Morphologic and cytochemical characteristics of blood cells of juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta)

A morphologic classification based on the cytochemical characteristics of blood cells of 35 juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) is described. Cytochemical stains included benzidine peroxidase, chloroacetate esterase, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase (with and without sodium fluoride), acid phosphatase (with and without tartaric acid), Sudan black B, periodic acid-Schiff, and toluidine blue. The morphologic characteristics of erythrocytes were similar to those reported in green turtles. Six types of white blood cells were identified: heterophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and thrombocytes. Except for the basophils, the rest of the white blood cells from loggerhead turtles had different cytochemical characteristics compared to blood cells from other sea turtle species. The leukocyte differential count was different from that reported for other sea turtle species. Heterophils were the most numerous leukocytes from these loggerhead turtles, followed by lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes and basophils. This paper provides a morphologic classification of blood cells of loggerhead sea turtles that is useful for veterinary surgeons involved in sea turtle conservation.     

Morphologic, cytochemical staining, and ultrastructural characteristics of blood cells from eastern diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus adamanteus)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate light microscopic, cytochemical, and ultrastructural characteristics of blood cells from eastern diamondback rattlesnakes. ANIMALS: 10 healthy snakes. PROCEDURE: Various stains, including Wright-Giemsa, benzidine peroxidase, Sudan black B, chloroacetate esterase, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, acid phosphatase, leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, periodic acid-Schiff with diastase, and toluidine blue, were used to stain leukocytes differentially on multiple blood smears. Electron microscopy also was performed. RESULTS: Lymphocytes were the most commonly observed leukocyte and could be distinguished from thrombocytes, using periodic acid-Schiff stain with diastase. Azurophils also were commonly observed; their granules stained with peroxidase. Eosinophils were not identified; however, 2 morphologic variations of heterophils were seen in the blood of all snakes and were considered the same cell type at different stages of cytoplasmic granule development. Heterophil granules were better preserved, using a one-step Wright-Giemsa method that did not require alcohol fixation prior to staining. Degranulated heterophils were observed in all preparations. CONCLUSIONS: Most leukocytes of eastern diamondback rattlesnakes can be identified easily on Wright-Giemsa-stained preparations. However, hematologic stains that do not require alcohol fixing prior to staining may be preferred for leukocyte evaluation in certain reptiles. A limited degree of heterophil maturation may continue in the blood of healthy snakes. This, along with degranulation of heterophils, may result in a variable staining pattern in this cell type, regardless of the stain used. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results provide baseline data for use in hematologic testing in diagnosis of disease and monitoring of treatment of sick or injured snakes.     

Cytochemical staining characteristics of chicken heterophils and eosinophils

Cytochemistry was used to differentiate chicken heterophils and eosinophils in blood smears and cytospin preparations of isolated leukocytes. Cytochemical staining also was performed to evaluate any alteration of cell staining characteristics after heterophils had been isolated using discontinuous Ficoll-Hypaque gradients. Cytochemical staining reactions of heterophils and eosinophils were the same before and after discontinuous gradient cell separation. Characteristic positive reactions did not occur when chicken heterophils were stained with alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase, Sudan black B, acid phosphatase, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase, periodic acid-Schiff, or Luna's eosinophil granule techniques. Chicken eosinophils stained positively when peroxidase, Sudan black B, acid phosphatase, and Luna methods were performed. In highly cellular cytospin preparations, peroxidase reactions readily distinguished the few contaminating eosinophils (< 1%) from the heterophils.     

