海拔与岩性变异对石灰岩发育土壤黏土矿物组成的影响

用X射线衍射法研究了中亚热带区海拔、岩性变异对石灰岩发育土壤黏土矿物组成的影响。结果表明:在海拔约2 000 m的重庆金佛山山顶区,灰黑色钙质页岩石灰岩发育的黑色石灰土,矿物组成复杂,除伊利石为主外,还有少量蛭石、绿泥石、高岭石和蒙脱石,有一定量的母质残留矿物(滑石和滑间皂石);由砂页岩和灰岩互层母质发育的山地黄棕壤,以蛭石为主,伊利石和高岭石其次,有三水铝石和弱结晶针铁矿。在金佛山中下部(600~1 200 m),石灰岩发育的黄色石灰土以蛭石或伊利石为主,有一定量的高岭石,普遍出现针铁矿。湖南怀化盆地海拔200多米,纯灰岩发育的红色石灰土为伊利石、蛭石和高岭石(含埃洛石)组合型,有结晶好的针铁矿和少量赤铁矿。海拔显著影响高岭石含量、针铁矿结晶度,海拔降低时高岭石含量增加,针铁矿结晶度提高。在金佛山山顶区,石灰岩母质岩性和微地形变异对土壤成土过程和黏土矿物组成影响显著。     

中南地区淋溶土的层间羟基物矿物

将北纬 3 0°～ 3 2°亚热带花岗岩发育的两个淋溶土B层黏粒样分别用连二亚硫酸钠—柠檬酸钠—重碳酸钠 (DCB)溶液溶提处理和经DCB溶液处理后再用柠檬酸钠溶液溶提处理。从上述处理后样品的X射线衍射图谱中可看出 :供试土壤的膨胀性矿物层间有羟基物质 ,它们能被DCB溶液—柠檬酸钠溶液所溶解提取 ,含羟基物质的黏土矿物主要来源于蛭石 ,少量来自蒙皂石。DCB溶液—柠檬酸钠溶液处理前后黏粒红外差分光谱上显示的 980～ 970cm- 1 ,91 0～940cm- 1 吸收带 ,标志着供试土壤膨胀性矿物层间含有羟基铝硅酸和羟基铝离子。从而首次揭示了中国中南地区淋溶土的膨胀性矿物层间有羟基铝硅酸。     

皖南第四纪红土伊利石结晶度值与风化强度的关系

对安徽宣城市宣州和郎溪两地第四纪红土黏土矿物组合和伊利石结晶度进行研究,探讨其对第四纪红土形成环境的指示意义。结果表明,两地第四纪红土黏土矿物的组合基本相似:剖面上部末次冰期下蜀黄土层(黄棕色土层)黏土矿物主要为伊利石、高岭石和2∶1型的蛭石;均质红土和网纹红土以伊利石和高岭石为主,无蛭石;网纹层下部出现伊利石-蒙脱石混层矿物。根据伊利石的X射线衍射(XRD)峰,获得伊利石结晶度(Illite crystallinity,IC)值,可以反映伊利石结晶程度。两地第四纪红土同类层次的IC值较接近。宣州和郎溪剖面黄棕色土的IC值平均为0.463,均质红土为0.599,网纹红土为0.726。全剖面样品IC值与风化强度指标呈显著负相关,充分说明红土IC值可有效地反映红土的风化强度。第四纪红土剖面从黄棕色土→均质红土→网纹红土,IC值升高,伊利石结晶变差,反映了红土风化强度增加,形成的气候环境更加湿热。     

中国白浆土的研究Ⅳ.白浆土的矿物学特征

本文对中国的４个白浆土典型剖面的粘土矿物、氧化铁矿物的几个特征以及伊毛缟石进行了研究。结果表明：（１）白浆土的粘土矿物种类相同，但含量及结晶程度各异。粘土矿物有水化云母、高岭石、蒙皂石、绿泥石及蛭石；（２）结晶氧化铁矿物主要是针铁矿，并普遍发生铝对铁的同晶替代作用；（３）用透射电镜法未发现白浆土中含有伊毛缟石，表明白浆土中不存在硅－铁－铝以无机复合体的形式移动。而是以铁铝的有机络合物形态淋溶的。     

