几种黄土母质土壤磷吸附特性及缓冲性能的初步研究

黄绵土、黑土娄土和土娄土是西北特别是陕西的主要农业土壤。它们发育于黄土母质 ,但质地等性质有显著不同[1] 。根据第二次全国土壤普查资料[1] 和近几年的肥料试验 ,这些土壤有效磷低 ,多属缺磷土壤。施用磷肥的效果取决于土壤有效磷的数量 ,有效磷的数量则受控于土壤磷的吸附反应。土壤磷的等温吸附把土壤溶液磷和土壤固相磷联系了起来 ,是研究植物需磷与土壤供磷关系的有效方法[2 ,3] 。虽然土壤磷等温吸附模式有多种 ,但许多研究表明 ,Lang-muir方程比其它模型优越。因为 Langmuir方程通常具有最好的相关性 ,并且由 Langmuir方程可以…     

陕西土壤磷等温吸附特性及其测定条件的研究

以陕西省主要农业土壤为材料，研究选定了土壤磷等温吸附的测定条件：磷添加浓度０－７０ｍｇ／Ｌ，水土比１０：１，平衡时间６天，平衡介质０．０１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＫＣｌ。以此条件测定土壤磷等温吸附线，结果表明，Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ方程和Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ方程能满意地描述陕西土壤磷的吸附特性；由Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ方程获得的土壤磷最大吸附量（Ｘｍ）、磷吸附反应常数（Ｋ）及磷吸附最大缓冲容量（Ｍｂ）均呈现为黄褐土〉Ｌｏ     

天然膨润土的矿物特性及其磷吸附性能研究

比较了不同天然膨润土共7个样品对不同程度磷污染水体的吸附净化性能,通过等温吸附实验,探讨了膨润土对磷的吸附机制.结果发现,供试膨润土对水体磷均有一定的吸附净化潜力,但针对不同程度磷污染水体存在一定差异,且同一属型膨润土的吸附净化能力因矿物组成差异而不同.针对模拟V类水(P 0.4 mg/L)和劣V类水(P 1.0 mg/L),BN-2的吸附净化能力最强,BN-6的吸附净化能力较差,而其余膨润土对磷的吸附净化能力稍显差异.天然膨润土对磷的吸附等温曲线符合Freundlich方程,说明膨润土对磷的吸附可能属于不均匀介质的多分子层吸附.结果表明,在针对不同程度磷污染水体时,需根据膨润土的矿物特性,使各具特殊性质的不同天然膨润土矿样得到有效的应用.     

不同磷浓度对土壤吸附锌特性的影响

通过等温吸附试验，研究了不同磷浓度条件下水、旱田两种土壤吸附锌的规律，结果表明：在本试验条件下，以Fretmdlich方程拟合土壤对锌的吸附等温线的效果最好；不同磷浓度条件下，同一土壤的吸附等温线方程参数k和n均没有显著的变化；不同磷浓度对土壤吸附锌的量没有显著影响。因此，磷锌拮抗的原因可能不是施磷加强了土壤对锌的吸附作用。     

不同磷浓度对土壤吸附锌特性的影响

通过等温吸附试验,研究了不同磷浓度条件下水、旱田两种土壤吸附锌的规律,结果表明:在本试验条件下,以Freundlich方程拟合土壤对锌的吸附等温线的效果最好;不同磷浓度条件下,同一土壤的吸附等温线方程参数k和n均没有显著的变化;不同磷浓度对土壤吸附锌的量没有显著影响。因此,磷锌拮抗的原因可能不是施磷加强了土壤对锌的吸附作用。     