Morphology, cytochemical staining, and ultrastructural characteristics of the blood cells of the giant lizard of El Hierro (Gallotia simonyi)

The object of this study was to examine the erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes of the giant lizard of El Hierro (Gallotia simonyi) by light and electron (TEM) microscopy, and cytochemical staining. Smears were prepared from blood from the ventral coccygeal vein of 10 healthy adult lizards (five males and five females) from the Giant Lizard of El Hierro Reproduction and Research Centre, Canary Islands, Spain. The cytochemical stains used were: benzidine peroxidase (BP), chloroacetate esterase (CAE), alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE), acid phosphatase (AP), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), toluidine blue (TB) and May-Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG). Electron microscopy was also performed on all samples. Heterophils had granules that were heterogeneous in both size and electron density, and stained with BP, PAS and ANAE. Eosinophil granules were homogeneously electron-dense and stained for AP, CAE and ANAE. Basophils had both highly and moderately electron-dense granules, and stained with TB and ANAE. Azurophil granules were of low electron-density and stained for AP, CAE and ANAE. Azurophil cytoplasm was vacuolated on TEM. The cytoplasm of lymphocytes contained many ribosomes and was positive for AP. Monocytes had a large nucleus and a vacuolated cytoplasm but did not stain by any of the cytochemical methods used. Thrombocytes had a relatively large nucleus but little cytoplasm; they did not stain cytochemically. The blood cells of the giant lizards of El Hierro differ from those of other members of the Order Squamata both morphologically and cytochemically. The variation in cytochemical responses in the blood of reptiles makes it necessary to study species individually if meaningful clinical decisions are to be made.     

Hematologic reference intervals for koi (Cyprinus carpio), including blood cell morphology, cytochemistry, and ultrastructure

BACKGROUND: Hematologic data are used routinely in the health care of humans and domestic mammals. Similar data for fish are largely fragmentary or have not been collected. OBJECTIVES: The primary purpose of this study was to determine hematologic reference intervals for koi, an ornamental strain of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Secondarily, the morphology, cytochemical reactions, and ultrastructure of koi blood cells were characterized. METHODS: A CBC was performed manually on heparin-anticoagulated blood specimens using Natt and Herrick's diluent and a Neubauer-ruled hemacytometer. Leukocyte differential counts were done on Wright-Leishman- and Diff-Quik-stained blood smears. Cytochemical reactions of koi leukocytes were determined using commercial kits. Transmission electron microscopy was performed to characterize the ultrastructural features of koi blood cells. RESULTS: Hematologic reference intervals were established for healthy koi for PCV (30-34%), hemoglobin concentration (6.3-7.6 g/dL), RBC count (1.7-1.9 X 10(6)/ microL), WBC count (19.8-28.1 X 10(3)/ microL), RBC indices, and differential leukocyte counts. Lymphocytes were the predominant leukocyte (accounting for up to 80% of all leukocytes), whereas eosinophils were rare. Basophils were positive with PAS staining. Naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase activity was observed only in eosinophils. alpha-Naphthyl butyrate esterase and beta-glucuronidase activities were positive in monocytes. Some lymphocytes were reactive for alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase and acid phosphatase activity. Ultrastructurally, leukocytes, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes were identified on the basis of cytoplasmic organelles and granule appearance. CONCLUSION: Hematologic reference intervals and knowledge of the cytochemical reactions and ultrastructural characteristics of koi leukocytes will help standardize hematologic studies in this species.     

Cytochemical characterization of peripheral blood cell populations of two Cyprinidae,Carassius auratus and Ctenopharyngodon idellus

Fish are the most diverse species of all vertebrate groups, and their blood cells have shown variable characteristics in terms of morphology. Cytochemical staining for enzyme activity in blood leukocytes will help assess the immune function of fish. We characterize blood cells from crucian carp (Carassius auratus) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) by using a Diff‐Quick stain as well as different cytochemical methods. Blood specimens obtained from crucian carp and grass carp were evaluated after cytochemical staining for acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), naphthol AS chloroacetate esterase (AS‐DNCE), naphthyl acetate esterase (NAE), α‐naphthyl butyrate esterase (NBE), peroxidase (MPO) and periodic acid–Schiff's reaction (PAS) using commercial kits. Blood cell types were evaluated based on their morphological characteristics and the presence or absence of specific chromogen. The expression pattern of enzymes was similar between the two Cyprinidae and was also broadly consistent with other fish species. However, there were some interesting differences detected between crucian carp and grass carp, including naphthol AS chloroacetate esterase activity in monocytes, peroxidase activity and location in thrombocytes. The ACP, ALP and MPO expressions of different leukocytes of the two Cyprinidae were evaluated by Image Pro Plus and were analysed for statistical significant differences. This investigation provides basic haematology and enzyme activity analyses for crucian carp and grass carp and serves as an approach to evaluating the immune response of fish.     

