Review and proposals on vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau, Northwest China

A group of scientists conducted a comprehensive investigation on ecological safety and water and soil erosion in the Northwest Loess Plateau, Northwest China. The data gathered was analyzed in terms of achievement, existing problems, and strategy and measures on vegetation restoration in the area. Since the policies of conversion from cropland to forest (CCF) and forbid grazing and cutting (FGC) were carried out, vegetation quality and coverage rate increased quickly in the Loess Plateau area, strengthening the concept of eco-environment protection. Environment harness measurements were optimized. The multiform investments on eco-environment and urbanization development in China will benefit vegetation restoration. However, there have been some persisting problems, such as the shortage of investment, instability of government policy, expectation of extravagant economic benefit, larger rate of plantation, and scarce technologies supporting vegetation restoration. Many key theories and practice problems require an urgent resolution. In the future, short-, mid-, and long-term goals for vegetation restoration should be clear, achievement should be expanded, and the natural restoration area should be increased. The benefit for the contractor on vegetation restoration should be ensured. Investment on vegetation building research work should be increased. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(1): 102–106 [译自: 林业科学]     

Evolution of soil microbial biomass in restoration process of Robinia pseudoacacia plantations in an eroded environment

Vegetation recovery is a key measure to improve ecosystems in the Loess Plateau in China. To understand the evolution of soil microorganisms in forest plantations in the hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, the soil microbial biomass, microbial respiration and physical and chemical properties of the soil of Robinia pseudoacacia plantations were studied. In this study, eight forest soils of different age classes were used to study the evolution of soil microbial biomass, while a farmland and a native forest community of Platycladus orientalis L. were chosen as controls. By measuring soil microbial biomass, metabolic quotient, and physical and chemical properties, it can be concluded that soil quality was improved steadily after planting. Soil microbial biomass of C, N and P (SMBC, SMBN and SMBP) increased significantly after 10 to 15 years of afforestation and vegetation recovery. A relatively stable state of soil microbial biomass was maintained in near-mature or mature plantations. There was an increase of soil microbial biomass appearing at the end of the mature stage. After 50 years of afforestation and vegetation recovery, compared with those in farmland, the soil microbial biomass of C, N and P increased by 213%, 201% and 83% respectively, but only accounting for 51%, 55% and 61% of the increase in P. orientalis forest. Microbial soil respiration was enhanced in the early stages, and then weakened in the later stage after restoration, which was different from the change of soil organic carbon. The metabolic quotient (qCO₂) was significantly higher in the soils of the P. orientalis forest than that in farmland at the early restoration stage and then decreased rapidly. After 25 years of afforestation and vegetation recovery, qCO₂ in soils of the R. pseudoacacia forest was lower than that in the farmland soil, and reached a minimum after 50 years, which was close to that of the P. orientalis forest. A significant relationship was found among soil microbial biomass, qCO₂ and physical and chemical properties and restoration duration. Therefore, we conclude that it is possible to artificially improve the ecological environment and soil quality in the hilly area of the Loess Plateau; a long time, even more than 100 years, is needed to reach the climax of the present natural forest. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2007, 27(3): 909–917 [译自: 生态学报]     

黄土高原水土流失严重地区植被恢复策略分析

以晋西黄土高原地区为例，对黄土高原水土流失严重地区植被恢复的现状和前景进行了全面而细致的分析，提出土石山次生林区应实行“封山育林为主，辅之以人工措施”植被恢复策略。在土层浅薄、坡度较陡的生态脆弱地段，需要进行长期的植被封育；在土层深厚而且坡度平缓地段，可适当辅之以人工措施，包括人工抚育，以及补植或补造有经济价值的乡土树种等。当前土石山区次生林经营管理中急需解决的问题是提高林分质量，加强管护力度；黄土丘陵区应该实行封山禁牧或轮牧、围栏圈养以及陡坡地退耕等措施，这是植被恢复的前提和基础。同时，对黄土丘陵区恢复和建设森林植被的可能性进行了分析和探讨。最后指出只有转变农村传统的以破坏生态环境为代价的粗放生产经营方式，长期坚持植被封育和保护为主的策略，结合人工营造乡土树种为主的森林群落，晋西黄土高原地区才有可能恢复原来的森林植被景观，真正实现该地区的植被重建和水土流失的根治。     

