种稻下氮素的气态损失与氮肥品种及施用方法的关系

关于水稻田中¹⁵N标记氮肥的氮素去向,国内外都积累了一些资料,并发表了文献综述^[1,2]。近些年来,稻田中氮肥的氮素损失途径的研究又受到了重视^[3-6]。在前两报中^[5,6],我们报导了在石灰性和微酸性水稻土上,碳铵、尿素和硫铵的氮素损失的盆栽和田间试验研究的结果。本次试验的目的主要是探讨两种措施在减少氮素损失中的作用。     

试论碳酸氢铵的农业化学性质

氮肥入土后与土壤各组分相互作用过程中所表现的性质,如被土壤吸附,经受淋失,挥发,硝化和反硝化等,都是它的农业化学性质。碳酸氢铵虽然易于分解挥发,贮运施用不便,但室内模拟试验证实,碳铵与硫铵及尿素相比,易被土壤吸附,不易遭受淋失,入土后挥发锐减,硝化速率则相似。故只要因势利导,采用深施方法,碳铵的田间肥效可相似于其他氮肥。碳铵、硫铵和尿素在不同土壤上的挥发历程可用乘方回归方程y=Ax^b模拟,初始挥发量(毫克N/小时)和回归常数A的相关达显著平准;在不同土壤上的硝化历程,可用指数回归方程y=Ac^Bx模拟,三种氮肥在同一土壤上的初始硝化%和回归常数A,B值均极近似,但在不同土壤上的差异较大,说明氮肥入土后的硝化速率主要取决于土壤性质。     

淹水种稻条件下化肥氮的硝化-反硝化损失的初步研究

在中性和微酸性水稻土中施用硫铵时,硝化-反硝化作用是化肥氮损失的主要途径,除了淹水后在土表形成的氧化层及其下的还原层中可以分别进行硝化和反硝化作用外,水田中的硝化微生物与具反硝化作用的极毛杆菌相伴生,无论是在土表的氧化层或其下的还原层中,或是在稻根附近的氧化层或根外的还原层中都可进行硝化一反硝化作用^[4]。本工作的主要目的是:用特制盆钵进行盆栽试验,研究在淹水种稻条件下不同机制的硝化一反硝化作用气此外也涉及到水稻的生长、氮肥的施用方法对氮素损失的影响。     

太湖地区水稻追肥的氨挥发损失和氮素平衡

采用密闭室通气法和¹⁵N 微区试验, 对太湖地区水稻不同生育期追施氮肥的氨挥发损失、水稻对氮肥的吸收利用和土壤氮素残留情况进行了研究。结果表明, 氨挥发损失主要发生在施肥后1 周内, 峰值出现在施肥后1~2 d, 氨挥发速率变化与田面水NH₄⁺-N 浓度变化规律一致, 分蘖肥和穗肥氨挥发损失率分别为16.7%和6.3%; 水稻分蘖肥的作物氮素利用率低于穗肥, 分别为36.7%和49.6%, 主要原因是穗肥的氨挥发损失较少,并且更易于向籽粒转移; 2 次追施氮肥的表观损失率分别为52.8%和40.7%; 在土壤中残留肥料氮为10.6%, 大都集中在0~20 cm 土壤中, 耕层以下较少。本结果表明, 在水稻孕穗时期施氮肥有利于提高氮肥利用效率、减少氮肥损失, 主要体现在穗肥拥有较低的氨挥发损失率和较高的籽粒利用率。     

磷石膏与氮肥混合施用对氨挥发和氮素利用率的影响

分别在草甸土和轻度碱化草甸土上进行了磷石膏与尿素和碳铵混合后施用的室内模拟试验,并在轻度碱化水稻土上进行了水稻盆栽试验,结果表明,磷石膏与氮素化肥混施具有降低氨态氮挥发损失和提高氮素利用率的显著作用,其中以１／２ＳＯ４＾２－：ＮＨ４＾＋之比为１：１型的磷石膏碳铵和磷石膏尿素可使氨态的近轨损失率降低４１．０８－５０．３４％和２７．６２－３３．４６％;１：１和２：１型的磷石膏碳铵分别使水稻的氮素利用提     