Cytochemical staining characteristics of lymph nodes from normal and lymphoma-affected dogs

Frozen sections and imprint smears were used to evaluate the presence and pattern of cytochemical staining reactions in the B- and T-cell regions of lymph nodes from normal dogs and dogs with lymphoma. Staining procedures evaluated included peroxidase (PER), Sudan black B (SBB), naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase (CAE), alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase (NBE), acid phosphatase (ACP), and leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP). In normal lymph nodes, macrophages and some lymphocytes within the interfollicular (T-cell) region and medulla stained positive with ACP and NBE. Smaller numbers of macrophages also occurred sporadically within the germinal follicles. Cells positive for PER, SBB, and CAE were scattered infrequently throughout all regions of the normal lymph node, consistent with granulocytes and mast cells. The LAP stained cells were predominantly and prominently located within the mantle zone of secondary follicles and to a much lesser extent within the germinal centers, compatible with B-cell lymphocytes derived from follicular center cells. Of the 12 dogs with lymphoma, 7 cases (4 immunoblastic, 2 large noncleaved, 1 small noncleaved) stained diffusely positive with LAP, 4 cases (all lymphoblastic) had numerous focally positive lymphocytes using ACP and NBE, and 1 case (immunoblastic) did not stain positive with any of the cytochemical reactions. Cytochemical staining of canine lymph nodes with NBE, ACP, and LAP proved useful in distinguishing between B- or T-cell regions and detecting different cell types of canine lymphoma.     

Differential cytochemical staining characteristics of channel catfish leukocytes identify cell populations in lymphoid organs

This is one of the first characterizations of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) leukocytes by enzyme cytochemistry. Leukocytes demonstrated cytoplasmic staining patterns very similar to mammalian leukocytes when stained with acid phosphatase, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, beta-glucuronidase, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, Sudan Black B and anti-immunoglobulin specific immunohistochemistry. Lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and surface immunoglobulin positive (surface Ig+) cells were present in channel catfish renal hematopoietic tissue and spleen and demonstrated distinctive cytoplasmic foci staining patterns, cytoplasmic blushing or cell membrane staining. Monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes and surface Ig+ cells were present in the thymus. Thymic and splenic cellular organization appeared very similar to these same mammalian tissues. In the thymus, acid phosphatase positive cells were distributed throughout the parenchyma, while alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase and beta-glucuronidase positive cells were concentrated in the cortex and the medulla, respectively. Surface immunoglobulin positive cells occurred in the cortex. In the spleen, acid phosphatase positive cells were scattered throughout the parenchyma, while alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase positive cells were scattered throughout the parenchyma and adjacent to splenic arterioles. Beta-glucuronidase and surface immunoglobulin positive cells were restricted to immediately adjacent to splenic arterioles. Sudan Black B positive cells were scattered throughout the parenchyma, while alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase positive cells occurred adjacent to peri-arteriole lymphoid sheaths and appear very similar to mammalian metallophils.     

