哒螨灵农药在土壤中的降解吸附和移动特性

采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了哒螨灵在3种土壤中的降解、吸附和移动特性。结果表明,25℃下,哒螨灵在江西红壤、河南二合土和东北黑土中的降解半衰期分别为41．0、55．9和72．2d,属于易降解农药,其降解速率依次为江西红壤〉河南二合土〉东北黑土。酸性条件有利于哒螨灵的降解,土壤pH值对哒螨灵降解的影响比土壤有机质含量大。3种土壤对哒螨灵农药的吸附均较好地符合Freundich方程,吸附系数鼠值分别为3．35×10^3,6．17×10^3和8．48×10^3,具有极强的吸附性,且土壤有机质含量越高,对哒螨灵的吸附性越强。土壤对哒螨灵的吸附自由能变化均小于40kJ·mol^-1,属于物理吸附。哒螨灵在土壤中不易移动,3种土壤薄层移动试验的Rf值均仅为0．05,正常条件下不会造成对地下水的污染。     

农药在土壤中迁移及其影响因素的初步研究

本文运用非饱和土壤中水分运动和溶质运移基本理论,建立了非饱和土壤中农药运移的数值模拟模型.模型中考虑了农药在土壤中迁移与转化的主要过程:附土壤水分的对流;水动力弥散;土壤吸附及生物化学降解等.模型得到了室内土柱中灭幼脲-Ⅲ号杀虫剂淋溶试验的验证.文中分析了各种因素对该农药存土壤中迁移的影响,并且对两种不同的农药进行了比较.研究表明,在本文所研究的条件下影响农药在土壤中迁移与转化的主要因素是土壤吸附和农药在土壤中的降解.     

虱螨脲在土壤中的降解、吸附和移动特性

采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了虱螨脲在3种土壤中的降解、吸附和移动特性。结果表明：25℃下,虱螨脲在江西红壤中的降解半衰期为101d,属于中等降解农药;在太湖水稻土和东北黑土中的降解半衰期分别为74.5d和55.5d,属于较易降解农药。土壤有机质含量是影响虱螨脲降解速率的主要因素;3种土壤对虱螨脲具有较强的吸附性,且土壤有机质含量越高,对虱螨脲的吸附性越强;3种土壤对虱螨脲的吸附自由能变化均小于40kJ·mol^-1,属于物理吸附;虱螨脲在土壤中不易移动,正常条件下不会造成地下水的污染。     

土壤Cr(Ⅵ)在非线性Langmuir吸附条件下的径流流失试验与模拟

针对重金属铬(Cr)污染严重的现象,基于简单的二层非完全混合模型,将降雨时农田土壤与积水整个系统分为混合区及混合区以下两个部分,根据水量平衡原理和溶质质量守恒定律,研究土壤在非线性Langmuir吸附条件下,吸附性溶质Cr(VI)的径流流失规律。试验模拟的田间地表径流是由降雨引起的,根据降雨期间土壤与雨水相互作用情况,将降雨过程分为4个阶段分别求解进行研究。利用室内模拟降雨-径流试验所得数据进行模拟计算,并通过敏感性分析和模型参数对径流流失量的影响分析,阐明模型参数对土壤中吸附性溶质径流流失规律的影响。研究结果表明:此二层非完全混合模型能预测土壤在非线性Langmuir吸附条件下,吸附性溶质Cr(VI)的径流流失规律。该模型对入渗水溶质与土壤混合层溶质之间的非完全混合系数γ非常敏感,对土壤混合层溶质与地表积水-径流水溶质之间的非完全混合系数α不敏感,对Langmuir吸附方程中的参数B、C也不敏感。其中γ和α对模拟径流流失过程的影响主要作用于降雨前期,而Langmuir吸附方程中的参数B对模拟过程的影响作用于降雨前期,C也主要作用于降雨前期,但对后期的影响比其他参数更大。试验数据显示地表径流中溶质含量很低,说明该次试验中混合层溶质进入地表积水-径流层量很少,而模拟α值很小,与实际情况吻合,同时也说明,土壤中流失的污染物重金属Cr(VI)大多存在于地下排水中。     

