Worldwide phylogeography of wild boar reveals multiple centers of pig domestication

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from 686 wild and domestic pig specimens place the origin of wild boar in island Southeast Asia (ISEA), where they dispersed across Eurasia. Previous morphological and genetic evidence suggested pig domestication took place in a limited number of locations (principally the Near East and Far East). In contrast, new genetic data reveal multiple centers of domestication across Eurasia and that European, rather than Near Eastern, wild boar are the principal source of modern European domestic pigs.     

陕西省姜片吸虫病疫源地宿主动物的研究(Ⅰ)家畜和野生动物宿主

在陕西省汉中地区进行了姜片吸虫病家畜的自然感染调查(主要是家猪的粪检和剖检),家畜(包括猪、家兔、_家犬、驴、山羊、家猫、家鸭等)的人工感染试验以及野生动物(一包括野兔、灌、野猫、狐、野猪和糜鹿)的自然感染初步调查。工作结果认为本地区姜片吸虫的主要宿主动物是家猪。野生动物检查数目太少,不能逮下结论,但鉴于家兔人工感染易于成功,野兔是否有可能得到自然感染不能除外。作为陕西省姜片吸虫病疫源地要素之一(宿主动物)亦即疫源地的性质或类型问题,尚待了解本地区姜片吸虫病的人体感染情况后方能决定。进行了猪体姜片吸虫病的流行过程特点的调查,包括流行强度、年龄差别性、品种及性别差别性和季节性,给疫源地特点和疫病防治措施提供基础。本工作结合进行了对姜片吸虫成虫在猪体发育的初步观察。作为另文发表的病原研究的一个补充。     

广州市部分区域猫泛白细胞减少症流行现状调查

[目的]了解猫泛白细胞减少症病毒在广州家猫和流浪猫中的流行情况,分析FPV威胁广州家猫和流浪猫的潜在风险。[方法]采用猫泛白细胞减少症免疫胶体金快速检测试纸条和PCR检测方法对广州5家动物医院采集的3 004份猫样品进行检测与分析。[结果]猫泛白细胞减少症免疫胶体金快速检测试纸条检出10份疑似猫泛白细胞减少症阳性样品,采用猫泛白细胞减少症PCR检测方法检出13份猫泛白细胞减少症阳性样品。13份阳性样品来源于96份具有临床症状且未免疫样品,49份家猫样品中有6份呈阳性,47份流浪猫样品中有7份呈阳性,阳性率分别为12.2%(6/49)和14.9%(7/47),发病季节以9~10月多发,发病年龄集中在0~6月龄。[结论]与外界接触和未免疫疫苗可能是导致猫感染FPV的重要原因。因此,家猫加强疫苗接种,减少与未知免疫背景的猫只接触,减少家猫感染FPV的潜在风险。     

鞣制皮张DNA的提取

采用5种方法从鞣制的野猫(Felissilvestris)皮和漠猫(F.bieti)皮中提取DNA,用Cytb基因的通用引物进行PCR扩增,并对扩增结果进行测序,以检验提取效果。结果显示,鞣制皮张中的DNA含量少,高度降解,且含有大量的酶抑制物。用酚-氯仿法可以得到DNA,但需要采用DNAIQTM系统(Promega)的磁珠纯化策略进一步彻底纯化才能达到最佳扩增效果。此外,PCR引物设计时应尽量缩短扩增片段长度以便提高扩增成功率。     

How fast was wild wheat domesticated?

Prehistoric cultivation of wild wheat in the Fertile Crescent led to the selection of mutants with indehiscent (nonshattering) ears, which evolved into modern domestic wheat. Previous estimates suggested that this transformation was rapid, but our analyses of archaeological plant remains demonstrate that indehiscent domesticates were slow to appear, emerging approximately 9500 years before the present, and that dehiscent (shattering) forms were still common in cultivated fields approximately 7500 years before the present. Slow domestication implies that after cultivation began, wild cereals may have remained unchanged for a long period, supporting claims that agriculture originated in the Near East approximately 10,500 years before the present.     

Domestication of Pulses in the Old World: Legumes were companions of wheat and barley when agriculture began in the Near East

This article reviews the available information on the place of origin and time of domestication of the cultivated pea (Pisum sativum), lentil (Lens culinaris), broad bean (Vicia faba), bitter vetch (V. ervilia), and chickpea (Cicer arietinum). On the basis of (i) an examination and evaluation of archeological remains and (ii) an identification of the wild progenitors and delimitation of their geographic distribution, it was concluded that pea and lentil should be regarded as founder crops of Old World Neolithic agriculture. Most probably they were domesticated, in the Near East, simultaneously with wheats and barley (certainly not later than the sixth millennium B.C.). Bitter vetch shows a similar mode of origin. The evidence on the broad bean and the chickpea is much more fragmentary and the wild progenitors of these legumes are yet not satisfactorily identified. But also these two pulses emerge as important food elements in Bronze Age cultures of the Near East and Europe.     