Leukocyte and thrombocyte reference values for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus Raf), with an assessment of morphologic, cytochemical, and ultrastructural features

BACKGROUND: Hematology tests are useful to evaluate physiologic disturbances in fish and can provide important information for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease. OBJECTIVES: The primary purpose of this study was to define reference intervals for thrombocytes and leukocytes in healthy channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). In addition, the morphologic, cytochemical, and ultrastructural features of blood cells were assessed. METHODS: Blood samples (0.5 mL) were collected into EDTA from 40 clinically healthy catfish on a commercial fish farm in Jaboticabal, Brazil. Thrombocyte, total WBC, and differential WBC counts were determined and reference intervals were calculated as the 25-95th percentiles of data. Thrombocyte and leukocyte morphology was assessed in blood smears stained with May Grünwald-Giemsa-Wright and ultrastructurally by transmission electron microscopy. Cytochemical staining patterns were described using periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), peroxidase, nonspecific esterase, alkaline phosphatase, and toluidine blue. RESULTS: Reference intervals were as follows: thrombocytes 58,802-99,569/microL; total WBCs 27,460-41,523/microL; lymphocytes 5380-11,581/microL; monocytes 2949-7459/microL; neutrophils 12,529-22,748/microL, and basophils 736-2003/microL. Neutrophils were positive for peroxidase and PAS; monocytes were positive for nonspecific esterase; and basophils were positive with toluidine blue. CONCLUSION: The morphologic and staining features of neutrophils and monocytes of channel catfish are similar to those of mammals, and the presence of basophils in this species was verified. These reference intervals and morphologic findings provide a foundation for future investigations on the functions and alterations of blood cells in channel catfish.     

Myelogenous leukemia in a bearded dragon (Acanthodraco vitticeps).

A 3-yr-old bearded dragon (Acanthodraco vitticeps) presented with lethargy, a swollen right elbow joint, inability to move its rear limbs normally, and marked leukocytosis. The majority of leukocytes were an abnormal mononuclear lymphoid-type cell with a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, a slightly blue cytoplasm, nuclei with coarsely granular chromatin, and some nuclear clefts. Acute leukemia of lymphoid or myeloid origin was tentatively diagnosed. The abnormal mononuclear leukocyte cell population stained positively for the myeloid cytochemical stains: peroxidase, chloroacetate esterase, and L1-calprotectin. The abnormal cell population of the peripheral blood did not stain with the lymphoid cytochemical stains: alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, CD3, and CD79a.     

Ultrastructural and Cytochemical Properties of Peripheral Blood Cells of Piebald Naked Carp (Gymnocypris eckloni)

The ultrastructural and cytochemical properties of peripheral blood cells of Gymnocypris eckloni were investigated by transmission electron microscopy and a range of cytochemical techniques to provide clear insight into the structure and function of blood cells from this fish. Ultrastructurally, erythrocytes, leucocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes), thrombocytes and plasma cells were identified in the peripheral blood of G. eckloni. The most special ultrastructural characteristics of blood cells in this fish were that neutrophils exhibited only one type of cytoplasmic granules containing an eccentric, spherical or oval electron‐dense core, and eosinophils presented two types of granules with non‐uniform electronic density and without crystalloids in their cytoplasm. Neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and thrombocytes were positive for periodic acid–Schiff and α‐naphthyl acetate esterase staining. Intense peroxidase positive staining was observed in neutrophils and monocytes, but not in eosinophils, lymphocytes and thrombocytes. Neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes were stained positively for acid phosphatase, whereas lymphocytes and thrombocytes did not stain. Leucocytes and thrombocytes were negative for alkaline phosphatase and Sudan black B staining. Erythrocytes were negative for all cytochemical staining. The cytochemical and ultrastructural features of peripheral blood cells of G. eckloni were similar to those of other fish species. However, some important differences were identified in G. eckloni.     

Morphological and Cytochemical Studies of Peripheral Blood Cells of Schizothorax prenanti

