡糖对胰岛β细胞系NIT-1细胞的增殖及促胰岛素分泌作用;通过一般状态观察、餐后2 h血糖、尿糖、糖耐量测定研究了不同脱乙酰度壳寡糖对链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病大鼠降低餐后2 h血糖和改善葡萄糖耐量的作用。结果表明,对β细胞体外增殖具有明显的促进作用,并可以显著促进原代培养胰岛细胞的胰岛素分泌。因此,壳寡糖在体内能有效改善糖尿病大鼠的体重减轻、多饮、多食等症状,降低餐后2 h血糖值和尿糖,改善葡萄糖耐量。     

Al_2O_3-脱乙酰几丁质作为酶固定化载体的研究

Al2O3作核心的脱乙酰几丁质颗粒可用作酶固定化的载体。观察了脱乙酰几丁质的浓度、脱乙酰度和分子量对酶的固定化的影响。发现以浓度为2．0％、脱乙酰度为85．0％、分子量为1．34×106d的脱乙酰几丁质制得的载体用于固定化酶效果最好。所得固定化GOD具有较高的固定化酶活力、热稳定性和工作稳定性。     

Values of acid-base equilibrium in the blood of various species of domestic animals]

By means of the Astrup equilibration method the values of the acid-base balance of the blood were determined in 104 cows, 99 horses, 100 pigs, 15 sheep, 20 goats, and in 101 dogs. The pH values of the blood, the partial pressure of CO2, the base excess, the base buffer, the standard bicarbonate, the actual bicarbonate, and the total CO2 were processed statistically and are presented in tables.     

甲壳素生产废水提取虾青素及水解蛋白的工艺研究

以小龙虾壳为原料,按酸碱交替法生产的甲壳素,蛋白质和虾青素等物质流失于废水中,采用壳聚糖作絮凝剂,可将虾青素与蛋白质絮凝沉淀。试验结果表明:调节pH值6.0,每升废水中添加40 ml 1%壳聚糖醋酸水溶液,静置3 h,废水中溶液的透光率最低,絮凝物蛋白质回收率达88.6%。使用几种蛋白酶水解絮凝物,其中风味蛋白酶水解度最大,在初始pH值6.5,水解温度55℃,试验确定:选用风味蛋白酶1.5 g/kg絮凝物,固液比1:2时,保温酶解时间4 h,虾青素提取率可达4.49%。该条件下絮凝物蛋白质的水解度为23.8%。提取虾青素并将水解后的蛋白浓缩,喷雾干燥,制成水解动物蛋白,产品不苦,具有良好的风味。