野生与家养鹌鹑种群杂交后代遗传变异机制初探

不同种群间的杂交是丰富遗传变异最常见的手段,也是保护野生濒危物种常用的方法之一,研究杂交后群体遗传变异水平和机制对动物遗传资源保护、评价具有重要的意义。运用微卫星DNA标记对中国境内分布的野生日本鸣鹑与家鹌鹑群体及其杂交后代(F1、F2代)的遗传变异机制进行分析,结果表明:F1代鹌鹑群体每个座位平均检测出4.14个等位基因,群体多态信息含量和平均杂合度分别为0.5834和0.6265,具有比杂交亲本更高的遗传多样性水平。F2代遗传多样性有所降低,平均检测出3.57个等位基因,有4个等位基因在杂交过程中因遗传漂变而丢失;同时发现F1代、F2代与杂交亲本的遗传分化趋势不一致,F2代鹌鹑与野生日本鸣鹑遗传分化系数最大,为0.0712;而F1与之最小,仅为0.0275,表明鹌鹑杂交后代的遗传分化受分散过程的作用,主要受遗传漂变的影响。表明杂交可能是造成群体无定向分化及遗传多样性丧失的主要机制之一。     

北京市房山区宠物犬猫弓形虫病流行病学调查

弓形虫疾病是一种严重的人兽共患病,可感染所有哺乳动物和鸟类。猫是弓形虫的终末宿主,通过粪便排出的弓形虫卵囊是重要的传染源。选取北京市房山区的犬、猫进行血清弓形虫抗体 IgG的筛查,不同年龄段家养犬的感染率为 10.3%～ 18.5%,家养猫为 6.7%～ 25%;流浪犬为 23.3%,流浪猫为 40%。从结果上看,流浪犬、猫的感染率明显高于家养犬、猫,随着年龄的增长,犬、猫感染率有一定程度的上升趋势且与其性别无直接关系。     

'Ain ghazal: a major neolithic settlement in central jordan

'Ain Ghazal, an archeological site located on the outskirts of Amman, Jordan, is one of the largest early villages known in the Near East. The site dates to the Neolithic period, during which mankind made one of its most significant advances, the adoption of domestic plants and animals as primary subsistence sources. Recent excavations at 'Ain Ghazal have augmented considerably current knowledge of several aspects of the Neolithic. Of particular interest has been the documentation of a continuous, or near continuous, occupation from early through late Neolithic components, and a concomitant dramatic economic shift. This shift was from a broad subsistence base relying on a variety of both wild and domestic plants and animals, to an economic strategy reflecting an apparent emphasis on pastoralism.     

Avian H5N1 influenza in cats

During the 2003 to 2004 outbreak of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in Asia, there were anecdotal reports of fatal infection in domestic cats, although this species is considered resistant to influenza. We experimentally inoculated cats with H5N1 virus intratracheally and by feeding them virus-infected chickens. The cats excreted virus, developed severe diffuse alveolar damage, and transmitted virus to sentinel cats. These results show that domestic cats are at risk of disease or death from H5N1 virus, can be infected by horizontal transmission, and may play a role in the epidemiology of this virus.     

草莓属植物染色体观察及种间杂交研究初报

通过对从国内外所收集到的部分野生草莓的染色体数目的观察得知，野生草莓中二倍体类型居多，占１２份，八倍体类型３份。在国内首次发现了五倍体类型结合植物学性状观察确定，６份属于森林草莓；２份属于黄毛草莓；１份属于五叶草莓，２份属于弗州草莓；１份属于智利草莓；２份为种间杂种，还有３份的分类地位尚需进一步研究确定，利用五倍体草病莓杂交，得到了育性较高的六倍体植株。     

野生日本鸣鹑与家鹑杂交F1代的生长发育及繁殖习性研究

对野生日本鸣鹑和家养鹌鹑进行杂交试验,观察并测量F1代早期生长发育和繁殖性能。结果表明:F1代公母鹑生长发育基本上保持同步,在6~7周龄时达到性成熟,此时代谢旺盛,绝对生长强度在降低的过程中突然增大,公鹑为3.51 g/d,母鹑为3.49 g/d。F1代鹌鹑自交,能够产生F2代,充分说明野生日本鸣鹑和家养鹌鹑彼此之间不存在生殖隔离,属于同一个物种。这可为家鹑再野生化,恢复野生日本鸣鹑群体规模,保护该物种提供客观依据。     

