Farming ethics in practice: from freedom to professional moral autonomy for farmers

Food production, water management, land use, and animal and public health are all topics of extensive public debate. These themes are linked to the core activities of the agricultural sector, and more specifically to the work of farmers. Nonetheless, the ethical discussions are mostly initiated by interest groups in society rather than by farmers. At least in Europe, consumer organizations and animal welfare and environmental organizations are more present in the public debate than farmers. This is not how it should be. First, because consumers often cannot but rely on agriculture. Second, because recent research shows that farmers have moral beliefs and convictions that appear to be broader than economic considerations and that are—to a certain extent—specific to their profession. This raises the question how to make input from farmers operational in the public debates on the future of farming. We discuss one option: entrusting farmers with professional autonomy concerning moral matters related to farming. We sketch the historical background of the current situation in which farmers are relatively silent on moral matters and we present some clear indications that farmers have values and moral beliefs that are relevant for the public debate. Next the concepts of professionalism and professional autonomy are discussed and applied to the practice of farming. Finally, we discuss the relevance and limits of professional moral autonomy for the agricultural profession. We close with an overview of what this moral autonomy implies for and requires from farmers in practice. We conclude that if some preconditions are met by farmers, then this type of moral autonomy can be relevant for farmers and for society, and contributes to the quality of the public debate on the future of farming.     

Changes in intensity of punishment: effect on running behavior of rats

Changing the strength of punishment produced only minor changes in rats' speed of running to food and shock at the goal of an alley. The persistence of running behavior after increased or decreased shock intensity is attributed to a stereotyped withdrawal response conditioned at the goal during initial punishment training.     

推进打击惩处腐败科学化的思考

提出了打击惩处腐败科学化应树立＂零容忍＂反腐、科学制度反腐、民主反腐、科学办案的理念,论述了推进打击惩处腐败科学化的五大措施：抓改革、抓立法、抓合力、抓惩治、抓科技。     

2001年冬至2002年春长沙水稻一代二化螟发生情况调查

水稻二化螟的发生主要与稻田耕作制度和气候条件关系密切。2001年冬季气温高，对二化螟越冬有利，二化螟呈大发生态势，而2002年春季连续低温阴雨，对二化螟生存发育产生严重影响，因此，2002年一代二化螟实际中等偏重发生。     

试论名师形成的社会机制

名师是在长期的教学实践中形成的享有很高知名度的优秀教师。他们以自己高尚的师德、渊博的学识和精湛的教学方式得到社会的认可 ,并在社会上形成了具有品牌意义的“名师效应”。社会呼唤名师 ,“名师出高徒” ,随着各种各样的“名师工程”的启动 ,越来越多的优秀教师脱颖而出 ,成为名师 ,为教育事业的发展做出了较大贡献。然而 ,我们也要清醒地认识到 ,现在名师数量固然很大 ,但就其素质、学识和教学水平而言 ,似乎与老一辈仍有很大差距。真正名师的条件是相当严格的 ,起码要具备以下一些素质 :热爱教育 ,执着追求 ;更新观念 ,紧跟时代 ;为…     

One sequence, two ribozymes: implications for the emergence of new ribozyme folds

We describe a single RNA sequence that can assume either of two ribozyme folds and catalyze the two respective reactions. The two ribozyme folds share no evolutionary history and are completely different, with no base pairs (and probably no hydrogen bonds) in common. Minor variants of this sequence are highly active for one or the other reaction, and can be accessed from prototype ribozymes through a series of neutral mutations. Thus, in the course of evolution, new RNA folds could arise from preexisting folds, without the need to carry inactive intermediate sequences. This raises the possibility that biological RNAs having no structural or functional similarity might share a common ancestry. Furthermore, functional and structural divergence might, in some cases, precede rather than follow gene duplication.     

学术自由:高校创新人才培养的动力机制

建设创新型国家需要创新人才。大学是培养创新人才的摇篮,大学教育改革要尊重学术自由,发展创新性教育。学术自由是大学教育创新的核心理念,它有助于更新教育理念、建立创新性教育体系、探索创新性教育手段,优化创新人才的培养环境。它能避免教育停留在传授和模仿的层面上,为创新人才的培养提供动力。     

Rapid emergence of baculovirus resistance in codling moth due to dominant, sex-linked inheritance

Insect-specific baculoviruses are increasingly used as biological control agents of lepidopteran pests in agriculture and forestry, and they have been previously regarded as robust to resistance development by the insects. However, in more than a dozen cases of field resistance of the codling moth Cydia pomonella to commercially applied C. pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) in German orchards, resistance ratios exceed 1000. The rapid emergence of resistance is facilitated by sex-linkage and concentration-dependent dominance of the major resistance gene and genetic uniformity of the virus. When the gene is fixed, resistance levels approach 100,000-fold. Our findings highlight the need for development of resistance management strategies for baculoviruses.     

《世界人权宣言》的产生及意义

《世界人权宣言》是联合国制定的第一份系统的纲领性人权文件,由于当时美苏等国不同的人权观以及各国不同的历史文化背景,在制定过程中充满了分歧和斗争。由于各国政府和人民吸取了二战教训,渴望国际人权保障,在人权委员会的努力下《世界人权宣言》最终还是诞生了,并产生了深远的影响。     

八自由度车辆模型传递函数研究

通过对四轮车辆的动力学分析,建立了八自由度车辆的力学模型,计算得到车辆四点随机激励的八自由度耦合振动方程,并用分块矩阵的方法推得车辆振动系统的传递函数,其结果对进一步研究车辆的频率特性、振动强度等问题具有重要的参考价值．