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1.
Integrated resource-driven pig production systems in a mountainous area of Northeast India: production practices and pig performance 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
A. Kumaresan K. M. Bujarbaruah K. A. Pathak Anubrata Das R. K. Bardoloi 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(7):1187-1196
Data on pig production system was derived through structured household interviews from a total number of 320 rural households
and performance of pigs was assessed. Results revealed that the pig production system represented mixed farming based mainly
on the common property resources. Majority of the pigs were reared in intensive system and fed with home made cooked feed
(kitchen waste and locally available plants). The body weight of crossbred, Burmese and local pigs were 67, 65.4 and 45.6 kg, respectively at 12 months of age with average daily body weight of 184, 179 and
125 g, respectively. The overall mortality among the pigs was 17.96%. The major causes of mortality in pigs were Swine fever,
Swine erysipelas, digestive disorders, nephritis and respiratory disorders. The body weight gain in pigs subjected to deworming
and mineral mixture supplementation (218 g/day) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the control group (178 g/day). The
input output ratio was 1:1.7 for both crossbred and Burmese pigs, while the corresponding ratio for local pigs was 1:1.2. It is inferred that the smallholder resource driven pig production
system is economically viable and sustainable at household level and there is enough scope to improve the smallholder resource
driven pig production system. 相似文献
2.
Musalia LM Wangia SM Shivairo RS Okutu P Vugutsa V 《Tropical animal health and production》2007,39(3):199-205
A survey was conducted on 176 smallholder dairy farms in Butere/Mumias and Kakamega districts of Western Kenya to establish
the dairy production practices and constraints in the industry. There was low milk production (16.6 kg of milk per capita),
which was attributed to the low number of dairy animals. The average land size was 2.4 ha with only 30.3% being allocated
to pasture or fodder crops. Farmers with large farms (>2 ha) set aside bigger pieces (1.2 vs 0.4 ha) for pasture/fodder crop
cultivation (p < 0.001), owned more (5.25 vs 3.18) dairy animals (p < 0.01) and produced more (9.2 vs 7.5 kg/cow per day) milk (p < 0.05) compared to those on smaller farms of less than 2 ha. The average herd size was 4.2 animals, of which only 45.0%
were in milk, producing 8.0 kg/animal per day. Every kilogram of dairy meal fed increased milk production by 0.68 kg (p < 0.001). Over 90% of milk produced was consumed locally. The public institutions provided 74% of total extension services
to farmers. About 49.5% of total dairy animals were bought from other districts owing to scarcity. 相似文献
3.
Hoque MA Skerratt LF Rahman MA Alim MA Grace D Gummow B Rabiul Alam Beg AB Debnath NC 《Tropical animal health and production》2011,43(2):431-440
Duck rearing is an important component of sustainable living in poor rural communities, especially as a source of subsistence.
A study was conducted on 118 households (N = 1,373 Jinding ducks, Anas platyrhynchus) from December 2002 to February 2004 on Hatia Island in Bangladesh with the aim of identifying the factors that limit the
health and production of Jinding ducks. Overall duck mortality was 29.3%, with disease (19.7%) being a more significant factor
than predation (9.6%; p = 0.001). Duck mortality also varied significantly among study zones (p < 0.001). Common diseases were duck plague (21.1%) and duck cholera (32.1%). Helminth infection was prevalent, with endemic
trematode (Prosthogonimus spp., Trichobilharzia spp., Echinostoma spp.) and nematode (Cyathostoma bronchialis, Amidostomum anseris, Heterakis gallinarum, Capillaria spp., and Echinuria spp.) infections and epidemic cestode infections due to Hymenolepsis setigera. The median egg production rate per duck per household was 93 for a 6-month laying period. The odds of diminished egg production
(average ≤ 93 eggs per duck per household for a 6-month laying period) was 25.4 times higher in ducks that were kept in traditional
duck houses (p < 0.001) and 14.2 times higher in ducks that experienced delays in the onset of sexual maturity (days 191 and 280; p < 0.001). Ducks that were provided snails for a shorter period of time over the laying period were 18.2 times more likely
to produce fewer eggs than their longer fed peers (p = 0.002). In conclusion, duck mortalities due to diseases and predation and parasitic infections appear to be common constraints
on household duck production on Hatia Island. Additionally, improving duck housing and providing longer nutritional supplementation
with snails increased the production capabilities of household-raised Jinding ducks on Hatia Island. 相似文献
4.