The morphological and cytochemical studies of peripheral blood cells of Schizothorax prenanti were studied by light and electron microscopy. Erythrocytes, thrombocytes and three types of leucocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes, were distinguished and characterized. In addition to mature erythrocytes, immature and dividing erythrocytes were observed. A few organelles such as mitochondria were distributed in the cytoplasm of erythrocytes. Lymphocytes with heavily clumped heterochromatic nucleus and minimal cytoplasm were classified into small and large lymphocytes. Three different populations of granules, with distinctive ultrastructural aspect, were observed in neutrophils. Monocytes were the fewest leucocytes possessing rich organelles, phagocytized materials and vacuoles. Thrombocytes with various types were the most abundant blood cells among leucocytes and contained a prominent nucleus with dense bands of heterochromatin and many cytoplasmic vacuoles. Periodic acid‐Schiff staining was positive in neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes and thrombocytes, but not in erythrocytes. Peroxidase‐positive staining was observed in neutrophils and monocytes, but not in erythrocytes, lymphocytes and thrombocytes. Only neutrophils were positive for oil red O. Except for erythrocytes, the other blood cells stained positively for acid phosphatase. Only neutrophils and monocytes were positive for α‐naphthyl acetate esterase. None of the cells studied were positive for alkaline phosphatase. The morphologic and cytochemical features of blood cells of S. prenanti are similar to those of other fish. This investigation may be helpful as a tool to monitor the health status of cultured S. prenanti and will grant early detection of clinical pathology.     

A Comparison Between Thrombocytes and Monocyte-Macrophages in Salmo gairdneri Richardson: A Cytoenzymatic Evaluation

Fish leukocyte heterogenity with respect to morphology, morphometry and immunological function has been object of some controversy, mostly because, in lower vertebrates, there are several interspecies differences. Leukocyte enzyme cytochemistry permits cellular differentiation, which is otherwise not possible with routine stains, and may also indicate cell function. In fish, phagocytic performance is principally operated by monocyte-macrophages (MØ) present in tissues and in circulating blood. Fish thrombocytes (FTHR), even if they are the equivalent of platelets in mammals, are complete cells with cytoplasm and nucleus. They vary in shape from round, like small lymphocytes, to spindle-shaped or rod-shaped cells. Several cytochemical methods, as periodic acid Schiff (PAS), naphthol chloroacetate esterase (ASD), α-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE), peroxidase (PEROX), acid phosphatase (Ac. Phos.) with and without tartaric acid (ta) and alkaline phosphatase (Alk. Phos.) have been applied in Salmo gairdneri Richardson to investigate the expression of MØ and FTHR enzyme patterns. Here, we compared cytochemistry between fish MØ and FTHR, and between human MØ and platelets/megakaryocytes, respectively, as indicated in the table. It appears that positivity to some enzyme cytochemistry is phylogenetically maintained in MØ, while in FTHR the enzyme pattern has undergone modification during evolution. For instance, this is the case of ANAE, Ac. Phos. and Alk. Phos., which changed in the phylogenesis, while PAS, AS-D, PEROX are still present in the evolution.
 

     

15.

Lymphoma involving large granular lymphocytes in cats: 11 cases (1982-1991).     

M L Wellman  A S Hammer  S P DiBartola  M A Carothers  G J Kociba  J L Rojko 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1992,201(8):1265-1269

Medical records of 11 cats with lymphoma involving large granular lymphocytes were reviewed. All 9 cats tested were FeLV-negative. Ten cats had a history of anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, or diarrhea, and had lymphoma involving abdominal viscera. The most common site of tumor in these cats was the jejunum. One cat had cutaneous masses caused by dermal and epidermal infiltration with neoplastic large granular lymphocytes. The most common hematologic abnormality was leukocytosis, characterized by neutrophilia with a left shift (7 cats); 2 cats had a left shift without neutrophilia. None of the cats had lymphocytosis, but immature large granular lymphocytes were found in the blood of 4 cats. The most common serum biochemical abnormalities were hypoalbuminemia (10 cats), hypocalcemia (10 cats), hypoproteinemia (9 cats), high aspartate transaminase activity (9 cats), and hyperbilirubinemia (8 cats). Large granular lymphocytes were characterized by abundant cytoplasm containing distinct azurophilic granules that varied in size and number. The most common cytochemical staining pattern included detection of alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, acid phosphatase, and beta-glucuronidase activities. On examination of histologic sections, granules stained weakly eosinophilic with Giemsa and moderately with periodic acid-Schiff reaction. Ultrastructurally, the granules appeared membrane bound and contained an electron-dense matrix in 4 cats.     

