黄土钙质结核对水体重金属离子的吸附性能研究

以黄土钙质结核作为吸附剂,以重金属离子(Cu~(2+),Zn~(2+),Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+))作为吸附质,通过单一重金属吸附试验,研究不同粒径、吸附时间、pH、吸附剂用量、重金属初始浓度和温度等因素对钙质结核吸附重金属离子的影响,并确定钙质结核吸附重金属离子的最优条件。结果表明:随粒径增大,Cu~(2+),Zn~(2+)和Pb~(2+)的吸附率逐渐下降,但对Cd~(2+)无明显影响;随吸附时间、吸附剂用量和温度的增加,Cu~(2+),Zn~(2+),Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)的吸附率逐渐升高;随重金属离子初始浓度的增加,Cu~(2+),Zn~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的吸附率逐渐下降,而Pb~(2+)的吸附率则呈先增加后减少的趋势;随pH增大,Cd~(2+)的吸附率先陡然增加后缓慢增加,而Cu~(2+),Zn~(2+)和Pb~(2+)的吸附率先增加后减少。钙质结核对4种重金属离子的吸附能力呈Pb~(2+)Zn~(2+)Cu~(2+)Cd~(2+)的顺序;在粒径为0.25 mm、吸附时间为120 min、用量为0.6 g时,钙质结核对Pb~(2+),Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)能达到较好的吸附,吸附率分别能达到其最大吸附率的83.33%,77.78%,73.81%和81.93%。钙质结核对Pb~(2+),Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的最优吸附pH分别为7,6,5,8,最优温度为50℃。     

我国土壤放射性碳年龄

我国地域辽阔 ,土壤类型众多。土壤中不仅含有有机质和腐殖质 ,而且许多土壤中还含有丰富的钙质结核、分散碳酸盐以及贝壳、珊瑚等可供放射性碳断代的良好对象。土壤有机和无机1 4 C年龄研究表明 ,我国大多数土壤是全新世时期的产物。其中又以全新世中期和晚期的土壤占绝对优势。人为土纲中的土壤年龄与六千余年来我国悠久的农业耕种历史密切相关。相比之下 ,只有少数土壤形成于晚更新世晚期。而另一些土壤有数个形成、发育阶段 ,它们的年龄自然亦就跨越不同的地质时期 ,具有多元化的特点。     

用稳定同位素探讨土壤及钙质结核的碳酸盐来源

本文通过对４个钙质变性土剖面中数层土壤和钙质结核的碳稳定同位素分析和放射性碳断代，阐明了钙质土壤中碳酸盐的来源和钙质结核的成因。     

砂姜黑土钙质结核剖面分布特征及其对土壤持水性的影响

钙质结核是砂姜黑土重要的成土特征,直接影响土壤结构和水分运移,但目前关于钙质结核对土壤持水性作用机制的研究主要集中在实验室尺度,而且报道较少.基于此,该研究在田间尺度上研究了钙质结核剖面垂直分布特征及其对土壤持水性的影响.结果表明:钙质结核主要分布在20 cm以下的土层,其含量和粒径均随土层深度的增加呈现增大趋势,>8...     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带六道沟小流域坡面表土钙质结核分布

量化坡面钙质结核分布,有助于深化对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带特定土壤类型(含钙质结核土壤)中水土过程的认识.本研究通过对坡面不同部位的表层土壤(0～20 cm)颗粒组成、钙质结核质量分数和植被地上生物量、盖度、丰富度及多样性指数的测定和分析,研究了坡面钙质结核的分布及影响因素.结果表明:土壤黏粒体积分数沿坡面呈逐渐降低趋势;钙质结核质量分数沿坡面呈单峰曲线分布,在坡面1/4～1/3的位置(距离坡顶20～30 m)处,达到峰值(10％～15％).钙质结核质量分数与坡度呈线性正相关,与植被地上生物量(盖度)呈单峰曲线关系,峰值即为植被影响钙质结核质量分数的临界点,临界点处的植被盖度在11％～16％之间.影响坡面钙质结核分布的最主要因素为坡度和植被;小尺寸的钙质结核在坡面分布范围最广、数量最多,起决定作用的钙质结核尺寸在5～ 15 mm之间.坡面钙质结核质量分数及分布反映了径流、植被和钙质结核之间的相互作用关系,钙质结核质量分数可以用来指示坡面的土壤侵蚀状况.     