Hoque M. A. Skerratt L. F. Rahman M. A. Rabiul Alam Beg A. B. M. Debnath N. C. 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(7):1579-1587
A cross sectional survey of duck production was carried out in 2002 on 771 traditional, semiscavenging household duck farms
on the coastal Island of Hatia. We determined the socioeconomic characteristics of duck farmers and their management systems,
identified the factors associated with egg production, and measured the level of selected duck diseases and current preventive
strategies. Household family size varied from 1 to 14 individuals and women were the main caretakers of ducks. Around 34%
of keepers were illiterate. Most duck products (eggs and meat; 85%) were sold at the local market. Duck houses were poorly
ventilated and a variety of bedding materials were used. Feed was available in nearby scavenging areas; however, additional
feed was frequently supplied by farmers. Almost all farmers (96%) ranked the rainy season as the best time for rearing ducks
due to greater feed availability. The annual egg production was 79 eggs per layer with a weight of 48 g and a hatchability
rate of 87%. Egg production varied by zone (p < 0.05). The odds of suboptimal egg production was 0.5 times lower in educated farmers (p = 0.001). The odds of suboptimal egg production was 2.5 times more likely in ducks that attained sexual maturity at >22 weeks
(p<0.001). Most farmers ranked duck plague as the most important disease, followed by duck cholera, botulism, and duck viral
hepatitis. Preventive vaccination was sporadic and used by few farmers (28%). There are significant opportunities for improved
duck production on the Island of Hatia and in Bangladesh generally. 相似文献
5.
Tebug SF Kasulo V Chikagwa-Malunga S Wiedemann S Roberts DJ Chagunda MG 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(1):55-62
Milk production in Malawi is still unsatisfactory despite efforts by different stakeholders to boost the dairy sector. To
investigate the roots of the problem, a survey on the current production practices and constraints on smallholder dairy farming
was conducted in the Northern Region of the country. A total of 210 farmers were interviewed. The results revealed that farmers
had small herd sizes in the region with an average of 2.2 ± 0.6 cattle per farmer. Average herd size was larger in male-managed
farms than in female-managed farms (2.6 ± 2.8 vs. 1.8 ± 1.3), farmers with more than 5 years of dairy farming experience had
larger herds than those with less experience (2.6 ± 2.8 vs. 1.9 ± 1. 2) and farmers who grazed their animals tended to have
larger herds than those that stall-fed their animals (4.4 ± 5.1 vs. 1.9 ± 1.3). Average milk production was 8.2 ± 6.5 l per
cow per day. Higher average daily milk production was observed in farmers with above primary school education (10.3 ± 8.3
vs. 7.7 ± 5.6), those with dairy farming as main activity (9.3 ± 6.6 vs. 6. 5 ± 6.1) and farmers with more than 2 years of
experience in dairy farming (9.3 ± 6.3 vs. 6.1 ± 6.4). Unreliable supply of improved animal genetics, poor animal health,
feed shortage and poor prices for milk were considered to be the most important constraints to smallholder dairy farming in
descending order. 相似文献
6.
Tyagi Nitin Thakur Sudarshan S. Shelke Sachin K. 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(8):1749-1755
Objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects of supplementation of bypass fat on milk production and reproductive
performance of crossbred cows. Nineteen multiparous crossbred cows (2–4 lactation) were divided in two groups on the basis
of most probable production ability (MPPA). The animals in group 1 (nine cows, MPPA 3,441.32 kg, control group G1) were fed
chaffed wheat straw, chopped green maize, and concentrate mixture as per requirements while the animals in group 2 (10 cows,
MPPA 3,457.2 kg, treatment group G2) were fed the same ration supplemented with 2.5% bypass fat (on DMI basis). The cows of
G2 were supplemented bypass fat 40 days prepartum to 90 days postpartum and carry over effect of supplementation on milk production
and reproductive parameters was monitored up to 210 days of lactation. Average birth weights of the calves were 24.94 and
27.95 kg in G1 and G2, respectively. The calving per cent in G1 (88.88%) was lower than that of G2 (100%). The time taken
for expulsion of fetal membranes was decreased (P < 0.05) by 5.4 h in G2 compared to G1. Days required for involution of uterus was less (P < 0.05) in G2 (35.40 days) than that of G1 (49.44 days). Less number of cases of retention of fetal membranes (RFM) and metritis
were observed in G2 as compared to that of G1. The average milk yield (210 days) in G2 was higher (P < 0.05) than that of G1 (18.65 vs 17.57 kg/day). Similarly, the milk yield during the carry over period (90 days) was higher
(P < 0.05) in G2 than that of G1 (14.81 vs 13.79 kg/day). The time required for onset of cyclicity was reduced (P < 0.05) by 6.5 days in G2 as compared to that of G1. The service period and AI per conception were also reduced (P < 0.05) in G2 while bypass fat feeding showed no effect on conception rate (P < 0.80). There were no differences between the two groups in plasma cholesterol, progesterone and insulin concentrations.