16.

Morphology,cytochemical staining and ultrastructural characteristics of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) leukocytes     

Henkel KA  Swenson CS  Richardson B  Common R 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》1999,28(1):8-15

Peripheral blood smears from four adult reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) were examined after staining with Romanowsky's stain and cytochemical stains, including alpha-napthyl butyrate esterase (alpha-NBE), Sudan black B (SBB), chloroacetate esterase (CAE) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Romanowsky-stained eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes resembled those of cattle, sheep and goats. Basophils had two different staining patterns with Romanowsky's stain. Basophils that we termed "grey basophils" were similar in appearance to grey eosinophils in Greyhound dogs, with medium blue-grey to lavender-grey cytoplasm containing varying numbers of clear vacuoles or granules and variable numbers of small, intensely basophilic, perinuclear granules. The second basophil staining pattern was more typical of ruminant basophils, with uniform, pale to dark basophilic cytoplasmic granules. Basophils stained positive for alpha-NBE, SBB, CAE, and ALP. Eosinophils stained positive for SBB, and were negative for alpha-NBE, CAE, and ALP. Neutrophils were negative for SBB, CAE, and ALP. Monocytes stained positive for alpha-NBE, were rarely positive for CAE and SBB, and were negative for ALP. Transmission electron microscopy revealed matrix within all granulocytes granules, including those of basophils.     

17.

Cytochemical reactions in cells from leukemic dogs     

C B Grindem  J B Stevens  V Perman 《Veterinary pathology》1986,23(2):103-109

Leukemic cells from 17 dogs with spontaneous leukemia were stained with leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, alpha naphthyl acetate esterase with and without fluoride, peroxidase, and periodic acid-Schiff. Cytochemistry was necessary for identification or confirmation of leukemic cell type in most dogs and resulted in changing the light microscopic morphologic diagnosis in eight of 17 dogs. Leukemic cell types diagnosed were myelomonocytic leukemia in seven dogs, monocytic leukemia in five dogs, lymphocytic leukemia in four dogs, and myelocytic leukemia in one dog.     

18.

Hematology, leukocyte cytochemical analysis, plasma biochemistry, and plasma electrophoresis of wild-caught and captive-bred Gila monsters (Heloderma suspectum)     

Cooper-Bailey K  Smith SA  Zimmerman K  Lane R  Raskin RE  DeNardo D 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2011,40(3):316-323

Background: The Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum), one of several venomous lizard species in the world, is found within the United States and Mexico and is recognized as an iconic symbol of the American Southwest. Thus, Gila monsters are of growing interest in the captive reptile trade and within zoological and educational institutions. Objectives: The aims of this study were to determine results for CBCs, describe cytochemical reactions in WBCs, and obtain plasma biochemical and protein electrophoresis results from wild‐caught and captive‐bred H. suspectum. Methods: Ventral tail vein blood samples were obtained from 16 captive (14 wild‐caught and 2 captive‐bred) Gila monsters. CBCs, RBC morphometric analysis, plasma biochemical analysis, and protein electrophoresis were performed. Leukocytes were stained for peroxidase, Sudan black B (SBB), chloroacetate esterase, napthyl butyrate esterase, and leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, and blood smears were examined for the presence of hemoparasites. Results: The median (range) PCV was 37% (22–50%) and WBC count was 4.6 × 10³/μL (3.3–6.4 × 10³/μL) with approximately 50% heterophils and fewer lymphocytes, basophils, azurophils, and monocytes in decreasing order. Cytochemical reactions were unique among reptiles with strong staining for peroxidase and SBB in monocytes/azurophils. Biochemical results were similar to those of earlier reports with slight increases in uric acid and urea concentrations. Plasma electrophoretic results indicated that albumin was approximately equal to the combined globulin fractions. Conclusions: Results of blood analysis in healthy wild‐caught and captive‐bred H. suspectum may be useful for monitoring health status in this species.     