Effects of landscape restoration on soil water storage and water use in the Loess Plateau Region,China

Large-scale vegetation restoration in China's Loess Plateau has been initiated by the central government for controlling soil and water losses in the past three decades. However, there is virtually no guidance for plant species selection for the restoration purpose. We investigated the effects of planting trees and shrubs, land-use conversions from croplands to pastures and native grasslands on soil water dynamics and water stresses by using long-term field measurements from 1986 to 1999 in the semi-arid loess hilly area. Our research has led to the following three major findings. Firstly, the amount of soil water storage within a 100 cm depth decreased as measured at both the beginning and the ending point of growing seasons regardless land cover types. The soil water replenishment by rainfall during rainy seasons was not sufficient to fully recharge the soil water storage. Landscape restoration through shrub planting may help retain more soil water than other land cover types. Secondly, the ratio of actual evapotranspiration (ET) and pan evaporation (PET) generally declined for all land cover types during the study period. Shrub lands had the largest ET/PET ratio, followed by native grassland, cropland/alfalfa, and pine woodland. The ET/PET ratio of native grasslands declined fastest, followed by pine woodlands, shrub lands, alfalfa, and croplands. Pine woodland's low ET/PET ratios were mainly caused by its higher runoff due to soil compaction resulted from soil desiccation. Lastly, we found that the soil water storage at the beginning of growing season was important in determining the ET/PET ratios. This study suggested that pine plantations may not be appropriate for landscape restoration in such a semi-arid loess hilly area while shrubs may be highly recommended.     

黄土高原植被生态恢复评价、问题与对策

以中国水土流失与生态安全综合科学考察西北黄土区考察组获得的资料为依据,对黄土高原植被恢复方面取得的成就、存在的问题和未来的发展策略进行综合评价分析.退耕还林和禁伐禁牧措施实施以来,黄土高原地区植被覆盖率、质量已经呈现稳定提升的势态,民众生态环境保护意识增强,植被恢复措施优化,多元化投资与城镇化发展使黄土高原植被恢复前景较好.目前存在的主要问题是:植被恢复投资力度不够;政策不稳定使农户无远期规划,政策不配套,使大户承包治理停滞;过分注重经济效益,人工经济林比例过大,生态功能不强;禁伐禁牧封禁措施缺乏技术支撑,许多重大理论问题亟待解决.未来植被恢复策略包括:明确不同时期植被恢复目标和完善恢复途径;保护现有成果,增加自然恢复和生态修复比例;用政策保护承包大户植被建设的积极性;加大植被建设和科研投资力度,培育黄土区植被恢复方面的科技创新能力.     

贵阳龙洞堡机场砂石山地植被恢复措施

针对贵阳龙洞堡机场建设时形成的砂石山地水土流失现状,提出了恢复植被工程措施和生物技术措施。     

Effects of afforestation on microbial biomass C and respiration in eroded soils of Turkey

ABSTRACT

Soil erosion is a major socioeconomic and environmental problem in Turkey. Almost 86% of the land in Turkey has suffered various degrees of soil erosion. The objective of this study was to determine whether differences in tree species affect soil characteristics and microbial activity in degraded soils. Results from this study showed that organic C (C_org) was highest in the black locust soil at 0–20 cm depth and lowest in the bare land. Microbial biomass C (C_mic) increased in the order black locust > Scotch pine > bare land at two soil depths. One-way ANOVA demonstrated that afforested soils contain significantly higher microbial biomass C than those in the bare land soils. Microbial quotient (C_mic/C_org) of soils are positively influenced by afforestation as the bare land soils exhibited lower microbial quotient than the associated Scotch pine and black locust soils. Microbial communities in black locust soils were energetically more efficient—had a lower metabolic quotient (qCO₂)—with a higher C_mic/C_org compared to those in Scotch pine soils. However, the microbial quotient in our study was still below range and cannot reach equilibrium again 15 yr after afforestation. Restoration of degraded lands could be a long-term process from microbial activity in the observed regions.     