几种野生蔬菜叶片解剖结构的研究

通过对北京农学院常见的几种野生蔬菜及两种栽培蔬菜叶片横切面的解剖观察,发现野生蔬菜中Ｃ４植物在“花环”结构、叶绿体在维管束鞘及叶肉细胞内分布的数量和大小、组织结构等方面与Ｃ３植物存在着明显的差异,而同属于Ｃ３植物的野生蔬菜和栽培蔬菜间无明显差异,本研究为野生蔬菜栽培利用提供了理论依据。     

利用SSR分子标记研究国内外黍稷地方品种和野生资源的遗传多样性

【目的】从分子水平研究国内外黍稷种质资源的遗传多样性差异,为黍稷种质资源的研究、保护和利用提供依据。【方法】用不同地理来源且性状差异显著的6份黍稷种质资源对来自高通量测序技术开发的黍稷基因组SSR引物进行筛选,从而获得条带清晰,稳定性好的63对SSR黍稷基因组引物,利用这63对SSR多态性引物对来自国内外的192份黍稷地方品种和野生种质进行遗传多样性分析。统计各试材在同一引物中的条带情况,并以此来分析试材的遗传多样性与所在群体间的亲缘关系。【结果】63对SSR引物共检测出161个等位变异位点,平均每个SSR位点2.56个;平均Shannon-Weaver指数(I)为0.6275,平均基因多样度(Nei)为0.3874,平均PIC值为0.4855。10个不同地理来源群体间表现出显著的遗传多样性差异,各群体的有效等位变异变化范围较窄,最小的是南方群体,为1.2407±0.4315;最大的是内蒙古高原群体,为1.8846±0.4892。国内群体Shannon-Weaver指数为内蒙古高原东北地区黄土高原西北地区南方地区,而国外Shannon-Weaver指数排序依次为前苏联欧洲蒙古印度美国。从Nei’s基因杂合度分析,观察杂合度(Ho)最小的是印度群体,为0.2372±0.2962,最大的是内蒙古高原群体,为0.3966±0.3250。期望杂合度(He)最小的是美国群体,为0.3114±0.2203;最大的是内蒙古高原群体,为0.4622±0.1862。从国外种、国内栽培种和国内野生种3个大群体来看,野生种质资源有效等位基因数(1.9285±0.5101)、Shannon-Weaver指数(0.6948±0.2852)、Nei基因多样性指数(0.4373±0.1773)远大于国外种和国内栽培种。而对国内外两大群体而言,国内资源的有效等位基因数(1.8145±0.4519)、Shannon-Weaver指数(0.6657±0.2413)和Nei基因多样性指数(0.412±0.1574)均大于国外资源(1.6862±0.4527、0.5897±0.2469、0.3652±0.1655)。UPGMA聚类分析结果显示,10个地理群聚为三大类,内蒙古高原地区、黄土高原地区、东北地区、西北地区、蒙古地区聚为一类,前苏联、美国、印度、欧洲地区聚为一类,南方地区单独聚为一类。其中,来自东北黑龙江齐齐哈尔的泰来小野糜(34号)在截距0.37处被独立分为一支,来自甘肃的野黍子(19号)在截距0.34处被分为独立个体,表明这两个材料与其他材料遗传差异较大。但从整体遗传多样性上来看192份材料国内外群体遗传分化不明显,群体间的亲缘关系较近,且不同群体间材料存在着互相渗透。【结论】内蒙地区、东北地区、黄土高原地区种质资源遗传多样性最丰富,是遗传关系最为复杂的地区,进一步印证了中国是黍稷起源的中心。     

野桑蚕对溴氰菊酯抗性品系的筛选

1材料与方法 1．1供试昆虫桑叶育筛选抗性品系的原始材料启东野桑蚕（YQD）和苏大桑园野桑蚕（YSD）分别于2004年10月采自江苏省启东市桑园和2006年4月采自苏州大学桑园,室内桑叶育参照文献[6]进行,见专利“野桑蚕的室内饲养方法”;人工饲料育筛选抗性品系的原始材料吴江野桑蚕（YWJ）,2004年10月采自江苏省吴江市桑园,室内人工饲料育参照文献[7]进行,见专利“一种饲育1龄野桑蚕的方法”。     