利用放射性碳对中国变性土的年代确定

Vertisols,which are mainly developed on fluvial and lacustrine deposits and basalt,are extensively distributed in China.66 samples of them for radiocarbon dating were collected across 5 porvinces and 1 autonomous region,ranging from warm-temperate to subtropical and tropical zones in China.The soil organic matter was dated via surface horizon,black soil horizon and dark-colour horizon of the vertisols,whereas carbonate through calcareous concretions and dispersed carbonate in soil profile using radiocarbon method.The present article elucidates the dates of genetic horizons,and of surface and buried vertisols as well.14C dating indicates that the surface vertisols were formed during the end of the late Pleistocene.ca.15600 years ageo.Correlation between depth of sampling and measured 14C age shows that age characteristics of the vertisols of China are close to those of West Germany,Italy,TUrnisia,Australia and Argentina,However,two buried vertisols developed on fluvial and lacustrine deposits were formed during different geological periods,The buried soils in warm-temperate zone were formed in the mid Holocene,while those in subtropics were buried at 12930 years B.P., and formed in the end of the late Pleistocene.     

钙质紫泥田水稻氮磷钾施肥效应研究

研究了钙质紫泥田水稻氮磷钾的施肥效应,分析了肥料的因素效应及合理施用量。结果表明:(1)在试验施肥量范围内,水稻产量与肥料用量呈二次多项式函数关系;(2)磷和氮的效应高,钾肥效应低;(3)棕紫泥夹砂田水稻合理施肥量为每公顷N 125~130 kg、P2O570 kg、K2O 0~30 kg,下湿紫泥田为N 85~90 kg、P2O555 kg、K2O 0~20 kg;(4)地下水位高、湿害严重,是下湿紫泥田生产水平低、施肥效果差的根本原因,改造途径是深沟排水、脱潜治理。     

四川省钙质土地区水稻坐蔸原因及其防治的研究

我省常年水稻栽插面积近5千万亩,坐蔸约5百万亩。     

RADIOCARBON DATING OF PALEOSOLS USING SOIL ORGANIC MATTER COMPONENTS

Soil organic matter components of classical humic acid and humic fractions were extracted from two paleosols using 0.1 M Na₄ P₃ O₂:0.1 M NaOH. These fractions were subjected to chemical treatment with 6 M HC1 or 70 per cent HNO, before radiocarbon assay, and their radiocarbon dates were compared with those of similar but untreated fractions, untreated buried soils, and previously published charcoal dates. Hydrolysis of humic acid and humin fractions with mineral acids, particularly 70 per cent HNO₃ led to older radiocarbon dates, comparable to, though slightly older than, those of charcoal derived from the same buried layers. In contrast, the dates of soils and their humic acid and humin fractions before acid hydrolysis were younger and therefore less reliable. The application of this procedure to studies of paleosols in New Zealand is discussed.     

THE CALCAREOUS SOILS OF AZERBAIJAN.

The surface properties of soil carbonate were related to its distribution in thirteen profiles of a catenary sequence of calcareous soils from Azerbaijan. When carbonate surfaces were contaminated by Mg²⁺, ⁴⁵Ca was used as a tracer for Mg²⁺ as well as Ca²⁺, thus enabling the carbonate surface areas to be estimated. These were shown to be inversely and curvilinearly related to soil carbonate contents, but with some abnormality for the three extremely saline/alkaline soils. Na+ does not appear to be specifically adsorbed on carbonate surfaces in the latter. The specific and the total surface areas of carbonate in the surface soils are very sensitive indices of profile development, and are combined with the content and particle-size distribution of carbonate in the profiles to show the variation in soil development along the catenary sequence.     

涂层尿素在石灰性土壤上的行为

本项试验主要探索涂层尿素在石灰性土壤上的变化规律。试验结果表明，在三种不同水分含量条件下（10％、15％、20％），涂层尿素施入土壤后氨挥发速率均比普遍尿素低;涂层尿素施入土壤随即浇水，有良好的随水移动性能，肥料氮在土体中的移动深度和肥料氮的回收率随浇水量的不同表现出明显的差异;涂层尿素肥料氮的回收率比普通尿素高2.28个百分点。涂层尿素做底肥时，在小麦上的利用率比普通尿素高3.4个百分点，在玉米上高5.18个百分点;底、追结合施用涂层尿素在小麦上的利用率比普通尿素高5.6个百分点，在玉米上高9.5个百分点。涂层尿素在小麦和玉米上施用，其氮素的损失率比普通尿素低5.4～11.4个百分点。在种植小麦条件下涂层尿素施入土壤后，肥料矿化和供氮特征表现为小麦生长前期0～40Cm土层中速效氮含量低于普通尿素，小麦起身拔节以后，速效氮含量则高于普通尿素。     