Hence, it was concluded that bypass fat supplementation at 2.5% of DMI increased the milk production and reduced the time
required for involution of uterus and commencement of cyclicity. AI per conception, incidences of metritis and RFM were also
reduced on supplementing bypass fat. 相似文献
7.
Effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes supplementation on milk production and nutrient utilization in Murrah buffaloes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Shekhar Chandra Thakur Sudarshan S. Shelke Sachin K. 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(7):1465-1470
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of commercial exogenous fibrolytic enzyme (EFE) mixture added at 1.5
and 3.0 g (cellulase 4,000 μM glucose/g/h + xylanase 7,990 μM xylose/g/min; 50:50 w/w) per kilogram of dry matter (DM) of feed on nutrient digestibility, milk production, milk composition, and some blood constituents
in lactating Murrah buffaloes. Eighteen buffaloes were allotted to three dietary treatments, on the basis of milk yield (8.48,
8.52, and 8.53 kg/day) and days in lactation (68.5, 80.33, and 82.00) for 90 days. The buffaloes were fed a total mixed ration
(TMR) comprising of 45% chaffed wheat straw, 15% chopped green maize, and 40% concentrate on DM basis (control group), the
same TMR plus EFE at 1.5 g/kg DM (T-1 group) and the same TMR plus EFE at 3.0 g/kg DM (T-2 group) supplemented through the
concentrate mixture. There was no effect of fortifying EFE mixture on DM intake and crude protein intake (grams per day) whereas
total digestible nutrients intake (kilogram per day) was higher by (P < 0.05) 12.53% in T-1 group over that of control, and there was no significant difference between T-2 and control groups.
The average daily milk yield and 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) yield was higher (P < 0.05) by 12.99% and 15.17% in T-1 group as over that of control, and there was no difference between T-2 and control groups.
There was no (P > 0.05) difference in blood glucose and blood urea nitrogen concentration in different experimental groups. It is concluded
that supplementation of cellulase and xylanase mixture at 1.5 g/kg of DM of TMR containing wheat straw (45%), green maize
(15%), and concentrate (40%) on DM basis significantly increased (P < 0.05) the average daily milk yield and FCM yield in Murrah buffaloes due to improved dietary fiber digestion. 相似文献
8.
Mónica Ramírez-Mella Omar Hernández-Mendo Ricardo D. Améndola-Massiotti Efren J. Ramírez-Bribiesca German D. Mendoza-Martínez Juan A. Burgueño-Ferreira 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(7):1377-1383
The aim of this study was to evaluate the animal performance of late lactating grazing dairy cows in response to fresh chopped
maize (FCM) supplementation under a small farming system. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein dairy cows were used in a rotational
grazing on a mixed alfalfa–orchard grass sward. Three treatments were evaluated: 0, 4, and 8 kg dry matter (DM) of FCM cow−1 day−1. The experimental design was a crossover, with three periods lasting 19 days each. There were no differences on individual
milk production nor on milk composition. Herbage DM intake decreased (P < 0.0001) from 8.4 to 5.2 and 3.1 kg DM when increasing FCM from 0 to 4 and 8 kg DM, respectively. Total DM intake increased
(P < 0.0001) with 8 kg DM of FCM, averaging 14.8 kg. Substitution rate was 0.75 and 0.67 kg of pasture per kilogram of FCM with
4 and 8 kg DM of FCM, respectively. Consequently, stocking rate (STR) increased (P < 0.0001) from 3.8 to 6.2 and 8.8 cows ha−1, and milk production per hectare increased (P < 0.0001) from 39.3 to 64.5 and 95.5 kg of milk, with 0, 4, and 8 kg DM of FCM, respectively. This means that STR increases
0.63 cows ha−1, and 0.75 kg of milk ha−1 when FCM is increased in 1 kg of DM. In conclusion, offering FCM as supplement to grazing dairy cows in their final lactation
stage had no benefits in individual milk production or milk composition, but had benefits on milk production per hectare. 相似文献
9.