湘中丘陵区4种植被类型土壤全磷、有效磷含量的变异特征

为揭示中亚热带植被恢复对土壤磷(P)有效性的影响机制,在湘中丘陵区选取了地域毗邻、环境(土壤、气候)条件基本一致、处于不同植被恢复阶段的4种植物群落——檵木-南烛-杜鹃灌草丛(LVR)、檵木-杉木-白栎灌木林(LCQ)、马尾松-柯(又名石栎)-檵木针阔混交林(PLL)以及柯-红淡比-青冈常绿阔叶林(LAG)为研究对象,设置固定样地,按0～10、10～20,20～30,30～40 cm分层采集土壤样品,测定不同季节土壤全磷(TP)和有效磷(AP)含量,比较研究不同植被类型土壤TP、AP含量的差异及其季节变化特征。结果表明:1)不同植被类型同一土层TP含量在各季节总体上随着植被恢复而增加,且LAG与LCQ、LVR(除夏季外)差异显著;季节变化也基本一致,除LAG 0～10 cm土层外,均表现为"夏高冬低(或秋低)型"。2)不同植被类型同一季节同一土层AP含量夏、冬季差异较大,而春、秋季较小,不同植被类型同一土层AP含量在各季节的变化不完全随着植被恢复而逐渐增加;但同一土层AP的季节平均含量基本上随着植被恢复而增加,同一植被类型不同土层AP含量的季节变化不尽相同。3)土壤TP、AP含量与群落总生物量、地上部分生物量、根系生物量、凋落物层现存量、土壤粘粒百分含量、有机碳含量、全N含量呈极显著的正相关关系,与土壤pH值呈显著的负相关关系。4)不同植被类型群落生物量、土壤粘粒百分含量、有机碳含量、全N含量、pH值的差异显著影响土壤TP、AP的含量。     

甘肃黄土高原生态修复与重建战略思考

通过对甘肃黄土高原地区社会—经济—生态系统的科学考察,以实地调查资料和文献资料为依据,对甘肃黄土高原植被修复与重建的环境和理论基础综合分析,提出了物种选择及搭配、模式布局、植被建植和促进恢复等技术策略,以及生态规划尺度、社会运行机制、资源协调配置等政策导向,从而为甘肃黄土高原地区生态持续恢复,消除区域甚至全国生态退化提供帮助.     

土壤微生物生物量碳研究进展综述

土壤微生物量碳是土壤碳素转化的重要环节,也是土壤有效碳库的重要组成部分。文章从土壤微生物量碳的影响因素、测定、周转以及土壤微生物量碳与土壤有机碳的关系四个方面综述了土壤微生物生物量碳的研究进展。同时,为今后这方面的研究重点及发展方向提供了参考。     

黄土高原植被属性有关论点辨析

以黄土高原森林植被为重点,利用一定的论据讨论黄土无林论、草原次生论、厚层黄土观、400mm降水论、气候变迁论等立论的缺陷以及植被分区所存在的歧义。以排它法表明以延安一线、长城沿线等为标志的植被地带性原则的合理性,认为黄土高原具有森林发育的地带性环境。     

