干旱胁迫下燕麦叶片抗氧化酶活性等生理 特性变化及抗旱性比较

为选育抗旱型燕麦品种,以内蒙古主产区种植的21个燕麦品种为试验材料,采用盆栽方式在拔节期进行干旱处理(田间持水量25％,即土壤质量含水量为5％),测定叶片生理指标,综合比较其抗旱性,运用隶属函数法和聚类分析法进行分析,鉴定各品种的抗旱性.结果表明:坝莜8号、莜麦4400和燕2006的SOD活性分别升高了113.6％、150.36％和140.15％,坝莜8号的POD活性升高了99.1％;坝莜8号的脯氨酸含量升高了230.66％,而其可溶性蛋白含量仅下降9.6％,莜麦4400的丙二醛和相对电导率升高幅度较小,分别升高了13.4％和46.27％,其抗旱系数较大.隶属函数与聚类分析分类的相同程度为71.43％,综合分析21个品种的抗旱性可分为强抗旱型、抗旱型、中抗旱型、弱抗旱型4类.其中强抗旱型有两个品种,分别为坝莜8号和莜麦4400,抗旱型品种为燕2006和燕2004两个品种,中抗旱型的品种为白燕4号、青永久440和新源燕麦3个品种,其余品种为弱抗品种.     

花生抗旱指标研究初报

用干旱棚分别在正常供水与水分胁迫条件下，研究了抗旱性不同的4个花生品种叶片相对含水量，失水率，萎蔫指数，株高，根冠比，座果率的变化与品种抗旱性的关系，并用隶属函数进行抗旱性综合分析，结果表明，4个花生品种各项抗旱性生理及形态指标的变化与抗旱指数的相关性次序是：根冠比＞叶片蒸蔫指数＞叶片失水率＞叶片相对含水量＞座果率＞株高，品种综合抗旱性强弱为：远杂9307＞远杂9102＞豫花6号＞白沙1016，因此本项研究为花生抗旱品种的选育提供了科学依据。     

向日葵抗列当品种(系)筛选及其应用评价

为了全面评价不同向日葵品种(系)对列当的抗寄生性和其在生产中的应用价值,对‘TP3313’等50个食葵品种(系)、‘内蒙杂4号’等6个油葵品种(系)进行了田间自然寄生试验,结果表明:食葵‘TP3313’为对列当免疫的品种,且病虫害发生较轻,产量相对较高(261.11kg/667m~2),因而具有极高的推广应用价值;‘TP3314’为高抗列当品种,但是受向日葵菌核病危害较重,产量为219.64kg/667m~2;‘SH361-L’、‘SH338-M’等8个品种表现为中感,属耐列当品种(系),并且产量相对较高,在生产中具有一定的应用价值。     

不同小麦品种对晚霜冻的响应及抗霜性评价

为评价小麦品种的抗晚霜冻能力,以16个小麦品种为材料,在自然霜冻条件下测定叶片相对电导率、叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm)、光合速率、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量等生理生化指标,及幼穗冻伤率、产量及产量结构等,应用各指标相对值进行隶属度(D值)综合评价及聚类分析。结果表明:小麦拔节期霜冻胁迫后,叶片叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm)、光合速率的平均值分别降低5.9%、1.0%、34.4%,叶片SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性、MDA含量、相对电导率平均值分别上升46.7%、33.7%、8.4%、20.8%、32.8%,各指标品种间存在显著(P0.05)或极显著的差异(P0.01)。参试品种的平均隶属度值为0.192～0.911,幼穗冻伤率为1.3%～41.8%,产量为4 328.1～8 222.3 kg·hm~(-2),产量和产量结构差异显著。通过隶属度平均值(D值)、幼穗冻伤率和产量聚类,将16个小麦品种聚为5类,I类:济麦22、临Y8012、山农28;II类:舜麦1718、济麦23、中麦36、烟农1212;III类:山农30、晋麦84号、衡杂102、师栾02-1、科农2009、周麦18;IV类:冀麦325、西农585;V类:西农529。从第I类品种到第V类品种,冬性越来越弱,春性越来越强,抗晚霜冻能力越来越弱。     

旱稻抗旱性鉴定方法与指标研究——全生育期抗旱性鉴定

用干旱棚法,对11个旱稻品种抗旱性进行了研究,分析了株高、穗长、穗下节、抽穗期、成产三因素、结实率、叶片失水率、叶片萎蔫度等性状在水分胁迫条件下的变化及与品种抗旱性的关系。结果表明:利用产量的抗旱指数作为评价旱稻抗旱性是科学的、准确的,并用其对试验品种的抗旱性进行了定性分级;结合隶属函数法评价了其它生育指标与抗旱性强弱的关系,相对株高与抗旱系数呈极显著相关性,相对结实率、叶片萎蔫度(抽穗期)和相对穗粒数与抗旱系数呈显著相关性,抽穗期和相对穗下节长与抗旱系数相关性密切,其它性状与旱稻抗旱性没有明显的相关性。     