玄武岩发育的几种红壤的矿物特征

本文主要研究不同生物气候条件下由玄武岩母质发育的红壤、赤红壤和砖红壤的理化性质及矿物组成。粘粒中氧化铁的含量都很高,为16.98±0.83%。砖红壤与赤红壤粘粒中高岭石与非晶物质的含量相近,它们之间的差异是赤红壤中没有三水铝石,而含有7—11%蒙皂石。红壤粘粒中高岭石和非晶物质的含量都低于砖红壤和赤红壤,而水云母和蒙皂石的含量较高,也没有三水铝石。粘粒含量、阳离子交换量、硅铝率、硅铁铝率、铁的游离度和风化淋溶系数等都反映了土壤风化程度上的差异,它与水热条件特别是年均温和积温有关,进一步说明生物气候因素引起的土壤性质及矿物组成变化比其它因素强烈。砖红壤与砖红壤性水稻土的差异是在氧化铁形态上;红壤与红壤性水稻土相比,后者粘粒中蒙皂石含量略高,水云母含量略低。     

中国土壤胶体研究——Ⅸ.广东两对黄壤和红壤的粘粒矿物比较

在两个红壤剖面中,粘粒部分的矿物组成变化不大,约含有50—55%的高岭石和20%左右的非晶物质和三水铝石,还含少量水云母、夹层矿物和14Å矿物。黄壤的粘粒矿物组成与红壤有明显的不同,其中含较多的14Å矿物和水云母,而高岭石较红壤要少些。在海拔较高、风化较浅的黄壤粘粒中高岭石含量竟低于15%,而海拔较低、风化较深的黄壤中高岭石含量可高达40%左右。X射线和化学分析表明,黄壤中的14Å矿物是属于蛭石晶层间夹有非交换性羟基铝等聚合物阳离子的14Å过渡矿物。花岗岩半风化体中含有较多的埃洛石,而高岭石极少,并有一定量的三水铝石。有的半风化体中还含少量蒙皂石和方解石。     

衡山土壤的粘粒矿物

衡山的土壤,随着海拔高度的增加,依次分布着成土过程由强到弱的红壤、山地黄壤和山地草甸土.这个规律在粘粒矿物的组成上得到较好的反映.从山脚到山顶高岭石渐减,而三水铝石渐增.埃洛石则普遍存在,但以B,C层为多.风化程度较低的次要矿物如水云母、水黑云母、14(Å)过渡矿物和绿泥石等也是衡山的上部较多.从粘粒矿物组成的特点判断,衡山上部不存在山地黄棕壤,而只有山地黄壤和山地草甸土.衡山上部土壤的三水铝石含量很高,以致粘粒的硅铝率甚小.三水铝石可能是斜长石的直接风化产物.由这种方式产生的富铝化现象,在发生学上有别于热带土壤的富铝化作用.     

不同母质黑钙土黏粒矿物组成研究

以黄土母质和红土母质发育的黑钙土为研究对象,采用化学分析及X射线分析,对同一气候和地理位置条件下的2种母质黑钙土的黏粒矿物组成及其差异进行研究,并探讨其演化机制.结果表明:2种母质黑钙土的黏粒矿物均以2:1型矿物为主,黏粒矿物组成一致性高,均含有蒙脱石、伊利石、蛭石、高岭石和石英.但各层次间衍射峰的强度以及部分衍射峰位置略有变化,红土母质黑钙土底层不存在蒙脱石,表层以绿泥石为主,而黄土母质黑钙土在底层存在绿泥石,在成土中后期可能转化为蛭石.红土母质黑钙土与黄土母质黑钙土相比,高岭石衍射峰强度更强,伊利石强度减弱,且随着土层深度的增加,减弱趋势更为显著,说明红土母质在成土早期,气候湿热,土壤风化较为强烈.     