垃圾堆肥对难溶性磷转化及土壤磷素吸附特性影响

在城市生活垃圾进行工厂化堆肥过程中,加入难溶性磷矿粉,探讨堆肥对难溶性磷的转化能力及堆肥产品培肥后对土壤磷素吸附特性的影响。结果表明,加入磷矿粉可使堆肥中活性有机磷、中等活性有机磷、中稳性有机磷、高稳性有机磷及速效磷含量均有不同程度的提高,与对照相比分别增加212.69%、80.36%、61.21%、62.74%、157.89%。通过电镜观察表明,堆肥后磷矿粉典型的矿物特征消失,表面呈蜂窝状。将堆肥后的产品进行培肥试验表明,富磷垃圾肥处理可明显改善土壤磷素的吸附特性,与施化肥相比,最大吸附量(Q_m)下降8.76%,最大缓冲容量(Q_m·K)下降13.58%,而磷素的吸附饱和度(DPS)、零净吸附浓度磷(EPC₀)则呈不同程度的增加,幅度依次为98.52%、7.13%。试验结果显示,通过堆肥生产富磷垃圾肥可为解决中国磷素资源缺乏、化学磷肥利用率低等问题提供一条生物学途径。     

土壤对磷的吸附与解吸及需磷量探讨

本文探讨了不同质地土壤对磷的吸附与解吸。根据Langmuir方程式求出不同土壤对磷的最大吸附量。影响磷吸附的土壤理化性质主要为粘粒含量、碳酸盐含量和有效磷含量。以Freundhich方程式X=ac^b中的c值为每克土中含P0.2μg时而计算出的X量可做为施磷量的依据。     

南亚热带桉树人工林与典型乡土树种人工林土壤磷组分及磷吸附特性比较

土壤磷是制约南亚热带人工林生产力的关键因子,但至今对该地区不同树种人工林土壤磷组分及吸附特征知之甚少。本文研究了位于广西凭祥市的中国林业科学研究院热带林业实验中心的外来速生桉树人工林和典型乡土树种(马尾松、红椎)人工林不同土壤层次中(0～20、20～40和40～60 cm)磷组分含量及吸附性能。结果表明,3种林分土壤有机磷是全磷的主要形态,其含量(91.51～257.45 mg/kg)占全磷的46.25%～71.58%。桉树林土壤全磷、有机磷和无机磷含量明显低于马尾松林和红椎林。同时,桉树人工林土壤活性有机磷含量显著高于2种乡土树种人工林,而其土壤磷酸铝盐、磷酸铁盐、闭蓄态磷和磷酸钙盐含量均低于2种乡土树种人工林。另外,桉树林土壤潜在最大磷吸附量低于2种乡土树种人工林,而土壤磷吸附饱和度却高于2种乡土树种人工林。因此,就土壤磷素供应水平和吸附性能而言,马尾松和红椎比桉树更适于作为当地的造林树种。     

上海地区土壤持水特性研究

土壤水的研究,从Henri Darcy(1856)提出达西定律算起,已有一百多年历史.经历了由经验到理论、由静态到动态、由定性到定量、由宏观到微观逐步深入发展的过程^[1].1877年Briggs L.J.提出毛管假说,将土壤孔隙组成的孔道看成是一些大小不同的毛细管,认为表面张力是土壤保持水分的主要原因.     

pH对土壤吸持磷酸根的影响及其原因

本文选择了浙江、江苏15个性质变化范围较大的土壤样品,研究在两种支持电解质、不同pH条件下对磷酸根的吸持反应。结果表明,加碱提高强酸性土壤的pH值,导致交换性铝的水解和羟基铝聚合物的生成,增加对磷的吸持。磷酸根同酸性土壤的反应,可促进交换性铝的水解,释放出H⁺,降低体系的pH。在CaCl₂介质中,当pH>6时,可能有磷酸钙类盐形成,使溶液中磷浓度显著降低。有机质对土壤吸持磷有重要影响。在低pH下有机质通过与Al³⁺形成络合物,阻碍溶液中A1³⁺的水解,并与磷酸根竞争羟基铝化合物表面的反应点位,从而降低酸性土壤对磷酸根的吸附量。     