石灰性土壤与磷酸盐的反应及吸持态磷的同位素交换性

本文研究了种石灰性土壤（Ｌｏｕ土）与磷酸盐的反应动态过程，短期反应的等温吸附研究表明，在低磷浓度下，以吸附反应机制为主，吸持态磷的同位素交换性随着吸持量的增加而增加；在高磷浓度下，以形成磷酸盐的沉淀反应机制为主，吸持态磷的同位素交换性随着反应时间的延长和吸持量磷数量的增加而了降低。认为在低施磷水平下，土壤中铁，铝氧化物对磷的吸持起重要作用。本文还探讨了在长期（２６０天）恒温恒湿培养过程中，土壤可溶     

REMOVAL OF CONTAMINANTS TO IMPROVE THE RELIABILITY OF RADIOCARBON DATES OF PEATS

Peat samples from Timaru Downs, New Zealand were subjected to a wide range of chemical treatments before radiocarbon assay. A step wise procedure was used in which each sample was radiocarbon dated before and after the treatments were applied. The criterion adopted for indicating the removal of young contaminants and thus resulting in the improvement in the reliability of radiocarbon dates is the increase in the radiocarbon age of the sample after treatment. When peat samples were radiocarbon dated without prior chemical treatments the results could not be used to accurately date the time of formation because of young contaminants. Contaminants could be removed by chemical treatment of peats with mineral acids, particularly 70% HNO₃ for the very old peat sample. The improvement brought about by acid treatment was greater than that from the classical humus extraction and fractionation method.     

石灰性土壤小麦根际pH及磷动态变化的研究

本文采用网隔栽培室种植小麦,置于人工气候室内生长,对不同温度条件下土小麦根际及距根不同距离土体中ｐＨ,Ｏｌｓｅｎ-Ｐ及无机磷组分动态变化进行了研究。主要结果有:（１）根际及０～３ｍｍ土体ｐＨ较低,而３～８ｍｍ和８～５０ｍｍ土体ｐＨ较高;（２）Ｏｌｓｅｎ-Ｐ含量为根际＜０～３ｍｍ土体＜３～８ｍｍ和８～５０ｍｍ土体,温度升高,各土层Ｏｌｓｅｎ-Ｐ含量呈降低趋势;（３）距小麦根系越近,Ca2-P、Ａｌ Ｐ、Ｆｅ-Ｐ和Ca8-P含量越低,Ｏ-Ｐ和Ca10-P变化不明显;随时间延长和温度升高,Ca10-P含量有所增加,Ca2-P、Ａｌ-Ｐ、Ｆｅ-Ｐ和Ca8-P含量有所降低,Ｏ-Ｐ含量变化不大     

THE SOLUBILITY OF PHOSPHATE IN A CALCAREOUS SOIL

The concept of chemical potentials was used to study the solubility of phosphate in a calcareous soil when equilibrium was approached by precipitation. By comparison with results obtained by dissolution of soil phosphate it was demonstrated that precipitation resulted in a considerably greater solubility than did dissolution. The relationship between the monocalcium phosphate potential and lime potential could be reconciled with the presence of hydroxyapatite in the soil. Ion activity products near to those of pure hydroxyapatite in the presence of calcium carbonate were also obtained.     

三种施肥模式对石灰性土壤培肥的影响

试验在中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站的石灰性潮土上进行 ,在氮、磷、钾固定用量和比例的基础上 ,选定全施有机肥、全施化肥、有机肥和无机肥配合施用三种处理。结果表明 ,这三种施肥模式都显著地提高了土壤全氮和速效氮、土壤全磷和有效磷、土壤全钾和速效钾含量。有机肥在提高土壤全氮和速效氮含量方面效果明显优于无机肥 ,对土壤速效磷含量的影响也高于无机肥 ,但是对土壤全磷含量的增加效应上不如无机肥大。无论是有机肥中的钾还是无机肥中的钾 ,对土壤全钾的贡献没有明显的差别 ;但是在土壤速效钾方面 ,无机肥中的钾对其影响大于有机肥中的钾。有机肥和无机肥的配合施用是提高石灰性潮土土壤肥力更好的方法。