不同土壤改良剂处理对连作西洋参根际微生物数量、土壤酶活性及产量的影响

以北京地区连作西洋参为研究对象, 通过3种土壤改良剂(熟石灰、EM菌剂、沼液)随机区组试验对其土壤理化性状、酶活性、根际微生物区系及产量进行了系统研究。结果表明: 低浓度熟石灰、中浓度EM菌剂及高浓度沼液处理最有利于提高西洋参产量; 施加熟石灰处理后, 土壤微生物主要类群数量显著减少, 土壤pH显著升高, 并对土壤脲酶活性有明显抑制作用; 施加沼液和EM菌剂处理后, 土壤有效微生物菌群显著增加(P<0.05), 土壤有机质和营养物质含量也显著增加(P<0.05), 并对土壤脲酶和多酚氧化酶活性有一定的促进作用。相关性分析发现, 土壤微生物主要类群的数量与蔗糖酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶活性均有一定的相关性, 其中, 土壤细菌数量与蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶活性呈极显著正相关(r分别为0.895^**和0.808^**), 土壤真菌和放线菌数量与蔗糖酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶活性呈极显著正相关(r分别为0.932^**、0.769^**、0.840^**和0.837^**、0.891^**、0.797^**)。另外, 土壤细菌数量与有机质含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.863^**)。表明连作西洋参根际微生物区系及土壤酶活性与土壤理化性状之间紧密联系, 通过施加不同土壤改良剂, 可以为耐连作种植西洋参提供适宜的土壤环境。     

紫色土施用磷酸盐肥料对玉米铜毒害的缓解

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of phosphorus fertilizer in inhibiting the copper toxicity to maize(Zea mays L.) in neutral purple soil. Results indicated that the growth of the shoot and roots of maize plant was obviously reduced by copper and the height and biomass were significantly negatively correlated to the application levels of copper (r = -0.899^**~-0.994^**) at no P and low P (100 mg kg^-1). However, the maize biomass was relatively increased and the high Cu (100 and 200 mg kg^-1) induced toxicity of maize was greatly alleviated in all treatments with medium P (300 mg kg^-1 ) and high P (500 mg kg^-1). To maintain the normal growth of maize plant (≥3.68 g pot^-1), the critical application rates of phosphorus fertilizer should be 160, 210, 300 and 500 mg P kg^-1 at 10, 50, 100 and 200 mg Cu kg^-1 levels of the soil, respectively. The increases in polyphenol oxidase and catalase activities in maize leaf and dehydrogenase activity in roots by phosphorus fertilizer were in the order of medium P>high P>low P>no P. Activities of polyphenol oxidase and catalase were significantly positively correlated to the application levels of copper (r =0.892^**~0.924^**), whereas that of dehydrogenase was just reverse (r = -0.966^**) at no P. Medium and high P repressed the influence of copper on activities of three enzymes. Phosphorus fertilizer reduced the copper concentrations of maize roots and leaf and the change ranges of the P/Cu ratio of maize roots and the P/Cu, N/Cu and K/Cu ratios of maize leaf. The three ratios of maize leaf were 256^**71.5, 2643^**839 and 1133^**440 at normal growth of maize plant, respectively. Soil available Cu could be markedly cut down by application of phosphorus fertilizer, especiallly at high phosphorus level.     