19.

Cytochemical characterization of feline leukemic cells   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

N R Facklam  G J Kociba 《Veterinary pathology》1986,23(2):155-161

Hematopoietic cells in blood and/or bone marrow from 23 leukemic cats and ten control cats were characterized using a battery of cytochemical enzyme stains. The results of cytochemical staining led to modification of diagnosis based on clinical, hematologic and histopathologic findings in four (17%) of the leukemias. Sudan black-B and chloroacetate esterase served as granulocytic markers in both the control and leukemic groups. Peroxidase activity was seen in the granulocytes and monocytes of control animals but not in the blasts of leukemic cats. Diffuse alpha naphthyl butyrate esterase staining marked monocytes in both control and leukemic animals. Cytochemical staining was found to be a valuable aid in the classification of leukemias in the cat.     

20.

Chemical reactions in cells from leukemic cats     

Grindem CB  Stevens JB  Perman V 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》1985,14(3):6-12

Cytochemical staining for leukocyte alkaline phosphatase(LAP), nonspecific esterase (NSE), nonspecific esterase with fluoride inhibition (NSE-F), periodic acid Schiff (PAS) reactivity, and peroxidase (PO) was valuable in identification of the neoplastic cell type in 10 leukemic cats. Staining both blood and bone marrow smears was often necessary for making the correct diagnosis. Cytochemical staining resulted in changing the morphologic diagnosis of leukemia in two of the 10 cats. Also, increased LAP activity, probably a marker for myelocytic leukemia in the cat, was observed in bone marrow cells from three nonleukemic, FeLV-positive cats.     

Lymphoma involving large granular lymphocytes in cats: 11 cases (1982-1991).

Medical records of 11 cats with lymphoma involving large granular lymphocytes were reviewed. All 9 cats tested were FeLV-negative. Ten cats had a history of anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, or diarrhea, and had lymphoma involving abdominal viscera. The most common site of tumor in these cats was the jejunum. One cat had cutaneous masses caused by dermal and epidermal infiltration with neoplastic large granular lymphocytes. The most common hematologic abnormality was leukocytosis, characterized by neutrophilia with a left shift (7 cats); 2 cats had a left shift without neutrophilia. None of the cats had lymphocytosis, but immature large granular lymphocytes were found in the blood of 4 cats. The most common serum biochemical abnormalities were hypoalbuminemia (10 cats), hypocalcemia (10 cats), hypoproteinemia (9 cats), high aspartate transaminase activity (9 cats), and hyperbilirubinemia (8 cats). Large granular lymphocytes were characterized by abundant cytoplasm containing distinct azurophilic granules that varied in size and number. The most common cytochemical staining pattern included detection of alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, acid phosphatase, and beta-glucuronidase activities. On examination of histologic sections, granules stained weakly eosinophilic with Giemsa and moderately with periodic acid-Schiff reaction. Ultrastructurally, the granules appeared membrane bound and contained an electron-dense matrix in 4 cats.     

Morphology,cytochemical staining and ultrastructural characteristics of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) leukocytes

Peripheral blood smears from four adult reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) were examined after staining with Romanowsky's stain and cytochemical stains, including alpha-napthyl butyrate esterase (alpha-NBE), Sudan black B (SBB), chloroacetate esterase (CAE) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Romanowsky-stained eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes resembled those of cattle, sheep and goats. Basophils had two different staining patterns with Romanowsky's stain. Basophils that we termed "grey basophils" were similar in appearance to grey eosinophils in Greyhound dogs, with medium blue-grey to lavender-grey cytoplasm containing varying numbers of clear vacuoles or granules and variable numbers of small, intensely basophilic, perinuclear granules. The second basophil staining pattern was more typical of ruminant basophils, with uniform, pale to dark basophilic cytoplasmic granules. Basophils stained positive for alpha-NBE, SBB, CAE, and ALP. Eosinophils stained positive for SBB, and were negative for alpha-NBE, CAE, and ALP. Neutrophils were negative for SBB, CAE, and ALP. Monocytes stained positive for alpha-NBE, were rarely positive for CAE and SBB, and were negative for ALP. Transmission electron microscopy revealed matrix within all granulocytes granules, including those of basophils.     