秸秆还田对水稻土黏土矿物组成和钾素释放的影响

以湖北省武穴市和荆州市长期定位试验为对象,利用X射线衍射、选择性浸提以及室内模拟等方法,研究秸秆还田下水稻土中黏土矿物组合的差异及钾素的释放。结果表明,长期秸秆还田,土壤中伊利石和高岭石增加,蛭石和1.4 nm过渡矿物(HIV)减少;长期秸秆还田配施氮磷钾肥,土壤中高岭石、蛭石和HIV增加,伊利石和绿泥石减少。长期秸秆还田,土壤中全钾、非交换性钾和交换性钾含量均增加,且土壤各形态钾素与伊利石含量呈显著正相关,与高岭石和HIV含量则呈显著负相关。0.05 mol L~(-1)草酸浸提下,土壤钾素的释放量和释放速率较大,且随浸提次数的增加,钾素的释放速率逐渐降低并保持稳定。土壤钾素的释放量与土壤非交换性钾和全钾含量呈显著正相关,伊利石和HIV是影响供试土壤钾素释放的主要黏土矿物,且二者间存在相互转化的关系。长期秸秆还田可以增加土壤的供钾能力。     

腐殖酸在黑云母表面的吸附动态和分布特征研究

采用原位原子力显微镜智能模式初步观察了弱酸性土壤腐殖酸分子在层状硅酸盐含钾矿物黑云母表面的吸附动态和形貌变化。采用纯化、干燥后的腐殖酸固体样品配制p H 6.0,浓度分别为0 mg L-1、100 mg L-1和1000 mg L-1的腐殖酸溶液。原位观察所用的矿物薄片为土壤中常见的2∶1型含钾矿物—黑云母,其化学结构式为K(Mg2.46Fe0.45Ti0.09)[Al Si3O10](OH)2。结果表明,时间尺度是影响界面上腐殖酸形貌结构的一个重要因素。在通入p H 6.0的腐殖酸溶液作用下,原位反应0~180min内,腐殖酸分子与黑云母(001)面的相互作用以吸附为主并伴随脱附现象,吸附的腐殖酸呈球状,为单个或多个腐殖酸分子的聚集体,高度介于1~5 nm之间;原位反应180~300 min内,黑云母(001)面上吸附的腐殖酸仍以颗粒态为主,高度介于3~5 nm之间,平均为4 nm;而黑云母(001)面上的台阶和边缘位置则分布有较多的片状结构以及黑云母线型边缘诱导产生的链状结构腐殖酸聚集体,其高度介于6~8 nm,较颗粒态腐殖酸的聚集体平均高出约2.5 nm。此外,腐殖酸分子不仅能够在黑云母表面进行吸附和脱附作用,还能够溶解黑云母的表面结构,促进层间K及结构单元内Al和Si的释放。因此,腐殖酸与云母类矿物的界面反应是一个溶解—吸附—聚集并伴随着脱附和离子释放的过程。     

Residual effects of organic Zn fertilizers applied before the previous crop on Zn availability and Zn uptake by flax (Linum usitatissium)