喷施硒肥对富硒土壤水稻产量、品质及硒分配的影响

通过富硒土壤(土壤硒含量1.0 mg/kg左右)大田试验,在水稻灌浆期(花后6和12 d)进行不同浓度(CK:0 g/hm²、T1:20 g/hm²、T2:40 g/hm²、T3:60 g/hm²、T4:80 g/hm²、T5:100 g/hm²、T6:120 g/hm²)有机富硒液体肥(有机硒≥6.0 g/L)叶面喷施,探讨植株地上部硒含量与分配特点,并分析产量和品质的变化情况。结果表明:硒肥喷施对水稻株高、穗长、枝梗数、有效穗数和每穗粒数均无显著影响(P>0.05),但对结实率、千粒重和实际产量却有明显的促进作用,浓度过高(120 g/hm²)则促进作用有所减弱,其中硒肥喷施浓度与产量间的相关性达到了显著水平(R=0.7850,P<0.05)。随着硒肥喷施浓度的提高,不同组织部位硒含量均显著线性增加(P<0.01),相关系数达到0.9以上。其中CK处理大米硒含量为0.32 mg/kg,虽已超过《富硒稻谷》标准(0.04～0.30 mg/kg),但可保证大米硒日摄入量在日膳食硒供给适宜范围(50～250 μg/d,以每天食用400 g大米计);喷施浓度为120 g/hm²时大米硒日摄入量为276 μg(以每天食用400 g大米计),超出了日膳食硒供给适宜范围。喷硒使得硒累积在茎鞘、叶片和穗轴+枝梗中的比例有增加趋势,而精米、米糠和颖壳中的硒含量占比则有所降低。不同硒肥喷施浓度显著降低稻米垩白粒率(P<0.05),提高整精米率和垩白度(P<0.05),对糙米率、精米率和长宽比无明显影响(P>0.05);同时降低稻米蛋白质含量,使得胶稠度变长,直链淀粉含量和碱消值则无显著变化(P>0.05)。综合来看,硒肥施用浓度为100 g/hm²时,可显著促进成熟期干物质积累,增加旗叶叶绿素含量,延缓剑叶衰老,提高收获指数,促进增产;提高植株地上部硒含量,确保大米硒日摄入量在适宜范围;改善稻米加工品质、外观品质和蒸煮食味品质。     

后季稻经济合理施肥技术研究

不同的施肥技术,在不同时间内供氮能力存在着显著的差异(F₁=7.46^*);后季稻在整个生育期中的吸氮高峰出现在移裁后的第2至第3周内,吸氮量占整个生育期的50%左右;全生育期平均吸氮量与产量间的相关系数r=0.989^**。本试验以有机肥(约1千公斤猪厩肥)加70%碳铵(42公斤)全耕层深施,再以30%碳铵(18公斤)在移裁后3-5天追肥,这种施肥方法产量结耕和穗部性状最好,产量最高。     

石灰、生物炭配施硅/多元素叶面肥对水稻Cd积累的影响

为探明钝化剂配合叶面肥对水稻Cd积累的影响,在浙江典型Cd污染稻田,采用小区试验方式分析了对照（CK）、石灰4 500 kg/hm²（LM）、石灰+生物炭1：1混施9 000 kg/hm²（LC）3种模式基础上喷施含Si和多元素（DYS）叶面肥对水稻植株Cd积累的影响。结果表明：与CK相比,LM和LC处理糙米Cd含量分别降低70.1%和88.3%;LM配施含Si和DYS叶面肥使糙米Cd含量进一步降低45.3%和28.9%;LC配施含Si和DYS叶面肥则使糙米Cd含量进一步降低14.5%和13.7%。与LM和LC相比,加喷叶面肥使茎秆—稻谷Cd转运降低42.4%~62.7%,茎秆Cd浓度增加81.9%~123.0%,稻谷Cd浓度降低14.6%~64.2%。与CK相比,LC和LM处理显著提高土壤pH,降低土壤DTPA提取态Cd,且LC处理效果更好;LC处理使壤微生物碳、有机质、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性分别增加6.08%,7.92%,11.90%和0.72%,而LM则分别降低8.33%,14.30%,29.20%和12.10%;LM和LC分别使土壤黏粒含量降低5.73%和4.53%,且LM处理使砂粒含量增加29.70%,粉砂粒含量降低11.70%;LC则使土壤砂粒含量降低1.50%,而粉砂粒含量增加2.17%。综合分析,LC配施含Si或DYS叶面肥能够在有效降低稻米Cd含量的基础上保持土壤质量良性发展。     