五种植被恢复模式对邵阳县石漠化土壤理化性质的影响

通过野外土壤剖面调查和采集土壤样品,对比研究5种植被恢复模式(侧柏纯林、枫香+侧柏林、枫香纯林、湿地松+枫香林、湿地松纯林)下土壤理化性质,探讨不同植被恢复模式对邵阳县喀斯特地区土壤理化性质的影响。研究结果表明:5种植被恢复模式中侧柏纯林、枫香+侧柏混交林以及枫香纯林呈碱性,而湿地松+枫香混交林以及湿地松纯林生长速度快,7年生的湿地松平均胸径7.79 cm,平均高5.07 m,土壤呈酸性;土壤含水率较低,并相差不大,其中上坡位的枫香纯林土壤含水率最小,只有18.11%;土壤质量密度从大到小的顺序为:侧柏纯林、枫香纯林、湿地松+枫香混交林、湿地松纯林、侧柏+枫香混交林,土壤孔隙度则相反。土壤全P、全K、全Ca、全Mg、全Fe、Zn、Cd、速效N和速效K的含量在不同植被恢复模式中差异显著(p0.05),其中,土壤有机质和土壤全Ca的含量差异最为明显;不同植被恢复模式中的土壤全N、Cu、Mn、速效P的含量差异不显著,只与土壤的本底值有关。     

Effects of soil drought on seedling growth and water metabolism of three common shrubs in Loess Plateau, Northwest China

The growth and water metabolism of three common shrubs on the Loess Plateau were studied under soil with different water contents. Results showed that water consumption of those species decreased with the increase in drought stress, and water consumptions of these shrubs were different: Forsythia suspensa was the greatest, and Syringa oblata was the lowest. The growth rate of new branches and leaf area of three species were the fastest under adequate soil water conditions, and were the lowest under severe drought. Under the same water conditions, the growth of F. suspensa was the fastest while that of S. oblata was the slowest. The water content, proline and chlorophyll content of different species changed with the increase in soil water stress. The leaf water content of Periploca sepium and F. suspensa was obviously higher than that of S. oblata, while the leaf proline content of F. suspensa and S. oblata was lower than that of P. sepium. The ratio leaf chlorophyll a: b of F. suspensa and S. oblata decreased with the decrease in soil water content. Although these three shrubs had different mechanisms in response to drought stress, they all had higher drought resistance and could adapt to the drought condition on the Loess Plateau. This paper provided some bases for choosing tree species on the Loess Plateau. __________ Translated from Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 2007, 27(1): 91–97 [译自: 西北植物学报]     

Soil water response to precipitation in different microtopographies on the semi-arid Loess Plateau,China

Soil water is an important factor restricting afforestation on the semi-arid Loess Plateau.The microtopography of the loess slope has changed the distribution pattern of soil water on the slope.To improve water utilization efficiency and optimize afforestation configuration patterns,the relationship between soil water and precipitation at micro-topographic scale must be studied.We used time series analysis to study the temporal variation of soil water and its response to precipitation in four kinds of micro-topographies and undisturbed slope on loess slopes.Micro-topographies significantly influenced soil water distribution and dynamics on the slopes.Soil water stored in the platform,sinkhole,and ephemeral gully influenced subsequent soil water for 4 weeks,whereas soil water stored in the scarp and undisturbed slope could influence soil water for 2 weeks.It took 12 weeks,10 weeks,18 weeks,6 weeks,and 12 weeks for precipitation to reach the deeper soil layer in the platform,sinkhole,scarp,ephemeral gully,and undisturbed slope,respectively.These soil water characteristics in different micro-topographies are vital factors that should be taken into consideration when undertaking afforestation on the Loess Plateau.     

黄土区人工林草植被深层土壤干燥化研究进展

黄土高原地区深层土壤干燥化(土壤干层)是人工林草植被过度耗水导致土壤水分负平衡的结果。概述土壤干层的研究进展,包括土壤干层的特征、类型、量化指标、成因、分布、危害及其缓减对策,指出当前研究中存在的问题,对今后研究提出建议。     

晋西黄土区不同森林植被的林地水源涵养功能

林地(包括枯落物层和土壤层)是森林植被水源涵养功能的主体,在水土保持中具有举足轻重的作用。根据蔡家川流域林地枯落物和土壤的分析与测定,研究比较了晋西黄土区不同森林植被的林地水源涵养功能。结果表明,不同植被类型枯落物的最大有效拦蓄量的大小排序为:虎榛子林(2 85mm)>沙棘林(2 38mm)>刺槐林(1 88mm)>油松×刺槐林(1 31mm)>油松林(0 77mm)。不同植被类型0～60cm土层的林地土壤最大拦蓄量为:虎榛子林(248 2mm)>油松×刺槐林(241 0mm)>刺槐林(210 2mm)>油松林(198 1mm)。晋西黄土区不同森林植被的林地水源涵养功能研究,为该区水土保持林的合理经营与利用提供了科学依据。     

