主成分分析在大棚土壤重金属元素区域分异特征的应用

以云南省设施栽培面积最大的6个片区的设施土壤为研究对象,运用主成分分析方法对大棚土壤重金属元素进行区域分异特征的研究。结果表明:按照主成分分析方法,云南设施土壤将被划为两大片区高亲硫元素区和高铁族元素区。按照地域区划,昆明地区的官渡、呈贡、红河属于高铁族元素区;保山、曲靖、玉溪属于高亲硫元素区。相关分析表明:1)铁族元素间的相关关系达到极显著水平;2)亲硫元素的相关关系不如铁族元素,各种元素间的相关关系只达到显著水平;3)亲硫元素与铁族元素之间呈正相关,但未达到显著水平;4)Cd与亲硫元素、铁族元素均达到显著相关水平,但与亲硫元素中达到极显著水平的占总量的33%,而与铁族元素均达到极显著相关;5)Hg与大多数元素之间一般为负相关关系。     

不同类型森林土壤4种金属元素含量的研究

选取安徽老山自然保护区肖坑村典型的6种森林类型为研究对象,对森林土壤中的钾、镁、铁和钠元素的含量及分布规律进行了研究.结果表明:肖坑森林土壤中钾元素含量在0.49～0.63 g/kg,各种森林土壤钾含量都较少;镁元素含量在1.12～1.41 g/kg,落叶阔叶林土壤含镁量最高,常绿阔叶林(＜20年)土壤最低;铁元素含量在10.65～17.89 g/kg,以落叶阔叶林土壤最高,针叶林土壤最低;钠元索含量在1.12～1.42 g/kg,以毛竹林土壤钠含量最高.针阔混交林土壤最低.在相同的土层深度,钾元素、镁元素、铁元素和钠元素的含量在各种森林类型土壤中表现出不一致趋势.但是不同土层深度钾元素的含量都是以落叶阔叶林最少;毛竹林在0-10 cm和10-20 cm深度土壤的钾含量较少,镁和钠的含量最高;针叶林铁的含量最低.而不同年龄阶段的常绿阔叶林在3个土层深度钠的含量排序一致.同种森林类型在不同土层深度4种金属元素含量有一定的规律性.     

宁南宽谷丘陵区土壤矿质元素与氧化铁的特征

以宁夏固原县上黄村和云雾山自然保护区为研究对象,通过大量的室内分析,研究其土壤中矿质元素的剖面分布状况及其氧化铁的分布特征.结果表明供试土壤土体中矿质元素的含量顺序依次为SiO2>Al2O3>CaO>Fe2O3>K2O≈MgO>TiO2>MnO2.其中硅、铝、铁的在剖面上分布较均匀,钙、镁、钾变异较大,空间分布不均;钛、锰空间变化较小,说明供试土壤处于物理风化阶段,土壤的化学风化程度较弱.氧化铁全量含量变化不大,其剖面各层的游离铁、活性铁和络合铁含量均不高,且空间变化幅度小,表明供试土壤的铁的淋溶状况不明显,土壤风化发育不好,释放出的氧化铁少.     

不同开垦年限水稻土还原性物质含量及其分布

以辽宁省各地棕壤型、草甸土型水稻土为研究对象,探讨了不同开垦年限的棕壤型、草甸土型水稻土中还原性物质总量、活性还原性物质、络合态铁、水溶性亚铁、水溶性亚锰含量及其分布状况。结果表明,不同开垦年限供试水稻土随着开垦年限增加表层还原性物质总量、活性还原性物质、络合态铁、水溶性亚铁和水溶性亚锰含量明显增加,且均随土壤深度增加而减少,其积累主要集中在土壤上层。土壤络合态铁与还原性物质总量和活性还原性物质均呈极显著正相关,表层土壤有机质对铁、锰的络合减少了铁、锰元素向剖面下层的迁移数量。开垦10年以上,水稻土耕层中还原性物质就明显积累,直至60年,其积累量仍不断增加,因此生产上必须采取措施抑制水稻土中还原性物质的累积。     