永久性及长期渍水的水稻土中铜的供给情况和铜肥的效果

本试验于1982年在皖南山地丘陵区进行,结果表明:1.永久性渍水的水稻土上用0.1%的硫酸铜沾秧根或0.5公斤/亩作基肥,对水稻均有明显的增产效果,增产幅度为5.2-41.4%,平均每亩增产稻谷45公斤.2.施铜增产的永久性溃水水稻土通常Eh更低(74mV);有机质分解缓慢而含量高(3.99%);有效铁含量也很高(317ppm);有效铜含最低(1.24ppm)3.铜与铁有显著的拮抗作用,即水稻植株中铜、铁含量有较好的直线负相关(r=-0.7725^**),土壤中有效Fe/Cu比值与植株体内的Fe/Cu比值有极好的直线正相关(r=0.9470).这二个Fe/Cu比值同样与施铜增产效果有极好的正相关(r=0.9308,r=0.9801),土壤Fe/Cu比值>120的8块试验田施铜均有增产效果.4.施用铜肥除了补充铜的不足外,同时还能减少水稻对铁的吸收,降低了水稻的Fe/Cu比值,减轻亚铁毒害,达到了增产的目的.     

铂电极的表面性质对土壤氧化还原电位测定的影响

模拟污染的实际情况,在温室中研究了添加于马哈赫斯粘土中的镉(Cd)、磷(P)和锌(Zn)对水稻生长和糙米中的镉以及植株中养分含量的影响。     

麦田秸秆覆盖效应及增产作用

冬小麦田覆盖稻草能增加N、P,特别是有机质和速效钾含量,增加土壤孔隙度,降低土壤容重。稻草覆盖能保墒、调温和减缓土壤水分、温度波动,降低麦田杂草密度。由于麦田覆盖稻草的上述综合生态效应,使小麦籽粒产量增加13.5%～46.1%,公斤稻草增产小麦0.12～0.23kg。冬小麦稻草经济有效覆盖量为3000kg/hm²。     

外源锌对水稻植株镉的累积差异分析

通过水稻威优46盆栽种植试验,研究了外源Zn施用(0,40,80,160 mg/kg 4个水平)对Cd中度(0.72mg/kg)和重度(5.26mg/kg)污染土壤中Cd生物有效性及水稻Cd累积的差异。结果表明:施Zn对各检测指标存在影响,但土壤Cd总量仍是土壤Cd活性和水稻Cd累积差异变动的主控因素。在Cd中度污染土壤中,施Zn降低了土壤交换态Cd含量1.9%~17.0%,但水稻根表铁膜、根和糙米中Cd含量随Zn施用浓度的增大而增大,糙米Cd含量从0.09mg/kg上升到0.17mg/kg,相关分析显示糙米Cd含量与土壤交换态Zn含量显著正线性相关。在Cd重度污染土壤中,施Zn增大了土壤交换态Cd含量2.1%~4.8%,但降低了水稻各部位中Cd含量,当施Zn浓度超过80mg/kg时,糙米Cd含量可从对照组的0.45mg/kg降低到0.12mg/kg,符合国家食品污染物限量标准(GB 2762-2017)的要求,相关分析显示糙米Cd含量与土壤交换态Zn含量显著负线性相关。对2种Cd污染程度的土壤,施Zn均可增大Cd在水稻地下部的累积率,从而降低水稻地上部Cd的累积率。在Cd重度污染土壤中,可通过施Zn降低糙米Cd含量,施Zn量80mg/kg是试验中最佳施用量;但在Cd中度污染土壤中,施Zn有增大糙米Cd含量的风险。     