土壤Cr(VI)在非线性Langmuir吸附条件下的径流流失试验与模拟

针对重金属铬(Cr)污染严重的现象,基于简单的二层非完全混合模型,将降雨时农田土壤与积水整个系统分为混合区及混合区以下两个部分,根据水量平衡原理和溶质质量守恒定律,研究土壤在非线性Langmuir吸附条件下,吸附性溶质Cr(VI)的径流流失规律。试验模拟的田间地表径流是由降雨引起的,根据降雨期间土壤与雨水相互作用情况,将降雨过程分为4个阶段分别求解进行研究。利用室内模拟降雨-径流试验所得数据进行模拟计算,并通过敏感性分析和模型参数对径流流失量的影响分析,阐明模型参数对土壤中吸附性溶质径流流失规律的影响。研究结果表明:此二层非完全混合模型能预测土壤在非线性Langmuir吸附条件下,吸附性溶质Cr(VI)的径流流失规律。该模型对入渗水溶质与土壤混合层溶质之间的非完全混合系数γ非常敏感,对土壤混合层溶质与地表积水-径流水溶质之间的非完全混合系数α不敏感,对Langmuir吸附方程中的参数B、C也不敏感。其中γ和α对模拟径流流失过程的影响主要作用于降雨前期,而Langmuir吸附方程中的参数B对模拟过程的影响作用于降雨前期,C也主要作用于降雨前期,但对后期的影响比其他参数更大。试验数据显示地表径流中溶质含量很低,说明该次试验中混合层溶质进入地表积水-径流层量很少,而模拟α值很小,与实际情况吻合,同时也说明,土壤中流失的污染物重金属Cr(VI)大多存在于地下排水中。     

丁吡吗啉在土壤中的吸附及淋溶特性

化学农药在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性是评价其环境行为的重要指标,也是新农药登记必须提供的环境影响资料。本文分别采用振荡平衡法、土壤薄层层析法和土柱淋溶法研究了丁吡吗啉在不同土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性。结果表明,丁吡吗啉在3种供试土壤上的吸附规律可以较好地用FreundLich方程描述,吸附常数Kd在10.42~37.72mL.g-1之间,在砂土中较难被吸附,在壤土和粘土中属中等吸附。丁吡吗啉在3种供试土壤中不易移动或不移动,3种土柱淋溶试验的结论均为难淋溶。根据综合试验结果,对相关影响因素进行了讨论,认为影响丁吡吗啉在土壤中吸附性的主要因素为土壤有机质含量和土壤粘粒含量,影响淋溶特性的主要因素为土壤吸附和丁吡吗啉在水中的溶解度。     

一个稻田土壤-作物体系的氮素循环模型

模型为一维模型,其主要框架由土壤水分运动、N素迁移转化以及水稻生长3个模块组成。在土壤水分运动模拟中,考虑了可能存在的饱和流和非饱和流;在N素运移中将土壤中的NH4 、NO3-和尿素视为土壤溶质,用对流弥散方程模拟其在垂直方向上的运移;在N素转化过程中考虑了尿素水解、有机N矿化、氨挥发、硝化、反硝化以及NH4 的吸附这6个过程;对于作物生长的模拟,选用了ORYZA水稻生长模型,并结合田间实验修改了其中一些参数。使用该模型对3年的田间试验进行了模拟验证,对于土壤中矿质态N素以及水稻生长的模拟,都得到了较好的模拟结果,通过与实测值的分析比较,耕作层的NH4 -N浓度,水稻各部分的生物量模拟值与实测值的吻合都达到了显著水平。     

土壤对硫酸根离子的吸附

<正> 1.前言降水中的硫酸根离子等阴离子在被土壤吸附时,可使土壤中的氢氧离子(交换性氢氧离子)析出,这种氢氧离子又能与降水中氢离子相结合,从而降低土壤中氢离子含量。因此,通过测定土壤对硫酸根的吸附量,可弄清土壤对交换性氢离子的中和能力[(A—NC)a]。     