Cytochemical reactions in cells from leukemic dogs

Leukemic cells from 17 dogs with spontaneous leukemia were stained with leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, alpha naphthyl acetate esterase with and without fluoride, peroxidase, and periodic acid-Schiff. Cytochemistry was necessary for identification or confirmation of leukemic cell type in most dogs and resulted in changing the light microscopic morphologic diagnosis in eight of 17 dogs. Leukemic cell types diagnosed were myelomonocytic leukemia in seven dogs, monocytic leukemia in five dogs, lymphocytic leukemia in four dogs, and myelocytic leukemia in one dog.     

Hematology, leukocyte cytochemical analysis, plasma biochemistry, and plasma electrophoresis of wild-caught and captive-bred Gila monsters (Heloderma suspectum)

Background: The Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum), one of several venomous lizard species in the world, is found within the United States and Mexico and is recognized as an iconic symbol of the American Southwest. Thus, Gila monsters are of growing interest in the captive reptile trade and within zoological and educational institutions. Objectives: The aims of this study were to determine results for CBCs, describe cytochemical reactions in WBCs, and obtain plasma biochemical and protein electrophoresis results from wild‐caught and captive‐bred H. suspectum. Methods: Ventral tail vein blood samples were obtained from 16 captive (14 wild‐caught and 2 captive‐bred) Gila monsters. CBCs, RBC morphometric analysis, plasma biochemical analysis, and protein electrophoresis were performed. Leukocytes were stained for peroxidase, Sudan black B (SBB), chloroacetate esterase, napthyl butyrate esterase, and leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, and blood smears were examined for the presence of hemoparasites. Results: The median (range) PCV was 37% (22–50%) and WBC count was 4.6 × 10³/μL (3.3–6.4 × 10³/μL) with approximately 50% heterophils and fewer lymphocytes, basophils, azurophils, and monocytes in decreasing order. Cytochemical reactions were unique among reptiles with strong staining for peroxidase and SBB in monocytes/azurophils. Biochemical results were similar to those of earlier reports with slight increases in uric acid and urea concentrations. Plasma electrophoretic results indicated that albumin was approximately equal to the combined globulin fractions. Conclusions: Results of blood analysis in healthy wild‐caught and captive‐bred H. suspectum may be useful for monitoring health status in this species.     

Cytochemical characterization of feline leukemic cells

Hematopoietic cells in blood and/or bone marrow from 23 leukemic cats and ten control cats were characterized using a battery of cytochemical enzyme stains. The results of cytochemical staining led to modification of diagnosis based on clinical, hematologic and histopathologic findings in four (17%) of the leukemias. Sudan black-B and chloroacetate esterase served as granulocytic markers in both the control and leukemic groups. Peroxidase activity was seen in the granulocytes and monocytes of control animals but not in the blasts of leukemic cats. Diffuse alpha naphthyl butyrate esterase staining marked monocytes in both control and leukemic animals. Cytochemical staining was found to be a valuable aid in the classification of leukemias in the cat.     

Chemical reactions in cells from leukemic cats

Cytochemical staining for leukocyte alkaline phosphatase(LAP), nonspecific esterase (NSE), nonspecific esterase with fluoride inhibition (NSE-F), periodic acid Schiff (PAS) reactivity, and peroxidase (PO) was valuable in identification of the neoplastic cell type in 10 leukemic cats. Staining both blood and bone marrow smears was often necessary for making the correct diagnosis. Cytochemical staining resulted in changing the morphologic diagnosis of leukemia in two of the 10 cats. Also, increased LAP activity, probably a marker for myelocytic leukemia in the cat, was observed in bone marrow cells from three nonleukemic, FeLV-positive cats.