土壤溶液动态变化和CdCO3, CdS的平衡研究

土壤渍水后带来了一系列的电化学和化学变化,pH、氧化还原电位(Eh)、电导(EC)、离子交换、吸附和解吸、化学动力学和化学平衡等都有着显著的改变^[9,11,13],它们影响着土壤肥力状况和植物对毒性元素的吸收。本文报道了在添加Cd,P,Zn化合物的情况下土壤溶液动态变化和CdCO₃,CdS平衡研究的结果。     

CADMIUM CONCENTRATION IN YELLOW LUPIN GRAIN IS DECREASED BY ZINC APPLICATIONS TO SOIL BUT IS INCREASED BY PHOSPHORUS APPLICATIONS TO SOIL

Yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.), which is grown as a grain legume in rotation with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on acidic, sandy soils of south-western Australia, accumulates cadmium (Cd) in grain. Application of fertilizer is required to combat zinc (Zn) and phosphorus (P) deficiency for yellow lupin production on these soils, which may affect Cd concentration in grain. In the same field experiment conducted at two sites on acidified sand over clay duplex soils, five Zn levels (0, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 6.4 kg Zn ha^-1), as Zn oxide, and three P levels (0, 10, and 20 kg P ha^-1), as triple superphosphate, were applied. At both sites, applying increasing Zn levels decreased Cd concentration in grain, whereas applying increasing P levels increased Cd concentration in grain. The ZnxP interaction was not significant for either grain yield or Cd concentration in grain. At the 8–10 leaf stage, Zn and P concentration was measured in whole shoots (WS), and Zn concentration was also measured in the youngest mature growth (YMG). The concentrations of the elements that were related to 90% of the maximum grain yield (critical prognostic plant test Zn and P) was i) for WS, 29 mg kg^-1for Zn and 3.5 g kg^-1for P; and ii) for YMG, was 23 mg kg^-1for Zn.     

RESPONSES OF COOL-SEASON GRAIN LEGUMES AND WHEAT TO SOIL-APPLIED ZINC

The yield and zinc (Zn) content response of faba bean (Vicia faba L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to applications of Zn fertilizer was compared in a glasshouse experiment using two alkaline soils from southwestern Australia. Comparative Zn requirements were determined from yields of 46-day-old dried shoots when no Zn fertilizer was applied, the amount of Zn required to produce the same percentage of the maximum (relative) yield of dried shoots, and the Zn content of dried shoots (Zn concentration multiplied by yield of dried shoots). The concentration of Zn in youngest tissue and in dried shoots was used to determine critical concentrations for Zn in tissue. Faba bean used indigenous soil Zn more effectively than chickpea, followed by wheat and then lentil. The Zn requirement was lowest for faba bean, and increased in the order faba bean < chickpea < wheat < lentil. Zinc concentration in dried youngest tissue and in dried shoots increased with an increase in the amount of added Zn. The critical Zn concentration in the youngest tissue, associated with 90% of the relative yield, was (mg Zn kg^?1): 25 for lentil, 18 for faba bean, 17 for chickpea and 12 for wheat; corresponding values for dried whole tops (mg Zn kg^?1) were: 30 for lentil, 19 for faba bean, 17 for chickpea, and 20 for wheat. Information on comparative responses of the grain legumes to Zn additions relative to wheat, and critical tissue test values, will aid in the fertilizer management of Zn in cool-season grain legumes in the southwestern Australian farming systems.     

Effect of Phosphate and Zinc application on dry matter yield and uptake of nutrients in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

To find out the effect of P and Zn levels on dry matter yield, concentration and uptake of P and Zn in cowpea, a pot experiment was conducted in greenhouse. Phosphorus and zinc were added at the rate of 0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 ppm P and 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 ppm Zn, respectively. Response of P and Zn on dry matter yields of shoots and roots at 40 days and grain yield at maturity was observed upto 80 ppm P and 5 ppm Zn, respectively, and further increase in their levels decreased the yields. The addition of 10 ppm Zn decreased and 2.5 ppm Zn increased P concentration in different plant parts. The application of P decreased Zn concentration in different plant parts mainly at maturity stage. The available P and Zn at each harvesting stage were not affected by application of Zn and P, respectively, suggesting that P-Zn interaction occurred somewhere in the plants not in the soil.     