The objective of this study was to compare the residual effect of zinc (Zn) from three Zn chelates (Zn‐aminelignosulfonate, Zn‐AML; Zn‐polyhydroxyphenylcarboxylate, Zn‐PHP; and Zn‐ethylenediaminedisuccinate, Zn‐EDDS), applied at two rates (5 and 10 mg Zn [kg soil]^–1, respectively) to a previous crop, for a flax crop (Linum usitatissimum L.). For the greenhouse experiment, two different soils were used: a weakly acidic soil, classified as Typic Haploxeralf (Soil_acid), and a calcareous soil, classified as Typic Calcixerept (Soil_calc). Plant availability of soil Zn was evaluated using the DTPA‐triethanolamine (TEA), Mehlich 3, and low‐molecular‐weight organic acids (LMWOAs) methods. Easily leachable Zn was determined, and soil Zn status was characterized based on the Zn distribution in different fractions obtained by a sequential extraction. The Zn reserves after the previous crop were substantial and ranged from 2.85% to 5.61% of available Zn (Mehlich 3‐extractable) with respect to the applied Zn. Plant parameters such as dry‐matter yield, total Zn, and soluble Zn concentrations were measured, and Zn utilization by plants was calculated. In both soils, the highest concentrations of available Zn were associated with the application of Zn‐AML at a rate of 10 mg Zn kg^–1. In Soil_acid the largest quantity of easily leachable Zn was also observed with Zn‐AML fertilizer. Similarly, Zn‐AML resulted in the highest Zn concentration in flax seeds (229 mg Zn kg^–1 and 72 mg Zn kg^–1 for the highest rate of Zn application to Soil_acid and Soil_calc, respectively). The results suggest that these Zn chelates resulted in a residual effect in soils with appropriate concentrations of the most labile fractions of Zn and available Zn, particularly when Zn‐AML was applied at the highest rate. This chelate was more effective in Soil_acid than in Soil_calc. In the weakly acidic soil at the lowest Zn level it was associated with the highest percentage of Zn utilization by the flax plant and the most effective Zn transfer from soil to the plant.     

The study of the soil clay minerals within the framework of the integrated research headed by N.I. Bazilevich

The main areas of the integrated biogeochemical studies performed under the supervision of N.I. Bazilevich dealing with the investigation of soil minerals were considered. The development of the clay profiles in soils under the effect of chernozem formation, solodization, salinization, solonetzization, and gleyzation, the spatial differentiation of which favored the development of the pronounced complexity of the soil cover in the forest-steppe zone of the Baraba Lowland, was described. It was shown that irrigation with sodic water induces the evolution of chernozems to solodized soils due to the dispersion and destruction of the clay minerals. The behavior of the minerals in the sodic solonetz-solonchaks of Armenia during their reclamation with sulfuric acid and iron (II) sulfate was explained. The effect of the root exudates from black saxaul (Haloxylon aphyllum) on the transformation of the layered silicates in the rooting zone of sandy desert soils was noted.     

CLAY MINERAL DISTRIBUTION AND ORIGIN IN THE SOIL TYPES OF ISRAEL

The mineralogical composition of clays (< 2μm) in representative profiles of all soil types of Israel was investigated. The soils were classified according to their clay mineral assemblages into three groups. I. Montmorillonitic soils. Montmorillonite is the dominant mineral and exceeds 65 per cent of the total minerals found; each of the other minerals comprises less than 15 per cent. 2. Montmorillonitic-kaolinitic soils. The soil clay fractions contain 50-60 per cent montmorillonite and 15-25 per cent kaolinite, generally adding up to more than 75 per cent of the clay fraction. 3. Montmorillonitic-calcitic soils. The clays contain more than 10 per cent calcite. Montmorillonite is the dominant clay mineral (except for one soil type, mountain rendzina, where calcite is dominant). The first and second assemblages are typical of the soils of the Mediterranean zone, whereas the soils of the desert zone are characterized by the third assemblage. The origin of montmorillonite, kaolinite, and illite, the three main clay minerals, was found to be detritic, as was the origin of palygorskite which was mainly found in the calcite rich soils of the desert zone. The cation exchange capacity of montmorillonite seems to be higher under higher precipitation. Montmorillonite content and cation exchange capacity of the clays were found to be highly correlated. The carbonate content of the clay fraction and the amount of carbonate in the soil were also highly correlated.     