E. E. Onbaşılar S. Yalçın E. Torlak P. Özdemir 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(7):1513-1519
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of early feed restriction on performance, carcass characteristics, meat
and liver composition, some blood parameters, H-L ratio, antibody titers against SRBC and tonic immobility duration in broilers.
One hundred ninety male chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allocated into two treatment groups each of 95 chicks. Broilers in
one treatment fed ad libitum until 42 day of age, however in other treatment, broilers were deprived of feed for 4 h per day
from 7 to 21 day. Body weight, feed consumption, feed to gain ratio, carcass characteristics and the percentage of examined
organs except heart were not statistically significant in groups. Percentage of heart was higher (p < 0.05) in broilers fed
ad libitum. At 41 d of age, H-L ratio (p < 0.05) and TI duration (p = 0.001) were higher, serum glucose (p < 0.05) and triglyceride
(p < 0.001) levels were lower in broilers fed ad libitum. Chemical composition of breast and thigh and also fat and ash of
liver were not affected by early feed restriction. Moisture of liver (p = 0.001) was lower and protein of liver (p < 0.01)
was higher in broilers fed ad libitum 相似文献
10.
A feeding trial with growing pigs was carried out in which fish meal was replaced by different levels of Tra catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) by-product processing waste water (WW). A control diet included fish meal (FM) as the sole protein supplement (WW0), and
there were four experimental diets in which 100% (WW100), 75% (WW75), 50% (WW50), and 25% (WW25), respectively, of the crude
protein from FM in WW0 was replaced by WW. Thirty crossbred castrated (Yorkshire × Landrace) male pigs with an initial average
body weight of 23.6 ± 1.6 kg were allocated into 30 individual pens in a randomized complete block design with six replications.
Average daily feed intake and essential amino acid intakes were higher (P < 0.01) in WW0 and WW25 compared with the other three diets, and ether extract intake was highest in WW100 (P < 0.01). The highest average daily gain was in WW0 (582 g/day) and lowest in WW100 (501 g/day; P < 0.01). Dry matter feed conversion ratio was lowest in WW100 (2.16 kg feed/kg gain) and highest in WW0 (2.42 kg feed/kg
gain) (P < 0.01).The cost/gain in pigs fed WW100 was lowest (12,476 VND/kg gain), and was highest in WW0 (18,312 VND/kg gain). In
conclusion, although performance is reduced, it is possible to replace up to 100% of the fish meal by catfish by-product processing
waste water in diets for growing pigs, resulting in much lower feed costs. 相似文献
11.
Herd dynamics and contribution of indigenous pigs to the livelihoods of rural farmers in a semi-arid area of Zimbabwe 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Chiduwa G Chimonyo M Halimani TE Chisambara SR Dzama K 《Tropical animal health and production》2008,40(2):125-136
Herd dynamics of indigenous pigs were determined in a semi-arid farming area of Chirumanzu, Zimbabwe. Thirty-two pig herds
were monitored once every month for 12 months. Consequently, pig production potential (PPP) and pig production efficiency
(PPE) were computed for each month. Incidences of farrowing were higher in times of pig confinement (57%) than in times when
the pigs were free ranging (43%). About 23% of the farmers interviewed had access to irrigation. The mean pig herd size per
household was 3.3. The average litter size per farrowing was 7.7. Pigs were free ranging for most of the year and penned during
the rainy season. Herd sizes changed with month (P < 0.05). Farmers who had access to irrigation had higher (P < 0.05) herd
sizes, number of piglets and the number of adult pigs. Highest piglet numbers were observed during the rainy months. The number
of mature pigs contributing to pig production efficiency was low. Piglet mortality was the major cause of exits from the herd
and was higher in farmers with no access to irrigation facility (P < 0.05). The PPP was highest in farmers who had access
to irrigation (P < 0.05), except in June and July. The PPE was low and not affected by either month, village or access to
irrigation (P > 0.05). It can be concluded that pig production efficiencies were low and intervention strategies to improve
them need to be developed. 相似文献
12.