APPLICATION OF INCREASING LEVELS OF ZINC TO SOIL REDUCED ACCUMULATION OF CADMIUM IN LUPIN GRAIN

Yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) and narrow-leafed lupin (L. angustifolius L.) are grown as grain legumes in rotation with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on acidic sandy soils of south-western Australia. Yellow lupin can accumulate significantly larger cadmium (Cd) concentrations in grain than narrow-leafed lupin. A glasshouse experiment was undertaken to test whether adding increasing zinc (Zn) levels to soil increased Zn uptake by yellow lupin reducing accumulation of Cd in yellow lupin grain. Two cultivars of yellow lupin (cv. ‘Motiv’ and ‘Teo’) and 1 cultivar of narrow-leafed lupin (cv. ‘Gungurru’) were used. The soil was Zn deficient for grain production of both yellow and narrow-leafed lupin, but had low levels of native soil Cd (total Cd <0.05 mg kg^?1) so 1.6 mg Cd pot^?1, as a solution of cadmium chloride (CdCl₂·H₂O), was added and mixed through the soil. Eight Zn levels (0–3.2 mg Zn pot^?1), as solutions of zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄·7H₂O), were added and evenly mixed through the soil. Yellow lupin accumulated 0.16 mg Cd kg^?1 in grain when no Zn was applied, which decreased as increasing Zn levels were applied to soil, with ～0.06 mg Cd kg^?1 in grain when the largest level of Zn (3.2 mg Zn pot^?1) was applied. Low Cd concentrations (<0.016 mg Cd kg^?1) were measured in narrow-leafed lupin grain regardless of the Zn treatment. When no Zn was applied, yellow lupin produced ～2.3 times more grain than narrow-leafed lupin, indicating yellow lupin was better at acquiring and using indigenous Zn from soil for grain production. Yellow lupin required about half as much applied Zn as narrow-leafed lupin to produce 90% of the maximum grain yield, ～0.8 mg pot^?1 Zn compared with ～1.5 mg Zn pot^?1. Zn concentration in whole shoots of young plants (eight leaf growth stage) related to 90% of the maximum grain yield (critical prognostic concentration) was (mg Zn kg^?1) 25 for both yellow lupin cultivars and 19 for the narrow-leafed lupin cultivar. Critical Zn concentration in grain related to 90% of maximum grain yield was (mg Zn kg^?1) 24 for both yellow lupin cultivars compared with 20 for the narrow-leafed lupin cultivar.     

Genotypic variation in grain cadmium concentration of lowland rice

Cadmium (Cd) contamination of paddy rice soils is commonly observed in the Yangtse River Delta, China. Large Cd uptake by rice plants and its translocation into the grains can entail human‐health risks. Genotypic variations in Cd uptake and a differential Cd partitioning into grains will be the basis for developing a rice screening or breeding tool for low grain Cd. A field experiment, conducted at the experimental farm of Jiaxing, Zhejiang province from 2002 to 2004, compared 38 rice genotypes of different types (indica vs. japonica) collected from the Yangtse River Delta. The results showed large differences in Cd concentrations in straw, brown rice, and grain chaff among the rice genotypes grown on Cd‐contaminated soil. Concentrations in brown rice ranged from 0.06 to 0.99 mg Cd kg^–1. The total Cd uptake in brown rice varied between 0.96 and 28.58 μg plant ^{– 1}. In general, indica‐type cultivars accumulated significantly more Cd than the japonica‐type cultivars. The Cd concentration in straw was highly correlated with that in brown rice. While significant differences in the Cd‐partitioning ratio (% share of total Cd uptake found in brown rice) among rice genotypes were observed, these were not correlated with Cd concentration of brown rice. This indicates that the Cd accumulation in rice grains appears to be governed mainly by the Cd uptake by the plant and probably not by differential Cd partitioning. The large genotypic variation suggests the possibility to lower the Cd content of rice by genotype selection. The development of such breeding tools should focus on low Cd uptake rather than Cd partitioning between straw and grain.     