九宫山土壤剖面中黏土矿物的组成特征

以湖北省九宫山的4种垂直地带性土壤为对象,研究其剖面层次的黏土矿物组合和铁、铝氧化物的特征,揭示山地土壤中黏土矿物的变化特点。结果表明,随海拔升高,土壤中黏土矿物类型从以高岭石为主,逐渐变为以14.0?矿物、伊利石及三水铝石为主,有从1︰1型向2︰1型矿物过渡的趋势;不同层次的土壤中黏土矿物类型和相对含量变化明显;土壤随垂直高程的升高,其中游离态铁、铝减小,非晶形和络合态铁、铝增加,各种形态铁、铝氧化物的总量也增加。     

三峡库区土壤营养元素分布特征研究

三峡移民工程中土地资源的合理规划利用需要建立在查清区域土壤营养元素背景及分布特征的基础之上,作者利用多目标地球化学调查方法,通过野外实地调查、大面积系统性采集土壤表层样品、测试分析、数理统计,探讨了三峡库区表层土壤中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、B、Fe、Mn、Mo、Cl等植物生长必需元素在不同土壤类型中的含量分布特征,以紫色土为例探讨了不同分布高度、不同坡度、不同植被条件对其元素含量分布的影响。结果表明:石灰土是营养元素最丰富的土壤,黄壤是营养元素最低的土壤。母岩对土壤元素分布影响明显,灰岩母岩区土壤营养元素最丰富,砂岩母质区土壤养分元素含量最低;同为碎屑岩类的泥岩、粉砂岩、杂砂岩、砂岩母岩区的土壤相比,泥岩类母岩区的土壤养分元素含量相对较高,粉砂岩母岩区土壤养分元素含量居于泥岩与砂岩母岩区土壤之间。随紫色土分布区地形坡度变化,紫色土Ca、Mg、K元素含量无规律性变化,但随地形坡度变缓,N、S、Mo含量明显增高,Fe、Mn、P含量有增高的趋势;随海拔高度降低,紫色土P、S含量增高,Mn、Mo含量有增高的趋势,而其他元素含量无规律性变化。紫色土在相同的母质、气候及相似的地貌条件下,植被覆盖类型不同,土壤中不同元素分异特征差异明显。总体来说,土壤类型是土壤元素分布的主要控制因素,不同土壤类型的元素含量差异十分显著;不同母质来源的土壤元素差异性显著;紫色土的元素分布除受土壤类型控制外,还受地形坡度、高度、植被条件等其他因素的影响,但不同元素受影响的因素及程度不同。     

重庆地区土壤微量元素分布类型

根据对重庆地区土壤中微量元素含量的研究认为,微量元素概率分布类型在全土和单一的土类、土属中是有明显差异的,同一元素可以为不同的分布型,微量元素概率分布型可因各成土因素的变化而改变,但主要受成土母岩的岩石类型,岩相岩性特征所控制。本文拟就这一问题提出我们粗浅的认识。     

旱作黄潮土中铁元素的有效性研究

通过对不同季节采集的不同质地类型土壤样品中有效铁、有机质和酸碱度的化验分析及对小麦、花生、黄瓜进行根外喷施 0 .5 %硫酸亚铁溶液对比研究 ,认为在旱作黄潮土中铁元素的有效性与土壤粘粒含量和有机质含量呈正相关 ,雨季土壤大于旱季土壤 ,而酸碱度的相关性不明显 ;花生、黄瓜对铁素营养的敏感性大于小麦。根外喷施铁肥应优先在质地较粗的旱季土壤和花生、黄瓜上应用     

农田土壤养分变异与施肥推荐

采用差分式GPS定位的方法 ,对山东省青州市王母宫乡王七村 5.47hm2的地块进行了50m50m的网格式取样 ,用土壤系统研究法对其大、中、微量元素进行了分析。结果表明 ,土壤中的营养元素均存在着一定的变异。根据土壤养分的抽样分布 ,可将土壤养分分为两种类型 ,一为偏斜型营养元素 ,主要有氮、磷、硫等 ;其它属另一类 ,为非偏斜营养元素。造成土壤营养元素偏斜的主要原因是施用化学肥料。对施肥较多 ,且施肥历史较长的营养元素 ,在进行测土推荐施肥时 ,不仅要考虑大田的平均养分含量 ,还应考虑土壤的养分的空间变异状况 ;对非偏斜元素的施肥推荐以大田平均值即可     