Effect of iron oxide on phosphate sorption by calcite and calcareous soils

Pure calcite (AR grade CaCO₃) was treated with ferrous perchlorate solution to give a surface coating of iron (Fe) oxide. Maximum sorption (x_m) of phosphate (P) by the calcite increased from 18.2 to 160 mg P kg^?1 as the amount of coating increased from 0.00 to 16.0 g Fe₂O₃, kg^?1 CaCO₃. Evidence for Fe oxide coatings on carbonate minerals in two Sudanese soils was obtained by optical microscopy and electron-probe microanalysis. The relative contributions of carbonate and Fe oxide minerals, and Fe oxide coatings to P sorption in these soils were calculated, based on an assumed model of oxide distribution. Separate-phase Fe oxide was the major contributor (30–40%) to P sorption in the soils; the Fe oxide coatings on carbonate minerals were only minor contributors (< 6%), and the contribution of uncoated carbonate minerals was found to be negligible (<1 %). These results suggest a very minor role for carbonate minerals, even when coated with Fe oxide, in the sorption of P by these calcareous, Sudanese soils.     

Aluminum solubility of strongly acidified allophanic Andosols from Kagoshima Prefecture,southern Japan

Abstract

The aluminum solubility of acidified soils both from furrows and under tree canopies of a tea garden was studied using equilibrium experiments in 0.01 mol L^?1 CaCl₂ solution systems. The soils were originally classified as allophanic Andosols. The furrow soils were more severely acidified because of the heavy application of nitrogen fertilizer, especially in the upper soil horizons (pH[H₂O] of 3.6–3.8 in the A1 and 2A2 horizons). These acidified soils were characterized by the dissolution of allophanic materials (allophane, imogolite and allophane-like materials) and by an increase in Al–humus complexes. Ion activity product (IAP) values of the strongly acidified soil horizons were largely undersaturated with respect to imogolite (allophanic clay) or gibbsite. Plots of p(Al³⁺) as a function of pH strongly indicated that Al solubility of the soils was largely controlled by Al–humus complexes, especially in the A1 horizon. In the canopy soils, which were more weakly acidified (pH[H₂O] 4.9–5.0), Al solubility was close to that of gibbsite and allophanic materials, indicating that the solubility is partly controlled by these minerals.     

Influence of Moisture Conditions on Residual Zn Concentrations Applied as Synthetic Chelates

The aim of this study was to compare the behavior of residual zinc (Zn) from different synthetic chelates containing the chelating agents EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetate acid), HEDTA (hydroxyethyl-ethylenediaminetriacetate acid), and DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetate acid) applied at different rates. This incubation experiment was carried out under two different moisture conditions (60 percent field capacity and waterlogged) and in two different soils from the central region of Spain (Soil_acid, Typic Haploxeralf, and Soil_calc, Typic Calcixerept). The potentially available Zn concentration and short-term available Zn were estimated using the DTPA-TEA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid–triethanolamine) and LMWOAs (low-molecular-weight organic acids) methods. In both soils, the amount of water-soluble Zn was estimated under 60 percent field-capacity conditions. Immediately available Zn was estimated under waterlogged conditions. The Zn concentrations depended on the soil type, the experimental time, and the Zn chelate used. Under both moisture conditions, the soil characteristics caused the residual effects of Zn-EDTA in Soil_acid and Zn-DTPA-HEDTA-EDTA applied to Soil_calc, to produce the greatest Zn concentrations.     

土壤残渣有机质与固定态铵之间的关系

采集了全国不同类型的土壤40个,分析了土壤全氮、有机质、固定态铵、剩余有机质（KOBr处理后的土壤有机质）、残渣有机质（KOBr-HF处理后的土壤有机质）含量.结果表明,以2∶1型粘粒矿物为主土壤的残渣有机质含量与固定态铵含量之间呈极显著正相关（r=0.831^＊＊）,晶格之间存在的有机质（即残渣有机质与剩余有机质之差值）含量则与固定态铵含量之间也呈极显著正相关（r=0.832^＊＊）,而以1∶1型粘粒矿物为主土壤的残渣有机质含量和晶格有机质含量与固定态铵含量不相关;土壤剩余有机质、残渣有机质的含量分别为2.59 g kg^-1、3.70 g kg^-1,分别占土壤有机质的10%和16%.土壤残渣C/N比（平均值为16.69）明显高于原土壤（平均值为5.37）.     