野桑蚕对溴氰菊酯抗性品系的筛选

[目的]通过溴氰菊酯对野桑蚕进行抗性品系的筛选,探明该药剂的抗药性发展情况,为科学施药和抗性治理提供依据。[方法]室内饲养繁殖来自3个不同地区的野桑蚕,点滴法测定其亲代对溴氰菊酯的敏感性。分别以半数致死量左右的剂量通过点滴法逐代处理其幼虫,统计幼虫死亡情况,建立毒力回归方程并计算抗药性倍数及其提高倍数。[结果]在桑叶育条件下,经3代室内筛选,启东野桑蚕（YQD）F4代抗药性倍数为14.26,较F0代提高了0.2倍;苏大桑园野桑蚕（YSD）F4代抗药性倍数为16.48,较F0代提高了0.9倍;在人工饲料条件下,经6代室内筛选,吴江野桑蚕（YWJ）F6代抗药性倍数为18.67,较F0代提高了0.2倍。[结论]相同剂量筛选下,YSD比YQD抗药性倍数提高快;YWJ在人工饲料饲育和杀虫剂筛选双重选择下,抗药性发展较慢。     

特种野猪的肉质特性研究

为了给特种野猪的肉质开发利用提供理论依据,进行了含75%野血的特种野猪与家猪的肉质特性比较分析。结果表明:含75%野血的特种野猪肉肉质鲜美、营养丰富,与家猪肉相比,其蛋白质含量高、胆固醇含量低、氨基酸及鲜味氨基酸总含量高、肌内脂肪含量少、亚油酸及亚麻酸含量高。     

家鹑与野生日本鸣鹑进化趋异水平的初步研究

 对微山湖野生日本鸣鹑、小型家鹑与中型家鹑在不同试验分组情况下的生态行为进行观察与统计 ,结果表明 ,家鹑与野鹑在体型和生物学习性上有所不同 ;野生与家养鹌鹑的杂交需经历由排斥到亲合的过程 ;公、母鹑均有较强的择偶性 ;野生鹌鹑与家鹌鹑可以成功地实现交配 ,也可以产生受精蛋 ,受精率却不高 ;2种家鹑与野生原种在形态、生态特性方面已形成了不同程度的分化     

栽培稻再生性遗传及育种技术探讨

[目的]分析栽培稻再生性的遗传规律,为创新再生稻育种材料奠定基础.[方法]通过把普通野生稻再生性导入栽培稻和籼粳杂交诱变,获得再生性强的材料,考查其F1和F2中与再生性相关的性状表现,分析栽培稻再生性的遗传规律.[结果]在野栽交品系96-82的两个F1中,再生稻的株高、分蘖数、每穗粒数及产量均为部分显性,两个组合的再生性分别达2级和3级;3个籼粳杂交组合F1再生稻的株高、分蘖数、每穗粒数及产量均明显超过双亲,再生性均达1级.把普通野生稻再生性导入栽培稻和籼粳杂交诱变,育成地下再生分蘖性较强的3个新品系,再生稻1号(桂D1号/96-82)、再生稻2号(明恢63//桂99/96-82)及以陆稻中旱3号作亲本育成再生稻3号(桂99/中旱3号/明恢63).[结论]野栽交品系96-82再生性的遗传传递力较强,表现为部分显性,再生性从F2起出现分离,属于数量遗传.选育的3个新品系具有应用潜力.     

Analysis of the Genetic Diversity and Origin of Some Chinese Domestic Duck Breeds

Twelve fluorescence-labeled microsatellite markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity of 12 domestic duck breeds and 2 wild duck breeds to determine the relationship and origin of Chinese domestic duck breeds. Gene frequency, effective number of alleles （Ne）, expected heterozygosity （He）, polymorphism information contents （PIC）, inbreeding coefficient in population （Fis）, standard genetic distance （Ds）, and genetic distance （DA） were calculated by FSTAT and distance and phylogenetic analysis after the dates which were output from the Microsatellite-Toolkit software. Genetic distances between 12 domestic duck breeds and 2 wild duck breeds were analyzed by variance analysis. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean （UPGMA） and phylogenetic trees used for cluster analysis were structured. The results indicated that 11 loci had medium- or high-level genetic diversity among the 12 loci, which could be efficiently used in the detection of the genetic parameters of each population. The values of He were 0.5414 to 0.7343, those of PIC proved similar, and those of Fis were 0.1101 to 0.3381 among all populations. All breeds were clustered into three groups by UPGMA phylogenetic trees. Banzui duck was clustered into a separate group. Differences of the DA were analysed by t-test. The results showed that difference in DA between the 12 domestic duck breeds and Lvtou duck and the Banzui duck were very significant （P〈0.01）, indicating that these 12 domestic duck breeds originated from Lvtou wild duck, but not Banzui duck.