区域土壤Cd和Cr空间分布的影响因素研究

以种粮大县肇源为研究区,对土壤表层Cd、Cr两种元素水平空间变异及分布特征的影响因素进行深入探讨。结果表明:(1)肇源县土壤表层重金属Cd和Cr的平均含量分别为0.078、46.006 mg/kg,略高于松嫩平原土壤背景值。表层土壤Cd的块金效应为0.432,具有中等程度的空间自相关性;表层土壤Cr的块金效应为0.227,存在强烈的空间自相关性。Cd、Cr元素的空间自相关表现出较为明显的各向异性,均在45°(东北-西南)和135°(东南-西北)方向上空间自相关最强烈。(2)表层土壤和成土母质中Cd和Cr元素含量相关分析结果显示,相关系数分别为0.167、0.639,在P0.01水平上显著相关;不同成土母质类型区域表层土壤中Cd和Cr元素含量的方差分析结果显示,方差齐性检验显著性分别为0.627和0.975,表明成土母质是表层土壤重金属元素Cd和Cr水平空间分布的主要影响因素。(3)研究区内表层土壤Cd和Cr元素的空间分布还受土壤类型、pH、土地利用及覆被类型的影响。     

天津地区土壤中若干元素的含量与机械组成的关系

土壤颗粒组成决定着土壤的物理、化学和生物特性.不同的土壤机械组成,在矿物组成上有显著的差别,其化学成分和其它各种性质也均不相同.土壤机械组成对土壤中元素含量的影响,国内外曾有报道.但两者间相关性的研究报道不多.Ure曾研究过苏格兰10种土壤中61种元素之间的相关系数,讨论了元素与母质的关系.     

Trace elements in Bangladesh paddy soils

Abstract

A study was carried out to investigate the status of four micronutrients, iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn), and five other trace elements, cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and strontium (Sr), in paddy soils of Bangladesh. Soil samples were digested by hydrofluoric acid (HF)‐nitric acid (HNO₃)‐perchloric acid (HClO₄) for determination of total contents of the nine elements, while DTPA, ASI and 0.1 Mhydrochloric acid (HC1) methods were used for determination of available Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn. Total trace element contents were found to vary with physiography on which soils are distributed. In general, Ganges Tidal Floodplain soils had the highest content, whereas terrace soils had the lower content. Among the soil properties examined, clay content had a good relation with total trace element contents in the topsoil, except for Sr. Based on the variation with physiography or clay content, the nine trace elements could be grouped into six groups: Cu, Fe and Zn, Pb, Co and Cr and Ni, Mn, Sr. According to the extractable levels of four micronutrients, Bangladesh paddy soils had the medium to optimum amounts of Fe and Cu, but were deficient sporadically in Mn and extensively in Zn. It was indicated that paddy soils of Bangladesh are yet to be polluted with heavy metals.     

关中盆地全新世黄土-土壤剖面微量元素的地球化学特征及其古气候意义

通过对老官台全新世黄土剖面12种微量元素的测定分析,结合本剖面已测定的粒度、磁化率、光释光(OSL)年龄,研究和揭示了它们在表生环境下的地球化学特征和古气候意义。微量元素在风化成壤过程中,其活动性由强至弱顺序为BaSrCdPbLiZnCuCrMnCoRbNi。其中Rb、Li、Cr、Co、Zn、Cu、Mn、Ni八种元素在土壤形成过程中相对富集,含量较高;Sr、Ba、Cd三种元素在土壤中相对淋失,含量较低;但Zn、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb五种元素对黄土层和土壤层的区别不是很明显。因此,Rb、Li、Cr、Co的高含量反映了较温湿的成壤环境,低含量反映了较冷干的粉尘加积环境;而Sr、Ba、Cd低含量反映了较温湿的成壤环境,高含量反映了较冷干的粉尘加积环境。Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn、Ni、Cd元素含量在表土层中的富集主要与现代耕作活动或工业污染有关,反映了人类活动强度的不断增强。LGT剖面主要微量元素的变化清楚地记录了关中盆地自末次冰消期以来气候环境经历的显著波动变化。     

Trace elements in surface soils from the mineralized area of Madison County, Missouri, U.S.A.