RATIONALIZATION OF IONIC STRENGTH AND CATION EFFECTS ON PHOSPHATE SORPTION BY SOILS

The amounts of inorganic phosphate (P) sorbed by four contrasting unfertilized soils during 40 h were influenced by the ionic strength and cation species of the contacting solution (support medium) used, as indicated by isotherms over the final P concentration range of 0 to 1 μg P/ml and 0 to 10 μg P/ml. An increase in ionic strength enhanced P sorption during 40 h but the species of cation also influenced the amount of P sorbed, as shown by the isotherms obtained in 10^?2M Ca and 3 × 10^?2M Na systems. Although pH affected the amounts of P sorbed, pH effects alone could not adequately explain the differences in P sorption. Kinetic studies indicated that within the range of P addition used for each soil, the equilibrium P concentration, at infinite time, was independent of ionic strength and cation species. Consequently, the composition of the solution affected only the rate at which equilibrium was attained. The results are attributed to the effects of ionic strength on the surface charge of retaining components and the thickness of the diffuse double layer, and the effects of specilic sorption of a divalent cation on surface charge, as they relate to the rate of P sorption.     

EFFECTS OF IONIC STRENGTH ON CHEMISORPTION AND POTENTIAL-DETERMINING SORPTION OF PHOSPHATE BY SOILS

Amounts of inorganic phosphate (P) sorbed by two unfertilized soils, during times less than required to reach equilibrium, were affected by the ionic strength and cation species of the matrix solution. For non-equilibrium conditions the amounts of P sorbed increased with increasing ionic strength and were greater with Ca²⁺ than Na⁺. For higher P additions, resulting in equilibrium solution P concentrations greater than 30 to 40μrnole 1^?1, the effects of the matrix solution on P sorption were maintained at equilibrium, whereas at lower P additions the dependence of sorption on matrix solution composition was eliminated at equilibrium. Equilibrium sorption isotherms for each soil and matrix solution were described by three Langmuir equations, which corresponded to distinct concentration ranges or regions (I, II, and III) on the overall isotherm. The free energies of sorption (ΔG) for each region, were essentially independent of the soil matrix solution. The sorption maxima for regions I and II of the isotherm for a particular soil were also virtually independent of the matrix solution used. The sorption maximum for region III, however, was markedly dependent on the matrix solution, implying a potential-determining (p.d.) sorption mechanism.     

上海土壤磷素状况的研究

根据几年来的调查研究,上海地区土壤中全磷含量一般在0.13-0.18%,主要几种土壤的全磷量如表1。不同土壤的有效磷量(0.5M NaHCO₃溶性磷)。根据56个标本的测定结果,>22ppm(P₂O₅)占35.7%,12-22ppm为44.6%,<12ppm是19.7%。所以一般来说,约有三分之二的土壤有效磷含量在中等水平以下,作物对磷肥反应较明显,五分之一的土壤严重缺磷。因此近年来上海郊区,特别是一些高产单位对施用磷肥非常重视。     

TIME-DEPENDENT SORPTION OF PHOSPHATE BY SOILS AND HYDROUS FERRIC OXIDES

The sorption of inorganic phosphate (P) by soils and hydrous ferric oxides was studied at times up to 192h. An initially rapid decrease in solution P concentration was followed by a much slower decrease between 48 and 192h with soils, Fe gel. and natural goethite, whereas synthetic goethite gave a well-defined equilibrium condition after only 48h. Resolution of the sorption isotherms showed that the increase in P sorption with time involved an appreciable shift of P from a more-physically sorbed form to a chemisorbed form. This was supported by chemical fractionation which showed that NaOH-extractable P was fairly constant with increasing sorption time, whereas the additional sorbed P was extracted by citrate-dithionite-bicarbonate from soils, and by HC1 from Fe gel and natural goethite. These sorbents contained short-range (amorphous) material, whereas synthetic goethite, from which all sorbed P was NaOH –extractable. did not. It is proposed that the time-dependent sorption of P and the associated shift of P to chemisorbed forms, involves the diffusion of P into “structurally porous”, short-range order material.     