Ji Fa Chen Xu Liu Xiangyong Qu Songchang Guo 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2019,103(4):1081-1089
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with montmorillonite (MMT) on performance, intestinal endotoxin concentration, gut mucosal oxidation status, intestinal morphology and permeability, and immunological barrier function of laying hens during late production. Four hundred and eighty 75‐week‐old laying hens (Lohmann Brown) were randomly assigned to five treatments with eight replicates per treatment and 12 hens in each replicate. The hens were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, or 1.2 g MMT/kg for 70 days. Compared with the control, supplemented with 0.9 g MMT/kg increased egg mass significantly (p < 0.05) during weeks 1–5 of the experiment. Supplemented with 0.6 and 0.9 g MMT/kg also increased the endotoxin concentration in the ileal digesta (p < 0.05), but decreased the MDA concentration in the ileum significantly (p < 0.05). The T‐AOC in the jejunum of the group fed 0.3 g MMT/kg was significantly increased (p < 0.05). Compared with the control, the villus height:crypt depth of ileum from the groups fed 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 g MMT/kg increased significantly (p < 0.05). The sIgA concentration of jejunum in the groups fed 0.6 and 0.9 g MMT/kg was higher (p < 0.05) than the control. The MMT supplementation linearly increased (p < 0.05) the mRNA expression of claudin‐1 and claudin‐5 in the jejunum. Dietary MMT supplementation down‐regulated the mRNA expression of NF‐κB P65 and TNF‐α in the jejunum in a linear and quadratic manner (p < 0.05). The IL‐1β mRNA expression of jejunum in the group fed 0.6 g MMT/kg was lower (p < 0.05) than the control. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with MMT may improve the gut barrier functions and suggests that 0.9 g/kg of MMT in diets may be the optimal supplemental level for laying hens in late production. 相似文献
13.
Effect of ascorbic acid administration on erythrocyte osmotic fragility of pigs transported by road during the hot-dry season 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Asala OO Ayo JO Rekwot PI Minka NS Omoniwa DO Adenkola AY 《Veterinary research communications》2011,35(4):245-254
The experiments were performed in order to determine the effect of 8-h road transportation of pigs on erythrocytes osmotic
fragility during the hot-dry season, and the ameliorative role of ascorbic acid. Twenty-three adult pigs comprising of both
sexes served as subjects for the study. Thirteen pigs administered ascorbic acid (AA) per os 30 min before transportation,
at a dose rate of 100 mg/kg served as experimental animals, while ten pigs administered with distilled water per os served
as control, and were transported for 8 h during the hot-dry season. EDTA blood samples collected a day before (pre-transportation),
immediately after 8-h transportation and 7 days post-transportation were used to determine erythrocyte osmotic fragility.
The ambient temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH) measured within the vehicle ranged between 30.5 – 39.0°C and 40.0
– 71.0% respectively. These values were outside the thermoneutral zone for the pig, indicating that the season was thermally
stressful. Results obtained showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in percent haemolysis recorded at NaCl concentrations of 0.4% and 0.6% immediately after transportation in experimental
pigs and at 0.5, 0.6, 0.8 and 0.9% NaCl concentrations in experimental pigs 7 days post-transportation. In conclusion, result
from the present study indicated that 8-h road transportation during the hot-dry season could induce stress resulting in haemolysis
of erythrocytes and AA administration ameliorated the stress. 相似文献
14.
Village chicken production in Turkey: Tokat province example 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The aim of this work was to reveal the current form of village chicken production in Tokat province of Turkey. A survey was
applied to 153 randomly selected farmers of 5 subdistricts in Tokat province. The ratios of domestic fowls in the survey region
were as follows: hen 98.83%, goose 0.65%, turkey 0.29% and duck 0.16% (P < 0.01). Feather colours of laying hens were white
(2.76%), brown (8.63%) and mixed color (88.60%). The hen farms in this region consisted of native breeds (91.42%), commercial
breeds (5.71%) and their crosses (2.85%). The mean egg weight of the village hens was between 30 and 40 g. Wheat (65.73%)
and mixed (wheat, barley, maize and kitchen refuse) feed (34.22%) were used to supplement the hens (P < 0.01). For producing
natural chicks, the hens were brooded between 1.10 and 1.46 times/year, 1.31 on average. For each brooding, the number of
placed eggs under the broody hens was between 11.39 and 12.42 (P < 0.05). 相似文献
15.