用高流量集中水流预测土壤分散率

在壤土和沙壤土地上采用高流量集流沟道来确定耕作对土壤分散率的影响。耕作地块上的土壤分散率要比免耕土壤大得多。基于线性恒定参数的土壤分散模型,耕作上的土壤可蚀性比免耕土的大７倍。免耕土的临界剪应力值是耕作土的２倍。当上壤可蚀性和临界剪应力值与用吊式穿透仪、十字板剪切仪测定的土壤强度系数的田间测定值相关时,土壤分散模型的决定系数有所提高。落锥系数比剪切系数更适合于模拟土壤的可蚀性和临界剪应力。线性方程和指数方程都可用来模拟土壤的分散率。土壤的可蚀性和临界剪应力都是土壤强度的线性函数,基于土壤极限剪应力的指数方程是用高流量集中水流预测土壤分散率的推荐模式。     

可溶性有机碳在盐碱水田土壤中的吸附特征及影响因素

土壤吸附可溶性有机碳(DOC)对土壤有机碳的循环转化有重要影响。为进一步明确田间实际情况下盐碱水田土壤对DOC的吸附规律,选取吉林西部不同盐碱程度的5块水田土壤(P1、P2、P3、P4和P5),采用室内模拟试验,在静止条件下培养70天,模拟研究了土壤在自然状态下对不同浓度DOC的吸附特征,分析了理化性质对DOC最大累积吸附量的影响。结果表明:土壤对DOC的吸附速率在试验初期较快,然后逐渐减弱并达到平衡,Elovich方程可描述土壤对DOC的动力学吸附特征,且适用于土壤对不同浓度DOC的吸附。DOC的等温吸附特征用Freundlich方程拟合效果最好,从方程参数看各样地土壤吸附能力有明显差异,表层吸附能力大于底层。碱化度和pH是影响土壤最大累积吸附量的主要因素;黏粒含量越高的土壤最大累积吸附量越大;有机质促进了土壤对DOC的吸附。研究结果对充分认识DOC在盐碱土壤中迁移转化具有重要意义。     

The role of tillage in soil redistribution on hillslopes

Soil tillage is usually considered as a process having only an indirect influence on soil erosion. This paper describes the results of field experiments carried out with a mouldboard and a chisel plough showing that an important net downslope soil movement can be associated with soil tillage. Available experimental evidence suggests that the soil redistribution by tillage can be described by a diffusion-type equation, which allows the intensity of the process to be characterized by a single number, which may be called the diffusion constant. The experimentally determined values of the diffusion constant vary between 100 and 400 kg m^?1 a^?1. This implies that erosion and sedimentation rates associated with tillage may be more important than those associated with water erosion on much of the hilly arable land in western Europe. A comparison of recent hillslope evolution with model simulation results corroborates this conclusion. Therefore, tillage should be considered as a soil degradation process per se, rather than a process which makes the soil more sensitive to erosion.     

Biodegradation of Organic Chemicals in Soil/Water Microcosms System: Model Development