Effects of forest vegetation on runoff and sediment transport of watershed in Loess area, west China

This paper aims to study the effects of vegetation on runoff and sediment transport at the watershed scale, and to provide a theoretical basis for afforestation in the Loess area, in the nested Caijiachuan watershed, Jixian County, Shanxi Province of west China. Forest watersheds and farmland watersheds with similar terrain features were selected through cluster analysis to study their runoff and sediment transport characteristics. Results showed that compared with farmland watersheds, runoff generation time in forest watersheds was delayed remarkably, and peak flow was reduced greatly, which indicates that vegetation played an important role in holding and absorbing rainfall. Besides, with the increase of forest coverage, the runoff amount, runoff depth and runoff coefficient decreased during the rainy seasons. The runoff depth and runoff coefficient of farmland watersheds in the rainy season were 5–20-fold as much as that of forest watersheds, and runoff and sediment yield of watersheds with low forest coverage were 2.7–2.9-fold and 3–6-fold as great as those with high coverage during rainstorms, and low forest coverage had larger variation in sediment hydrograph. For the complexity and scale dependence of the influence of forest vegetation on runoff, forest hydrological functions based on regional scale or watershed scale were worthy of further studies. __________ Translated from Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 4(3): 48–53 [译自: 中国水土保持科学]     

沙地人工植被恢复及其对土壤改良作用的研究

通过对科尔沁沙地流动沙丘人工固沙植被恢复过程及对土壤改良作用的研究表明,在流动沙丘进行人工固沙时采用1.0 m×1.0 m草方格,播种小叶锦鸡儿具有较好的固沙效果,经过3～4 a可使沙丘表面得到固定。在围栏封育条件下实施适宜的植被恢复措施,可在2～3 a获得明显的固沙效果。小叶锦鸡儿人工固沙群落内土壤养分随群落的生长发育而发生变化,在0～30 cm土层中,有机质、速效钾、全氮、水解性氮、全磷、有效磷含量都表现为：11年生群落〉6年生群落〉流动沙丘。     

Effects of elevated nitrogen deposition on soil microbial biomass carbon in major subtropical forests of southern China

2003

Wallenstein M D.McNulty S.Fernandez I J.Boggs J Schlesinger W H Nitrogen fertilization decreases forest soil fungal and bacterial biomass in three long-term experiments [其它论文] 2006

Wang X F.Li S Y.Bai K J.Kuang T Y Influence of doubled CO2 on plant growth and soil microbial biomass C and N 1998(12)

Xue J H.Mo J M.Li J.Li D J The short-term response of soil microorganism number to simulated nitrogen deposition 2007(02)

Yao W H.Yu Z Y The nutrient content of throughfall inside the artificial forests on downland 1995

Yi Z G.Yi W M.Zhou L X.Wang X M Soil microbial biomass of the main forests in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve 2005(05)

Zhou G Y.Yan J H The influence of region atmospheric precipitation characteristics and its element inputs on the existence and development of Dinghushan forest ecosystems [其它论文] -Acta Ecologica Sinica2001

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沼液施肥对杨树林地土壤微生物量碳氮的影响

沼液是沼气发酵过后的液体残留物,是一种优质的有机肥料。研究了不同沼液施肥对杨树林地土壤微生物量碳氮的影响。结果表明:施用沼液可以提高土壤微生物量碳、氮的含量,微生物量碳、氮含量增加范围分别为4.29%~61.62%和6.08%~76.10%,土壤微生物量碳氮含量随沼液施用量增加逐渐提高。土壤微生物量碳氮呈正相关。土壤微生物量碳氮比随沼液施用量增加逐渐下降,其变化范围为9.92~10.81,土壤微生物量碳氮比与微生物量碳、氮含量负相关。