EFFECTS OF SOLUTION: SOIL RATIO ON PHOSPHATE SORPTION BY SOILS

Isotherms for the sorption of inorganic phosphate (P) by three contrasting soils during 40 h showed a dependence on solution: soil ratio. Above a final solution P concentration of 0.5 μg ml^?1, more P was sorbed at a solution: soil ratio of 5:1 than at 40:1 for a given level of P in solution. With time up to 146 h, the effect of solution: soil ratio on P sorption was kinetically controlled. Equilibrium solution P concentrations, estimated by extrapolation of the linear relationships between solution P concentration and the reciprocal of time to I/t= o (i.e. t=∞)appeared to be coincident for each solution:soil ratio at high and the low levels of added P. Consequently, sorption isotherms at equilibrium would be coincident, irrespective of the solution soil ratio used. The kinetic control of solution: soil ratio on P sorption is interpreted in terms of the number of P sorbing sites and initial solution P concentration on the rate of P sorption by soils.     

REACTIONS OF SOLUBLE PHOSPHATE WITH ACID SOILS: THE INTERPRETATION OF ADSORPTION-DESORPTION ISOTHERMS

Adsorption-desorption and isotopic-exchange isotherms for acids soils of known clay mineralogy indicated that when all the surfa? P accessible to the solution was considered, the bonding energy for phosphate decreased exponentially with site coverage. The soils differed markedly in the quantities of surface P held at sites of very high bonding energy, defined as those in equilibrium with a solution concentration < 1 μM; the values ranging from 9 μmol g^?1 in a soil with 40 per cent gibbsite in the clay fraction, to 1 μmol g^?1 in a soil with only 1 per cent gibbsite and no interlayered material. The reversibility of current P adsorption on soil surfaces depended on the immediate history of the soil sample. Complete reversibility occurred when soil, previously enriched with soluble P and stored for 4 to 5 months at constant temperature, was suspended in solutions of constant pH and ionic strength. It is suggested that irreversibility occurs due to incomplete attainment of equilibrium during the adsorption phase, a condition predisposed by high initial P concentrations (>1mM), and the use of soils that are naturally in dis-equilibrium because of recent fertilizer additions or severe depletion of P by plant uptake.     

黄土性土壤对磷的吸附与解吸

本文报道了黄土性土壤及作为对照的中性水稻土和酸性红壤对磷的吸附与解吸特性。实测吸附曲线与简单Langmuir等温吸附方程最为吻合,全部供试样本的相关系数均达到显著水平;而与Temkin方程和Freundlich方程只是部分吻合。与酸性红壤相比,黄土性土壤是一种弱吸磷能力的土壤,评价其吸磷能力的最适参数是根据简单Langmuir方程求出的最大吸磷量(q_m),支配q_m的土壤性质主要是游离氧的铁含量,其次是粘粒和CaCO₃的含量。黄土性土壤对吸附磷的解吸能力很强,其等温解吸曲线也是可以分成三个区域,代表各种不同能级的吸附磷被解吸的过程。     

MECHANISMS OF PHOSPHATE SORPTION BY SOILS AND HYDROUS FERRIC OXIDE GEL

Data for the sorption of added inorganic phosphate (P) by contrasting soils and iron oxide gel were resolved by a method of successive approximation of the Langmuir sorption constants. Three distinct Langmuir equations described the overall isotherm irrespective of the experimental conditions used. Free energies of sorption (ΔG) for a particular region were similar for each soil and for iron oxide gel under all experimental conditions. In contrast, the sorption maximum for each region was influenced by the sorbent and experimental conditions. Because of the pronounced similarities in their P sorption characteristics iron oxide gel was used as a model surface for P sorption by soils. Three mechanisms for P sorption by iron oxide gel and by soils are proposed: (i) chemisorption at protonated surface sites, (ii) chemisorption by replacement of surface hydroxyls, and (iii) a more-physical sorption of P as a potential-determining ion.