The chemical interactions of hydrophobic organic contaminants with soils and sediments may result in strong binding and slow subsequent release rates that significantly affect remediation rates and endpoints. In order to illustrate the recalcitrance of chemical to degradation on sites, a sorption mechanism of intraparticle sequestration was postulated to operate on chemical remediation sites. Pseudo-first order sequestration kinetics is used in the study with the hypothesis that sequestration is an irreversibly surface-mediated process. A mathematical model based on mass balance equations was developed to describe the fate of chemical degradation in soil/water microcosm systems. In the model, diffusion was represented by Fick’s second law, local sorption-desorption by a linear isotherm, irreversible sequestration by a pseudo-first order kinetics and biodegradation by Monod kinetics. Solutions were obtained to provide estimates of chemical concentrations. The mathematical model was applied to a benzene biodegradation batch test and simulated model responses correlated well compared to measurements of biodegradation of benzene in the batch soil/water microcosm system. A sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the effects of several parameters on model behavior. Overall chemical removal rate decreased and sequestration increased quickly with an increase in the sorption partition coefficient. When soil particle radius, a, was greater than 1 mm, an increase in radius produced a significant decrease in overall chemical removal rate as well as an increase in sequestration. However, when soil particle radius was less than 0.1 mm, an increase in radius resulted in small changes in the removal rate and sequestration. As pseudo-first order sequestration rate increased, both chemical removal rate and sequestration increased slightly. Model simulation results showed that desorption resistance played an important role in the bioavailability of organic chemicals in porous media. Complete biostabilization of chemicals on remediation sites can be achieved when the concentration of the reversibly sorbed chemical reduces to zero (i.e., undetectable), with a certain amount of irreversibly sequestrated chemical left inside the soil particle solid phase.     

Effective diffusion coefficient of cations as influenced by physical and chemical properties of selected Indiana soils

Abstract

Ion diffusion through the soil matrix is dependent upon both the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Cation (K, Na, Ca and Mg) diffusion coefficients De, were determined for seven Indiana soils by using the ion diffuison flux to a hydrogen resin paper technique. Volumetric moisture, clay content exchange and solution phase ionic concentrations, buffer capacity and organic C content were variously related to the determined De values. The larger the diffusion coefficient of K, Ca, and Mg, the lower the clay content, and exchange capacity of soils, and the higher the concentration of these cations in the solution phase. From the present study, it was concluded that the De of these cations was affected by one or more soil physical and chemical property which must be considered if De is to be used to estimate supply rate of these ions to growing roots in soil systems.     

Surface banding phosphorus to increase movement into soils

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) fertilizer was surface banded (9,600 kg/ha band basis or 144 kg/ha field basis) in late spring. Soil was sampled in late summer and analyzed for P to determine if banding at high concentrations caused P to move into the soil. The 10 to 40 cm and 20 to 30 cm layers below the band contained 5 to 10 times more available P in late summer than the equivalent layers in control plots. Laboratory experiments with slightly compacted soil columns eliminated simple diffusion, diurnal temperature variations, and pH changes in drainage water as the main factors causing the rapid P movement in the field. The curvilinear relationship between depth and P concentration in the laboratory columns is consistent with slow diffusion‐type chemical processes, and the linear relationship in the field is consistent with physical processes, such as passive movement in density currents.     

降雨-径流条件下土壤溶质迁移过程模拟

通过雨滴的打击加速土壤表面溶质迁移至地表径流过程。通过设计3种水文条件即控制排水状态（-5 cm）、土壤水分饱和状态和土壤渗流状态（5 cm）,采用人工模拟3种降雨强度（30、60和90 mm/h）,及同时外加模拟相对于降雨量的0、2、4和10倍径流量,研究土壤溶质迁移到地表径流过程中扩散过程的规律。试验结果表明降雨强度、或地表径流总量、或地表水位线的增加,均加速土壤溶质的扩散过程。渗流作用下,对流-扩散作用存在着一种交互作用,能加速分子扩散过程。土壤溶质迁移过程同降雨强度、地表径流量和地下水位高低有着重要关系。     

长期秸秆还田对农田土壤水分运动与热力学函数关系初探

利用长期定位试验的土壤,研究了温度、水分、热力学函数之间的关系。结果表明,不同玉米秸秆还田土壤比较,土壤水势温度效应为高量玉米秸秆还田〉低量玉米秸秆还田〉单施化肥;在同一温度条件下,提高土壤水势可增加土壤非饱和导水率,呈现高量玉米秸秆还田〉低量玉米秸秆还田、单施化肥;在相同的土壤含水量条件下,增加温度可提高土壤非饱和导水率,其导水率温度效应值（dk/dt）高量玉米秸秆还田〈低量玉米秸秆还田和单施化肥。土壤含水量一定时,随着相对偏摩尔自由能变和相对偏摩尔焓变增大,土壤非饱和导水率也增大,并且高量玉米秸秆还田大于低量玉米秸秆还田和单化施肥,拟合得出的相对偏摩尔自由能变和相对偏摩尔焓变与土壤非饱和导水率方程,具有较好的适应性。     