X. Xandé H. Archimède J. L. Gourdine C. Anais D. Renaudeau 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(1):13-20
The influence of the level of sugarcane (SC) molasses on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality in Creole (CR)
growing pigs fed with ground sugarcane stalks (GCS)-based diet was studied in a mixed farming system context. The aim of the
study was to optimize the growth performance of CR pigs with SC-molasses as an energy source in this unconventional feeding.
A total of 32 CR pigs were used from 30 to 60 kg of body weight (BW). The experimental dietary treatments consisted of four
levels of inclusion of SC-molasses (200, 400, 600, and 800 g DM/d/pig) into a GCS diet, for diets 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
The GCS allowance was based on live BW (170 g/kg BW/d) and the diets were supplemented with a soya-bean meal supplement (350 g/d
of a 49.2% CP and 16.6 MJ DE/kg). All the pigs were slaughtered at 60 kg BW. Increasing the level of molasses did not affect
(p > 0.05) average BW gain (254 g/d), CP intake (154 g/d) and sugar extraction rate from the total ration (85%). A gradual
inclusion of molasses in a GCS-based diet did not affect the carcass and meat quality of CR pigs. In conclusion, molasses
supplementation does not allow the increase of growth performance in GCS fed pigs. 相似文献
16.
Anaya-Ortega JP Garduño-Castro G Espinoza-Ortega A Rojo-Rubio R Arriaga-Jordán CM 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(4):607-616
Small-scale dairy systems based on grazing have dry-season herbage shortages. A repeated 3 × 3 Latin Square experiment evaluated
grazing with silage from maize (MS), annual ryegrass (ARG) or a mixture (MIX) with 9 cows with 3 week periods; continuously
grazed at 3.6 cows/ha with 3.6 kg DM/day of concentrate. Treatments were 7 kg DM of MS, ARG or a 2 MS:1 ARG mixture. Milk
yield (MY), milk composition, live-weight, body condition, silage and concentrate intake were recorded. Herbage DM intake
was estimated indirectly. Activity budgets were done for economic analysis. MY on MS (21.5 kg/cow/d) was 0.06 higher than
on ARG (P < 0.09) with no differences on MIX. There were no differences for milk fat, milk protein, or body condition score.
Live-weight on ARG was higher (P < 0.01) than on MS or MIX. Silage intake was higher (P < 0.01) on ARG and MS than on MIX.
Herbage intake was lower (P < 0.05) on MS, compared with MIX and ARG. Total DM intake on ARG was higher than MS (P < 0.01),
and MIX in between. MS resulted in 0.12 higher economic returns over ARG which had highest costs. Annual ryegrass may have
a place in small-scale systems, but not as silage due to higher costs. 相似文献
17.
Panda AK Rao SV Raju MV Niranjan M Reddy MR 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(2):293-299
A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of various concentrations of metabolizable energy (ME) with graded incremental
levels of crude protein (CP) and essential amino acids (lysine and methionine) on production performance, egg quality and
humoral immune response of Dahlem Red laying hens. Four experimental diets based on maize–soybean meal-deoiled rice bran were
prepared. Diet 1 was fed as a control diet containing 2,600 kcal ME/kg, 15% CP, 0.75% Lys and 0.36% Met, and in the other
three diets (D2, D3 and D4), concentrations of the above nutrients were increased by 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5%, respectively. The
levels of Ca (3.5%) and available P (0.32) were constant in all the diets. Each diet was offered ad libitum from 28 to 40 weeks
of age to eight replicates containing six birds in each replicate. The egg production, egg weight and egg mass (in grams of
egg per hen per day) were not affected by increasing the nutrient density up to 7.5% (2,795 kcal ME/kg diet) compared to the
control group (2,600 ME/kg diet). However, feed consumption and feed efficiency (in grams of egg per gram of feed) were influenced
by the variation in the nutrient density of diets. As the nutrient density increased by 5% (2,730 ME/kg diet), birds consumed
significantly (P < 0.001) less feed. The birds in the 7.5% higher density group produced significantly (P < 0.05) higher egg mass per unit feed consumption compared to the control diet. Increasing nutrient density up to 7.5% had
no effect on relative weight of albumen, yolk or shell. The Haugh unit, yolk colour and shell thickness were also not affected
due to variation in the nutrient density. The humoral immune response measured at 34 and 40 weeks was progressively improved
by increasing the nutrient density up to 5%. Increasing the nutrient density beyond 5% in the diet had no further influence
on the humoral immune response. Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that Dahlem Red laying hens
required 2,795 kcal/kg ME, 16% CP, 0.8% lysine and 0.4% methionine for eliciting optimum performance and immune response during
28 to 40 weeks of age. 相似文献
18.