重金属污染土壤的植物修复研究Ⅲ.金属富集植物Brassica juncea对锌镉的吸收和积累

采用温室盆栽试验研究了印度芥菜对土壤中锌镉污染的忍耐、积累能力 ,以检验这种植物修复Zn、Cd污染土壤的可能性及其潜力。在加入Zn 5 0 0和 1 0 0 0mgkg- 1 的土壤中 ,印度芥菜生长 66天后 ,叶片中积累Zn的平均浓度分别达 2 80和 662mgkg- 1 ,地上部带走的Zn分别为每盆 2 1 95和 341 2 μg。在加入Cd 2 0 0mgkg- 1 的土壤中生长的印度芥菜 ,叶片中积累Cd浓度为 1 61mgkg- 1 ,地上部带走的Cd为每盆 381 μg。和普通植物相比 ,印度芥菜更能将Zn和Cd从根运输到地上部。Zn 5 0 0mgkg- 1 处理的土壤在种植印度芥菜后其NH4NO3提取的Zn显著高于不种植物的处理 ;土壤添加Cd 2 0 0mgkg- 1 的处理NH4NO3提取的Cd也显著高于不种植物的处理 ,可能的原因是植物根分泌出特殊的分泌物 ,专一性地螯合溶解根系附近的难溶态Zn和Cd,从而提高土壤溶液中的浓度。印度芥菜对Zn、Cd有较强的忍耐和富集能力 ,是Zn、Cd污染土壤修复有潜力的植物。     

Cadmium Uptake by Winter Wheat Seedlings in Response to Interactions Between Phosphorus and Zinc Supply in Soils

ABSTRACT

Effects of application of zinc (Zn) (0, 1, 5, 10 mg kg^?1 soil) and phosphorus (P) (0, 10, 50, 100 mg kg^?1 soil) on growth and cadmium (Cd) accumulations in shoots and roots of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings were investigated in a pot experiment. All soils were supplied with a constant concentration of Cd (6 mg kg^?1 soil). Phosphorus application resulted in a pronounced increase in shoot and root biomass. Effects of Zn on plant growth were not as marked as those of P. High Zn (10 mg kg^?1) decreased the biomass of both shoots and roots; this result may be ascribed to Zn toxicity. Phosphorus and Zn showed complicated interactions in uptake by plants within the ranges of P and Zn levels used. Cadmium in shoots decreased significantly with increasing Zn (P < 0.001) except at P addition of 10 mg kg^?1. In contrast, root Cd concentrations increased significantly except at Zn addition of 5 mg kg^?1 (P < 0.001). These results indicated that Zn might inhibit Cd translocation from roots to shoots. Cadmium concentrations increased in shoots (P < 0.001) but decreased in roots (P < 0.001) with increasing P supply. The interactions between Zn and P had a significant effect on Cd accumulation in both shoots (p = 0.002) and roots (P < 0.001).     

Effect of cadmium toxicity on micronutrient concentration,uptake and partitioning in seven rice cultivars

Heavy metal uptake, translocation and partitioning differ greatly among plant cultivars and plant parts. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of cadmium (Cd) levels (0, 45 and 90 mg kg^?1 soil) on dry matter yield, and concentration, uptake and translocation of Cd, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in seven rice cultivars. Application of 45 mg Cd kg^?1 soil decreased root and shoot dry weight. On average, shoot and root Cd concentrations and uptake increased in all cultivars, but micronutrients uptake decreased following the application of 45 mg Cd kg^?1. No significant differences were observed between 45 and 90 mg kg^?1 Cd levels. On average, Cd treatments resulted in a decrease in Zn, Fe and Mn concentrations in shoots and Zn, Cu and Mn concentrations in roots. Differences were observed in Cd and micronutrient concentrations and uptake among rice cultivars. Translocation factor, defined as the shoot/root concentration ratio indicated that Cu and Fe contents in roots were higher than in shoots. The Mn concentration was much higher in shoots. Zinc concentrations were almost similar in the two organs of rice at 0 and 45 mg Cd kg^?1. A higher Cd level, however, led to a decrease in the Zn concentration in shoots.     