控释尿素对土壤氨挥发和无机氮含量及玉米氮素利用率的影响

采用田间试验,通过与普通尿素对比,系统研究了硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素的施用对土壤氨挥发损失、无机氮含量、玉米增产效应及氮素利用率的影响。研究结果表明:硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素的施用能够有效抑制土壤氨挥发速率,土壤氨挥发速率峰值出现时间比施用普通尿素滞后4～6 d,土壤氨挥发累积量和损失率比普通尿素分别减少了24.75%～61.66%,1.95%～4.06%;硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素的控释性能有效地维持了玉米生育期耕层土壤NH4+-N和NO3--N含量,保证了玉米生育期氮素的供应,并能达到"前控后保"的效果;降低土壤氨挥发损失和保持耕层土壤速效氮含量水平是硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素能够显著提高玉米产量、氮素利用率的主要原因。     

改性尿素施用对氨挥发量及无机氮变化的影响

采用室内土壤培养和玉米幼苗盆栽试验的方法,研究了改性尿素施用后的氨挥发量及其对土壤无机氮和pH值的影响。结果表明:(1)表施改性尿素比表施普通尿素的氨挥发量显著减少,从而降低氮素的损失;在一定范围内,土壤含水量越大,氨挥发量越低。(2)硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)能够抑制土壤硝化作用,使NH+4-N能较长时间存在土壤中,从而减少NO-3-N的损失;在一定范围内,DCD施用浓度越大,抑制效果越好。(3)土壤pH值与铵态氮呈极显著指数正相关,与硝态氮呈极显著线性负相关,与无机氮呈多项式相关。因此,改性尿素能够显著减少氨挥发量,抑制土壤硝化作用,从而降低尿素的氮素损失。     

露地种植大白菜的氮肥效应与氮素损失研究

采用田间小区和微区试验,研究了施用化学氮肥在露地大白菜上的氮肥效应和氮素损失。氮素总损失用15N示踪法测定,氨挥发用通气密闭室法测定,反硝化损失用乙炔抑制原状土柱培养法测定,不加乙炔测定N2O排放。结果表明,施用化学氮肥增产显著,用差值法计算得到的氮肥利用率在25.3%4～7.2%之间,相应的示踪法氮肥利用率为18.1%2～4.6%。化学氮肥显著增加了氨挥发、反硝化和N2O排放等气态氮损失;其中氨挥发占施氮量的0.97%1～7.1%,反硝化占4.33%8～.55%,N2O排放在1.09%1～.63%之间变化。大白菜收获时9.2%～10.9%的标记尿素被淋洗到40.cm以下土层。试验期间尿素的氮素总损失达41.1%4～8.1%,以表观淋洗损失最为严重,其次是氨挥发,而反硝化损失最低。与普通尿素相比,包衣尿素明显降低了氨挥发。     

控释氮肥对水稻的增产效应及提高肥料利用率的研究

田间试验在日本山形县鹤冈市进行 ,探讨了树脂包膜类控释氮肥基施与尿素、硫铵分次施肥对单季稻的增产效应 ;应用15N示踪法研究了不同施肥处理水稻的吸氮模式及肥料利用率。结果表明 ,移栽稻以尿素与控释氮肥 (LPS-100)按 1∶1混合基施产量最高 ,分别比尿素和硫铵分次施肥增产23.6%和9.2% ;直播稻以LP-100基施产量最高 ,分别增产 9.2%和4.0% ;控释肥基施 ,水稻自移栽 (或直播 )至幼穗分化期吸氮量明显高于尿素或硫铵分次施肥。15N示踪研究表明 ,最高分蘖前水稻从尿素和硫铵基肥中吸收的氮素只占基肥氮总吸收量的 33%～ 45% ,水稻从基肥中吸收氮素可延续至抽穗期 ,而从LP-100中吸氮可持续至收获期。15N示踪法测得的氮素总回收率 ,以尿素处理最高 ,硫铵和LP-100接近 ;差减法测得的氮素总回收率以LP-100为最高 ,尿素 /LPS-100、尿素、硫铵三者接近 ;基肥的氮素回收率以LP-100硫铵 尿素。尿素 /LPS-100和LP-100一次基施 ,氮素生理效率和农学效率明显高于尿素和硫铵 ,是高产的主要原因     