Heredia-Nava D Espinoza-Ortega A González-Esquivel CE Arriaga-Jordán CM 《Tropical animal health and production》2007,39(3):179-188
Small-scale dairying is an option for campesinos in Mexico. The costs of feeding are high and strategies based on quality forages are a priority. The performance, agronomic
variables and feeding costs were evaluated for dairy cows continuously grazing perennial ryegrass–white clover for 9 h/day
(PRG) or fed cut herbage from annual ryegrass for 8 weeks followed by 9 h/day for 6 weeks on a tethered rotational grazing
pattern (ARG). All cows received 3 kg/day of an 18% crude protein (CP) concentrate. A 14-week split-plot on-farm experiment
was designed with 10 cows from two participating farmers, and 1.5 ha per strategy. Milk yield was recorded weekly and milk
composition, live weight and body condition score were recorded every 14 days. Net herbage accumulation was greater for ARG
(8222 kg organic matter (OM)/ha) than for PRG (5915 kg OM/ha) (p < 0.05), with higher CP in PRG (p < 0.05). Milk yield was 19 kg/cow per day for PRG and 15.9 kg/cow per day for ARG (p > 0.05). Over 14 weeks, PRG produced 1422 kg more milk. There were no differences for live weight or condition score (p > 0.05), but linear regression shows a live weight gain of 0.200 kg/cow per day for PRG. Protein and fat content showed no
differences (p > 0.05), but milk fat content in PRG was below standard. ARG had 60% higher costs, and margins were 38% higher in PRG. ARG
has a place in rain-fed fields. The results provide viable options for improving these systems that may be suitable in their
socio-economic context and their social and personal objectives. 相似文献
19.
Yijin Pei 《Veterinary research communications》2010,34(1):11-18
This study aimed to investigate the effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the development of preimplantation rabbit embryos
in vitro. Zygotes were collected from superovulated New Zealand rabbits 19 h after injection of hCG and immediately mating and cultured
in TCM-199 plus fatty-acid free BSA with different concentrations of NGF. Zygotes not treated with NGF served as control.
At 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h of the culture, the numbers of the early cleavage stage, morulae, blastocysts and hatching blastocysts
were determined. The intrazonal diameter of the blastocyst and the total cell numbers per blastocyst were measured after 96 h
of culture. The results showed: (1) NGF at 100 ng/mL and 1000 ng/mL could improve the numbers of the hatching blastocysts
which developed compared to the control treatment (p < 0.05); (2) All concentrations of NGF increased the total cell numbers in the blastocysts compared to the control treatment
(p < 0.05); (3) NGF had no significant effect on the blastocyst intrazonal diameter of the blastocysts at 96 h of culture (p = 0.493); (4) The proportion in the early cleavage stage at 24 h of culture (p = 0.635), of morulae at 48 h of culture (p = 0.812) and of blastocysts at 72 h of culture (p = 0.812) in all treatments were not significantly different. 相似文献
20.
García-Galván A Belmar-Casso R Sarmiento-Franco L Sandoval-Castro CA 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(4):843-847
Whole pod and seeds of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) were included in diets for growing sheep used to validate previously estimated ME values of 9.7 MJ and 12.6 MJ for whole
pod and seed respectively. Twenty-four lambs, 15 females and nine males of 18.7 ± 2.4 kg average weight, were allocated in
three treatments using a completely randomized block design with eight replicates per treatment. Each group was given a diet
with a ratio of 60% of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and 40% of a supplement with the addition of 0%, 50% whole pod or 66% of M. pruriens seeds, for TI, TII and TIII respectively. Diets were formulated to meet the requirements for 100-g daily live weight gain
(LWG). The total dry matter intake (836 g a−1 d−1, forage + supplement), LWG (90 g a−1 d−1) and feed conversion (9.66 kg DM/kg LWG) of lambs from TIII were lower (P < 0.05) compared to 941 g, 121 g, and 7.78 kg DM/kg LWG from TII and 976 g, 132 g and 7.50 kg DM/kg LWG from TI respectively.
No difference was found (P > 0.05) between TI and TII in the three evaluated variables. The ME values of whole pod and seeds of M. pruriens used in this work were validated. It was concluded that M. pruriens can be included as a component in diets for growing sheep, as a partial replacement of conventional feedstuffs. 相似文献