Multivariate analyses and spatial distribution of Manganese minerals in soils close to an abandoned Manganese mine

Four hundred soil samples were obtained from a 4 km² area close to the abandoned Kgwakgwe Mn oxide ore mine in order to investigate the environmental association of Mn minerals and concentrations in the soils. Manganese minerals and Mn concentrations in samples were identified by X‐ray diffractometry and atomic absorption spectrometry, respectively, and results statistically analysed. Bixbyte, Mn₂O₃; braunite, Mn⁺²MnSiO₁₂; ramsdellite, MnO₂; pyrolusite, β‐MnO₂ and cryptomelane, K_{2 − x}Mn₈O₁₆ were identified in soil samples at the study site but none of these minerals found in soil samples from the control site. Manganese concentrations in samples from the study area were significantly higher than those from the control site. Statistical data yielded seven clusters with distribution of the Mn minerals and concentrations as follows: cluster 1 dominated by Mn concentrations in soil, cluster 2 by none of the seven Mn minerals, cluster 3 by pyrolusite, cluster 4 by braunite, cluster 5 by cryptomelane, cluster 6 by bixbyite and cluster 7 by ramsdellite. Very weak associations of these minerals were depicted from their correlations. The clusters had a bearing on the spatial distribution of the different minerals. Comparing results obtained from the control site, and geological materials, to the soils from the study area, it is certain that Mn minerals and high Mn concentrations in soils originated from the surrounding geological materials. The mining activities most possibly have affected Mn concentrations' and minerals' occurrences in the soils at the study area. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of Organic matter application on the fate of 15N-labeled ammonium fertilizer in an upland soil

Abstract

The clay mineral composition of two “terra roxa estruturada” (TRE) soils occurring in the tropical rain forest and tropical forest/savannah transition zone, and a reddish brunizem in the savannah/semi-arid transition zone was studied comparatively in the southeast Amazon region.

Kaolin minerals were dominant in these soils, and hematite and goethite were found in the clay fraction. A small amount of 2 : 1-type clay minerals was found in two soils. The mineral composition of the clay fraction in the TRE soils was hardly influenced by the difference of the meteorological factor or their water condition in this region, and this factor should not control the influence of parent materials derived from basic rocks. The TRE soils were developed under the condition of laterite genesis, and were regarded claymineralogically as a kind of the lateritic soils.     

Comparison of potential potassium leaching associated with organic and inorganic potassium sources in different arable soils in China

Potassium (K) leaching is detrimental to the maintenance of sustainable arable soil K fertility,especially in low-K fixation soils.It is not known whether the application of inorganic fertilizers with lower K mobility or crop straw can reduce potential K leaching in low-K fixation arable soils.The potential K leaching of 14 representative arable soils with different K fixation capacities in China was evaluated with or without the addition of K under two rainfall intensities (90 and 225 mm),and then potential K leaching was assessed in relation to five K sources (KCl,K₂SO₄,KH₂PO₄,maize (Zea mays L.) straw,and rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw).Without K addition,K leaching mainly occurred in sandy soils at 90 mm of rainfall and in soils with greater organic matter at225 mm of rainfall.With K addition,the leaching percentage of exogenous K ranged from 0.6%to 11.6%at 90 mm of rainfall and 1.2%to 21.2%at 225 mm of rainfall.The greatest K leaching occurred in soils with fewer K-bearing minerals and lower pH at both rainfall intensities.In most cases,KH₂PO₄,which has lower K mobility,markedly reduced K leaching in both high-and low-K leaching soils at the two rainfall intensities.Maize and rice straw reduced K leaching only in soils with high K leaching,regardless of rainfall amount,whereas more K was leached in soils with lower K leaching at high rainfall intensity.In conclusion,KH₂PO₄ and straw should be preferred for reducing K leaching in low-K fixation arable soils.