旱稻抗旱性鉴定方法与指标研究--Ⅲ全生育期抗旱性鉴定

用干旱棚法,对11个旱稻品种抗旱性进行了研究,分析了株高、穗长、穗下节、抽穗期、成产三因素、结实率、叶片失水率、叶片萎蔫度等性状在水分胁迫条件下的变化及与品种抗旱性的关系。结果表明：利用产量的抗旱指数作为评价旱稻抗旱性是科学的、准确的,并用其对试验品种的抗旱性进行了定性分级;结合隶属函数法评价了其它生育指标与抗旱性强弱的关系,相对株高与抗旱系数呈极显著相关性,相对结实率、叶片萎蔫度(抽穗期)和相对穗粒数与抗旱系数呈显著相关性,抽穗期和相对穗下节长与抗旱系数相关性密切：其它性状与早稻抗旱性没有明显的相关性。     

白芥及油菜产量性状抗旱性及抗旱性鉴定指标研究初探

应用干旱敏感指数（SI）、抗旱系数（DC）、抗旱指数（DI）分析白芥及三大类型油菜的子粒产量和产量性状的抗旱性，结合变差序列打分制和隶属函数综合评价各产量性状及品种的抗旱能力，结果表明，奥罗、白芥1号和大辣芥抗干旱胁迫有力较强，白芥2号和白芥3号抗干旱胁迫能力较弱，在产量构成因素方面，各性状抗干旱胁迫的能力因品种而异，同一品种不同性状抗干旱胁迫的能力相差较大；利用产量性状进行抗旱系数，抗旱指数分析，结合隶属函数综合评价是鉴定品种抗旱能力的较好方法。     

基于PCA和隶属函数法分析的马铃薯创新种质抗旱性鉴定与分类

采用盆栽控水法于2020～2021年在智能日光温室对26份马铃薯创新种质的农艺性状、生理生化和产量指标进行测定,用隶属函数法、PCA和系统聚类分析法对马铃薯创新种质抗旱性进行鉴定与分类。结果表明：受到干旱胁迫后,马铃薯创新种质的株高、茎粗、叶片相对含水量和单株结薯数与对照相比均有不同程度的下降,下降幅度小的品系抗旱性较强。叶绿素含量和MDA含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量均有不同程度的增加,增加幅度较大的品系抗旱性较强。经过隶属函数法、PCA和系统聚类分析,筛选出5个抗旱性较强的品系,直接用于参加区域试验或作马铃薯育种遗传材料,为马铃薯种质资源抗旱性鉴定和抗旱型新品种选育提供理论依据。     

水分胁迫下不同抗旱类型大豆叶片气孔特性变化研究

采用火棉胶印膜法,研究了不同程度干旱胁迫对不同抗旱类型大豆叶片气孔特性的影响.结果表明:经水分胁迫的大豆叶片气孔密度增加,气孔开口大小和单位叶面积气孔相对面积减小.但不同抗旱类型大豆品种间表现不同,气孔密度变化幅度大小顺序依次为:弱抗品种(A3)＞中抗品种(A2)＞抗旱品种(A1),调节气孔开张能力大小顺序依次为:抗旱品种(A1)＞中抗品种(A2)＞弱抗品种(A3).     

62份陆地棉种质资源苗期抗旱性综合评价及耐旱种质筛选

研究不同棉花品种（系）苗期对干旱引发渗透胁迫的适应性反应,通过多指标鉴定和综合评价苗期棉花供试品种（系）抗（耐）旱性,分析耐旱材料和干旱敏感材料苗期的植株和根系形态变化,为进一步提高棉花抗（耐）旱育种早代选择提供依据。采用15% PEG 6000营养钵砂培法对62份陆地棉种子进行苗期抗（耐）旱性鉴定筛选,分别测定在胁迫条件下以及对照条件下的棉花苗期植株形态、根部形态、以及生物量等18个抗（耐）旱相关指标,利用因子分析、隶属函数分析和聚类分析等方法对苗期的18项相关指标进行抗（耐）旱性综合评价。结果表明,这18个指标在15% PEG 6000 (-0.4 MPa)胁迫条件下,除根冠比和根全长外其他指标均比对照显著降低,说明棉花苗期生长受PEG 6000的抑制,且根系受抑制程度低于地上部植株。通过对这18个指标的处理相对值进行因子分析,抗（耐)旱指标简化可得到6个主因子,包含根部投影面积、根像素面积、根表面积、根部体积等16个指标,其贡献率分别为35.01%、16.53%、12.46%、8.99%、6.60%、6.31%。利用这16个指标对62份陆地棉新材料进行隶属函数分析和相关性分析,并以平均隶属函数值代表抗（耐）旱性强弱,平均隶属函数值越大,抗(耐)旱性越强,结合品种聚类分析结果选出相对抗旱品系7个、相对耐旱品系4个、敏感品系6个;45份材料介于耐旱与敏感之间的过渡类型。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.