水稻对氮素的吸收、分配及其在组织中的挥发损失

应用¹⁵N示踪技术研究了水稻不同生育期吸收的¹⁵N在各器官中的分配,以及后期植物组织中的挥发损失。结果发现,水稻在分蘖期吸收的氮量少于在幼穗分化期吸收的氮量;在分蘖期吸收的¹⁵N,标记结束时氮素主要分配于水稻的叶片中,至成熟期¹⁵N有39%转运至水稻子粒中;水稻在幼穗分化期吸收的¹⁵N,标记结束时氮素主要分配在水稻茎和叶鞘中,至成熟期¹⁵N有46%转运至水稻的子粒中;水稻在分蘖期和幼穗分化期吸收的氮素在后期可以通过植株组织挥发损失,至成熟期损失的比例分别达16.7%和13.4%。     

氮肥去向的研究--Ⅰ.稻田土壤中氮肥的去向

氮肥施入土壤后的去向,直接关系到作物增产和环境保护,是农业和环境科学研究中的基本资料。对氮肥去向的研究,以在田间条件下进行的意义比较大。因此,1978-1980年,我们在华东地区三种不同土壤上,采用田间微区¹⁵N示踪的方法,分别测定了施用于水稻和小麦的几种常用氮肥的去向,并以尿素为重点,研究了施肥方法、施肥时期、土壤水分状况以及硝化抑制剂等对氮肥去向的影响。所得结果将分别整理。本文是稻田试验方面的初步总结。     

碳酸氢铵和尿素在山东省主要土壤类型上的氨挥发特性研究

采用全程密闭通气法研究了山东省四种主要土壤类型 (棕壤 ,褐土 ,潮土和砂姜黑土 ) ,尿素和碳酸氢铵表施后的氨挥发特点。结果表明 :碳酸氢铵初始的氨挥发强度大于尿素 ,而氨挥发总量小于尿素 ,尿素在四种类型土壤上铵挥发强度次序为 :褐土 >潮土≈砂姜黑 >棕壤 ,氨挥发总量次序为 :褐土 >潮土≈砂姜黑土 >棕壤 ;碳酸氨氢在四种类型土壤上氨挥发强度次序为 :褐土 >潮土≈砂姜黑土 >棕壤 ,挥发总量次序为 :褐土 >棕壤 >潮土≈砂姜黑土。影响氨挥发的因素主要有 :氮素形态 ,土壤 pH、CEC、粘粒含量和粘土矿物类型、有机质含量等 ,但在不同土壤中其影响的主导因素又有较大差异。     

南京郊区番茄地中氮肥的气态氮损失

采用田间试验研究了番茄地施用化学氮肥后的氨挥发、反硝化损失和N2O排放及其影响因素。氨挥发采用通气密闭室法测定，反硝化损失（N2＋N2O）采用乙炔抑制-土柱培养法测定，不加乙炔测定N2O排放。结果表明，番茄生长期间全部处理均未检测到氨挥发，其原因是土表氨分压低于检测灵敏度，较低的氨分压是由于表层土壤的铵态氮浓度和pH都不高所致。在番茄生长期间，对照区即来自有机肥和土壤本身的反硝化损失和N2O℃排放量相当高，反硝化损失总量高达N29．6kghm^-2，N2O排放量为N7．76kghm^-2。施用化学氮肥显著增加了反硝化损失和N2O排放，3个施用化学氮肥处理的反硝化损失变化在N40．8～46．1kghm^-2之间，占施入化肥氮量的5．50％～6．01％；N2O排放量为N13．6～17．6kghm^-2，占施入化肥氮量的2．62％～4．92％；与尿素相比，包衣尿素未能显著减低反硝化损失和N2O排放。施用尿素的处理在每次追肥后，耕层土壤均会出现NO3^--N高峰，继之的反硝化和N2O排放高峰。反硝化速率与土壤含水量呈极显著正相关。总的看来，番茄生长期间没有氨挥发，而硝化反硝化是氮素损失的重要途径之一。     