Duplicate, bulked surface soil samples, from sites 10m apart, were collected at 97 locations 1000 m apart on a regular grid measuring 8x11 km. Data were obtained for Ag, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn. One field sample was a good predictor of its nearby duplicate for Co, Cu, Ni and Pb, satisfactory for Ba, Be, Cr, Mn and Zn, but poorer for Cr, Li and V. Maps of the variation in precision of the field samples did not reveal any association between abandoned mine sites and high variability. The median coefficient of variation for trace elements in the field duplicates was between 8 and 19.5%. The duplicated field data were averaged to yield a mean soil metal concentration at each sample location. Concentrations of Ba, Be, Cr, Li, Sr and V were comparable with other published values for similar soils in Missouri. Concentrations of Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were higher which was explained by pollution from mining activities. A graphical technique was used to calculate background levels for metals in the second group. Samples of forest litter were collected at 12 locations: Ag, Ba, Cd, Mn, Sr and Zn concentrations were higher in the litter whereas Li and V concentrations were higher in the subjacent mineral soil. Computer isoline maps of the distribution of elements revealed an association between areas of high soil Cu, Co, Ni, Pb and Zn and abandoned mines or mineralized rocks.     

Background levels of minor elements in some Canadian soils

Background levels of some minor elements in 173 samples (53 soils) widely dispersed in Canada are summarized and discussed in relation to data for other soils in Canada and elsewhere. Mean levels (ppm) for the 173 samples are: Cr 43, Mn 520, Co 21, Ni 20, Cu 22, Zn 74, Se 0.3, Sr 210, Hg 0.06 and Pb 20. These are similar to means reported for soils of the United States and, with some exceptions, for world soils. Levels of several of the elements studied differed significantly among physiographic regions.The Ae (eluvial) horizons of Podzolic, Gleysolic and Luvisolic soils were markedly depleted, relative to the associated C horizons, of Mn, Co, Ni, Cu; depletion of Cr, Zn, Pb and Sr was less striking.Though levels of some minor elements are significantly correlated with other soil properties such as clay, organic C, Fe, etc., predictability of the levels of most minor elements from other soil properties is not good. One notable exception is that Sr in noncalcareous samples can be estimated from Ca.     

Vergleich zwischen Total- und königswasserextrahierbaren Elementgehalten in natürlichen Böden und Sedimenten

Comparison between total- and aqua regia extractable contents of elements in natural soils and sediments Total- and aqua regia extractable contents of 19 elements from 28 soil samples with widely varying composition of the ISE ring analytical program (INTERNATIONAL SOIL-ANALYTICAL EXCHANGE) of the year 1995 to 1997 have been taken to find out the comparability between the two fractions. The relations between the two fractions and pH, organic matter and clay content were considered by means of single and multiple regressions. The correlations between the total and aqua regia extractable contents of As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb and Zn are very close, whereas Al, Ba, K, Na and Sr are not or only weakly correlating. The multiple regressions show that the content of some aqua regia extractable elements and the proportion (in %) of the total contents is correlated with pH, organic matter and/or content of clay. In the same way the proportion of aqua regia extractable elements is closely related (except Fe and Hg) to the soil pH. Hereby the proportion of the aqua regia extractable content increases with increasing pH in the range 3,5—7,7. The determined equations are tested for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn by using the values of certified reference material. The estimated aqua regia extractable contents are being compared with values of reference material. The average proportion of the calculated to the measured aqua regia contents of an element in percent are 99 for Zn, 98 for Co, Cu and Mn, 94 for Cd, 90 for Ni, 88 for Cr, 105 for Hg, 113 for As and 114 for Pb.     