长期肥料试验对土壤和水稻微量元素及重金属含量的影响

长期肥料试验会影响土壤中微量元素和重金属状况以及作物对微量元素和重金属的吸收。本文研究了长期的不同施肥处理对土壤、糙米中微量元素Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn和重金属Pb、Cd含量的影响,结果表明:经17a连续施用猪粪及秸秆还田显著增加了土壤Cu、Zn和Cd全量,而土壤Fe、Mn和Pb全量在不同施肥处理间没有显著差异;施肥增加了土壤有效态Cu、Zn和Fe含量,其中施用猪粪及秸秆还田的3个处理显著增加了土壤有效态Cu、Zn和Cd含量,而土壤有效态Pb含量在不同施肥处理间没有显著差异。不同处理糙米Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn和Pb含量变化较小或没有显著性差异,而在3个施猪粪和秸秆还田处理中,糙米Cd含量均超过国家食品卫生标准(>0.2 mg kg-1)。水稻地上部吸收积累Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Pb和Cd总量与其地上部生物量呈正相关,土壤Cu、Zn、Cd有效态与全量含量呈极显著相关关系,而糙米中的镉含量与土壤镉含量有较好的相关关系。长期施用畜粪导致土壤Cd污染问题应引起高度重视。     

ALLEVIATION OF CADMIUM-TOXICITY BY APPLICATION OF ZINC AND ASCORBIC ACID IN BARLEY

ABSTRACT

Effect of cadmium (Cd) on biomass accumulation and physiological activity and alleviation of Cd-toxicity by application of zinc (Zn) and ascorbic acid in barley was studied, using semisolid medium culture including 15 treatments [four Cd concentration treatments: 0.1, 1, 5, 50?µmol?L^?1, four treatments with addition of 300?µmol?L^?1 Zn or 250?mg?L^?1 ascorbic acid (ASA) based on these four Cd concentrations, respectively, and three controls: basic nutrient medium, and with Zn or ASA, respectively]. Cadmium addition to semisolid medium, at a concentration of 1, 5, and 50?µmol?L^?1, inhibited biomass accumulation and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content of barley plants, while the addition of 0.1?µmol?L^?1 Cd increased slightly dry mass. There was a tendency to a decrease in Zn, copper (Cu) concentrations both in shoots and roots and iron (Fe) in shoots of barley plants exposed to 1 to 50?µmol?L^?1 Cd. In addition, there were indications of a stress repose characterized by increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities relative to plants not subjected to Cd. The physiological changes caused by Cd toxicity could be alleviated to different extent by application of 300?µmol?L^?1 Zn or 250?mg?L^?1 ASA in Cd stressed plants. The most pronounced effects of adding Zn or ASA in Cd stressed medium were expressed in the decreased MDA and increased biomass accumulation, e.g., MDA contents were reduced (p≤0.01) by 4.8%–17.8% in shoots and 0.5%–19.7% in roots by adding 300?µmol?L^?1 Zn, in 50?µmol?L^?1 Cd stressed plants, and by 1.3%–7.4% in shoots and 2.6%–4.5% in roots by application of 250?µmol?L^?1 ASA, respectively. However, ASA addition may enhance Cd translation from root to shoot, accordingly, ASA would be unsuitable for the edible crops grown in Cd contaminated soils to alleviate phytotoxicity of Cd.