镉、铅、锌对红壤微生物生物量的影响

Nitrogen(N)losses from ammonium bicarbonate or urea applied to wheat and then followed immediately by irrigation were investigated.Ammonia volatilization was determined by a micrometeorological method (ammonia sampler),total N loss was estimated by the ^15N mass balance method ,and denitrification loss was measured by the diference method(calculated from the difference between the total N loss and ammonia loss) and a direct method (measuring the emission of (N2 N2O)-^15N).Total ammonia losses from ammonium bicarbonate and urea in 33 days were 8.7% and 0.9% of the applied nitrogen ,respectively.The corresponding total N losses were 21.6% and 29.5%,Apparent denitrification losses(by the difference method) were rather high,being 12.9% from ammonium bicarbonate and 28.6% from urea .However,no emission of (N2 N2O)-^15N was detected using the direct method.     

含DMPP抑制剂尿素的氨挥发特性及阻控对策研究

采用原状土柱模拟方法,探讨了施肥水平、添加不同碳氮比（C／N）有机物、不同类型土壤、土壤水分含量及温度对含3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐（3,4－dimethyl pyrazole phosphate,DMPP）硝化抑制剂的尿素（DMPP尿素）氨挥发损失的影响。结果表明,施肥水平对DMPP尿素的氨挥发损失有显著影响,随着DMPP尿素施用量的增加,土壤氨挥发损失量呈显著上升的趋势;DMPP尿素配施低C／N比的有机物鸡粪,氨挥发损失增加6．0％;而配施高C／N比的生物秸秆,则表现为可抑制78．2％的氨挥发损失;DMPP尿素的氨挥发损失受土壤理化性质影响很大,在肥力高的碱性土壤中氨挥发损失严重,而在酸性红壤和阳离子交换量高的青紫泥中挥发损失量较低;在土壤含水量为田间饱和持水量时,氨挥发损失表现为急剧增加;随着土壤温度的升高,氨挥发损失的量快速递增。合理控制施肥量、选择配施高C／N比的生物秸秆和适宜的水分管理方式是减少农田氨挥发损失的重要对策。     

Volatilization of Ammonia Derived from Fertilizer and Its Reabsorption by Coffee Plants

Abstract

Volatilization of ammonia derived from nitrogen (N) fertilizers and its possible reabsorption by crops depend on specific soil, climate, and atmospheric conditions, as well as the method of fertilizer application and plant architecture. In an experiment carried out in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil, the volatilization of ammonia derived from urea, ammonium sulfate, and natural soil were quantified using static semi‐open N‐ammonia (NH₃) collectors. Fertilizers were top‐dressed under the plant canopy on top of dead leaf mulch. In another experiment, the reabsorption of the volatilized ammonia by plants was quantified using ¹⁵N‐labeled urea. Results showed, as expected, that volatilization derived from urea was seven times more intense in relation to ammonium sulfate, whose volatilization was very low, and slightly more than the natural volatilization from soil at pH 5.3. The loss of ammonia from the ammonium sulfate was very low, little more than twice of that of the natural soil. Through isotopic labeling, it was verified that 43% of the volatilized N‐NH₃ was reabsorbed by coffee plants, which gives evidence that volatilization losses are greatly reversed through this process.     

冀北高原草甸栗钙土春小麦中化肥氮去向的研究

在冀北高原张北县的草甸栗钙土上，采用＾１５Ｎ质量平衡法和微气象学技术，对春小麦中氮肥的去向，以及氨挥发进行了田间原位观测。试验中的氮肥用量为Ｎ４．８３ｋｇ／亩，１／３作基肥、２／３作追肥。基肥随播种施入，追肥于拔节期撤施，随即灌水。结果表明，小麦回收、土壤残留和损失的肥料氮各占施入氮量的３７．８％－４８．３％、３３．８％－４０．４％和１４．３％－２５．４％。其中，尿素作基肥与作追肥的处理之间，其氮     