我国几种土壤中铁锰结核的元素组成和地球化学特点

The objective of this research was to isolate a dichlorvos （2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate）-degrading strain of Ochrobactrum sp., and determine its effectiveness in remediation of a dichlorvos-contaminated soil. A dichlorvos-degrading bacterium （strain DDV-1） was successfully isolated and identified as an Ochrobactrum sp. based on its 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Strain DDV-1 was able to utilize dichlorvos as a sole carbon source, and the optimal pH and temperature for its cell growth and degradation were 7.0 and 30 ℃, respectively. Also, the growth and degradation of strain DDV-1 showed the same response to dissolved oxygen. In addition, the soil degradation test indicated that in soil spiked with 100 mg L^-1 or 500 mg L^-1 dichlorvos and inoculated with 0.5% or 1.0% （v/v） strain DDV-1, complete degradation of dichlorvos could be achieved in 24 h. The present study showed that strain DDV-1 was a fast dichlorvos-degrading bacterium in soil. However, further research will be needed to clarify the degradation pathway and the properties of the key enzymes involved in its biodegradation.     

Essential and toxic elements in seafood available in poland from different geographical regions

The concentrations of 15 elements (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Co, Ni, Cr, Se, Cd, Pb, Hg, Ca, Na, K, and Mg) were determined in the edible parts of shellfish on sale in the local market in Gdańsk. The samples consisted of three groups--crustaceans, molluscs, and surimi--that are processed to different degrees. For the purposes of this analysis, they were dried, homogenized, and digested in an automatic microwave system. The samples were analyzed quantitatively for Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cr, Mg, Na, K, and Ca (F-AAS), Cd and Pb (GF-AAS), Se (HG-AAS), and Hg (CV-AAS). The elemental levels detected in shellfish were compared to those in cod, herring, pork, beef, chicken, and eggs. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of essential elements and the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of toxic elements were estimated. With factor analysis of the data, taxonomically different groups of raw and processed shellfish could be distinguished.     

东北及内蒙古东部的土壤微量元素

土壤中的微量元素在动植物生活中所起的重要作用日益被人们所重视.了解土壤中的这一部分资源对指导微量元素肥料的施用,从而达到农业增产以及对消除由土壤微量元素缺乏或过剩引起的某些动植物病害均具有重要的意义.探讨土壤微量元素在土壤剖面中的累积和迁移及其地理分布规律,则可进一步阐明土壤发生过程与生物地球化学特性的关系.     

Searching the most appropriate sample pretreatment for the elemental analysis of wines by inductively coupled plasma-based techniques

Different sample preparation methods were evaluated for the simultaneous multielement analysis of wine samples by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Microwave-assisted digestion in closed vessel, thermal digestion in open reactor, and direct sample dilution were considered for the determination of Li, Be, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Y, Mo, Cd, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Tl, Pb, and Bi in 12 samples of red wine from Valencia and Utiel-Requena protected designation of origin. ICP-MS allows the determination of 17 elements in most of the samples, and using ICP-OES, a maximum of 15 elements were determined. On comparing the sample pretreatment methodology, it can be concluded that the three assayed procedures provide comparable results for the concentration of Li, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Sr by ICP-OES. Furthermore, ICP-MS data found for Cu, Pb, and Ba were comparable. Digestion treatment provides comparable values using both total decomposition in open system and microwave-assisted treatment for Cu by ICP-OES and for Cr, Ni, and Zn by ICP-MS. Open vessel total digestion provides excess values for Cr, Mn, Fe, and Zn by ICP-OES and defect values for Se. However, direct measurement of diluted wine samples provided uncomparable results with the digestion treatment for Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ba, and Bi by ICP-OES and for Mg, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Zn by ICP-MS. Therefore, it can be concluded that microwave-assisted digestion is the pretreatment procedure of choice for elemental analysis of wine by ICP-based techniques.