不同施肥制度对小麦生育期土壤微生物量的影响

通过测定小同施肥制度下小麦土壤微生物量C、N的动态变化，探讨了不同施肥制度对小麦土壤的培肥效应。研究结果表明，与无肥、单施有机肥、单施化学肥料相比，有机肥与化学N、P、K配合施用能显著增加小麦各生育时期的土壤微生物量C、N，促进土壤微生物量显著增长，增强了土壤养分容量的供应强度，有利于培肥土壤。     

滴灌流量对土壤水盐运移及再分布的作用规律研究

通过室内土箱模拟试验,对不同滴头流量处理的土壤水盐运移及再分布规律进行了研究,结果显示:两滴头交汇界面处的湿润锋依滴头流量不同而呈椭圆形或圆形;大滴头流量促进了水分的水平运动,水平扩散速率明显大于垂直入渗速率;随着滴头流量的减小,水平和垂直方向的入渗距离逐渐接近;土壤湿润体体积与总灌水量有关,而与滴头流量并无显著相关;根据湿润锋的运动,给出了试验用土大田建议滴头流量;滴灌结束后,水盐经历了一个非常重要的再分布过程,经过再分布,土壤水盐进一步向深层运移,促进了上层土壤的淡化,小滴头流量的淋盐效果明显好于大滴头流量;土壤盐分的运移在前3天的再分布中最为活跃;试验得出了保证作物生长需要和淋盐需要的每滴头灌溉水量,对实践具有一定的指导意义。     

RATE-CONTROLLING PROCESSES IN THE RELEASE OF SOIL PHOSPHATE

The isotopic exchange of phosphate ions in a deep river gravel soil, maintained at different pHs from 3.5 to 6.7 in a field experiment, established by the N.A.A.S. at Shardlow, was governed initially (<20 h) by simultaneous ‘first-order’ and ‘bulk diffusion’ kinetics, but later by ‘bulk-diffusion’ kinetics only. The ‘bulk-’ or ‘intracrumb-’ diffusion coefficient was independent of phosphate manuring, was least at pH 5.5 and increased on either side of this critical pH. The rate constant for the phosphate component exchanging initially with ‘first-order’ kinetics increased significantly with phosphate manuring at pH 3.5, 4.4, and 5.5, although the constants for unmanured and manured soils did not change with soil pH. But at pH 6.7, the rate constants for the unmanured and phosphate-treated soils were greater than those in the more acid soils, although the constant for the manured soil was just significantly greater than that of the unmanured soil. Residual phosphate (i.e. the difference between manured and unmanured soils) adsorbed on the soil was greatest in the more acid soils but water-soluble residual phosphate increased with soil pH to a maximum at pH 5.5. Residual phosphate, exchanging initially, decreased to nothing above pH 6.5.     

滴灌条件下砖红壤水分运动试验研究

为了研究砖红壤水分入渗特性，并为雷州半岛旱作节水农业提供依据，在室内滴灌条件下进行了砖红壤水分入渗的试验研究。在有机玻璃容器中对0.5、1.0和3.0 L/h 3种滴灌流量下土壤水分入渗湿润峰进行试验分析，结果表明砖红壤水分的水平扩散、垂直扩散都与滴灌时间呈指数关系，并与流量成正相关关系。当流量为0.5和1.0 L/h时，砖红壤中水分扩散运动分为二个阶段：由开始的水平扩散速率大于垂直扩散速率过渡到水平与垂直等速扩散。在土箱中监测了0.3、0.6、0.9和1.2 L/h 4种滴灌流量下土壤水分分布，分析表明对于砖红壤土质，为了能使水分入渗达到一定深度，选择流量0.9~1.2 L/h对短期浅根作物连续滴灌4 h是合理的。