The interdependence of ammonia volatilization and denitrification as nitrogen loss processes in flooded rice fields in the Philippines

Summary The relative importance of ammonia volatilization and denitrification as loss processes following the application of urea to flooded rice by the traditional method was assessed at four sites with different characteristics in the Philippines. The effect of reducing ammonia loss on denitrification and total N loss was also studied. The total N loss was determined by a ¹⁵N-balance method and ammonia volatilization was assessed by a bulk aerodynamic method following the application of urea to small plots (4.8×5.2 m). As run-off was prevented and leaching losses were negligible, the denitrification loss was assessed as the difference between total N loss and ammonia loss. When urea was broadcast into the floodwater at transplanting, the ammonia loss varied from 10% to 56% of the applied N. Loss was smallest at Aguilar where wind speeds were low and the greatest at Mabitac where floodwater pH values and temperatures were high and the winds were strong. The ammonia loss was reduced at all sites by incorporating the urea into the soil by harrowing. However, the reduction achieved varied markedly between sites, with the largest reduction (from 56% to 7% loss of the applied N) being observed at Mabitac. The total N lost from the basal application into the floodwater ranged from 59% to 71% of the applied N. Incorporating the urea by harrowing reduced the total N loss at two sites, increased the total N loss at the third site, and had no effect at the fourth site. The denitrification losses ranged widely (from 3% to 50% of the applied N) when urea was broadcast into the floodwater at the four sites. The denitrification loss was low when the ammonia loss was high (Mabitac) and high when the ammonia loss was low (Aguilar). Reducing ammonia losses by incorporating the urea into the flooded soil resulted in increased denitrification losses at three of the sites and appeared to have no effect on denitrification at the fourth site. The results show that reducing the ammonia loss by incorporating urea into the soil does not necessarily result in reduced total N loss, and suggest that the efficiency of fertilizer N will be improved only when both N-loss processes are controlled simultaneously.     

含氯氮肥对太湖稻麦轮作体系氨挥发及作物产量的影响

【目的】通过研究尿素、氯化铵以及二者混合高塔造粒而成的含氯脲铵氮肥对太湖地区稻麦轮作体系作物产量、氮肥利用率、氨挥发损失、土壤氯残留和耕层土壤 pH 的影响,为新型含氯氮肥的推广,降低环境风险提供理论依据。【方法】通过两年稻麦轮作季的田间小区试验,在当地适宜施氮量条件下,以 CK (不施氮) 和施用普通尿素为对照,研究了两种含氯氮肥的施用对稻麦轮作体系作物产量和氮肥利用率的影响。采集作物收获后 0—20 cm、20—40 cm 土壤样品,采用硫氰酸汞比色法测定土壤氯残留;施肥后采用密闭室间歇通气－稀硫酸吸收法测定氨挥发通量。【结果】尿素、氯化铵和含氯脲铵处理对稻麦产量无显著影响,但与尿素相比含氯脲铵对稻麦有增产的趋势,而氯化铵对小麦有减产趋势。与尿素相比施用含氯脲铵显著提高氮肥利用率 7.0% (P < 0.05)。氨挥发主要发生在稻季,与施用尿素相比单施氯化铵使麦季氨挥发降低 26.3% (1.39 kg/hm2),而使稻季氨挥发增加 10.4% (2.67 kg/hm2);含氯脲铵使麦季和稻季的氨挥发分别降低 5.2% (0.55 kg/hm2) 和 12.9% (6.16 kg/hm2)。施用含氯氮肥土壤氯残留表现为稻季显著增加,而麦季则显著降低的趋势,收获期耕层土壤 (0—20 cm) 氯离子含量最高不超过 160 mg/kg,低于水稻和小麦的耐氯临界值。经过两个稻麦轮作循环后,施用氯化铵土壤 pH 比尿素下降 0.88 个单位,而施含氯脲铵土壤 pH 与尿素没有显著差异。【结论】在太湖地区稻麦轮作体系中,综合考虑产量和环境效益,含氯脲铵氮肥与两种单质肥料相比有一定优势,为氨挥发减排和氯化铵施用难题的解决提供了依据。