籼粳稻花时分布的初步观察

本试验调查了112个籼稻和粳稻材料,在福州地区不同季节和不同天气条件下花时的分布和花时相遇情况。在7月上旬晴天高温条件下,籼稻盛花时出现在10:30—11:30,粳稻盛花时在11:30—12:30。除了N稻、V20A、珍汕97A和一些籼粳交的材料花时跨籼粳,基本上盛花时不相遇(见表1)。在9月下旬至10月上旬晴天气温下降的条件下,籼稻的盛花时推迟到11:30—12:30,粳稻在12:00—13:30。所现察到的籼粳稻盛花时相遇约30分钟皮上(见表2、表3、表4)。不管是在7月还是在9至10月,所观察到的籼稻始花时都比粳稻早,这是两亚种间的花时区别。但是在同一亚种内,品种间仍有明显差异。籼粳交的衍生材料不论是偏籼的还是偏粳的,或多或少受到双方亲本的     

抽穗开花期喷施茉莉酸甲酯对不同生态区粳稻花时和株型的影响

目的 研究不同浓度MeJA调控不同生态区育成的粳稻品种花时性状的效果及其对株型性状的影响,为利用MeJA调控杂交亲本的花时,提高亚种间杂交稻的制种产量提供科学依据。方法 以来自不同生态区的35份粳稻品种为试材,于抽穗开花期喷施不同浓度的MeJA,调查不同生态区育成的粳稻品种对MeJA响应的差异及其对株型性状的影响。【结果】MeJA对不同生态区的粳稻花时性状均有显著的促进效应。与对照相比,处理后第一天,不同浓度MeJA处理下粳稻开花时间均显著提前,且随着MeJA浓度的升高,粳稻始花、盛花、终花均显著提前,始-盛持续时间、始-终持续时间均显著缩短。处理后第二天、第三天,MeJA调控效应快速消失,低浓度处理下始终有开花现象,高浓度、中浓度处理下无开花现象。不同生态区粳稻品种对MeJA调控的敏感性不同,其中,辽宁稻区粳稻品种的花时性状对MeJA的调控最为敏感;黑龙江稻区第三积温带的粳稻品种花时性状对MeJA的调控最为迟钝。喷施MeJA对不同生态区的粳稻株型性状有显著影响。株高、颈穗弯曲度随着MeJA浓度的升高而下降,各浓度处理与对照相比均差异显著;剑叶长、倒二叶长随MeJA浓度的升高而变长。【结论】MeJA对不同生态区的粳稻花时性状均有显著的促进效应。MeJA浓度越高,花时提前的效果越明显。各生态区粳稻对MeJA响应的敏感性存在差异。MeJA对粳稻株型性状有一定的影响。粳稻株高、穗颈弯曲度均随着MeJA浓度的升高而下降,且与对照差异显著。MeJA对粳稻其他株型性状的影响大多未达到显著水平。     

克服籼粳稻制种花时不遇的遗传途径的探讨

本文从遗传角度研究籼、粳稻花时,不遇机制。通过选择,可以获得某些粳稻品种具有与籼稻品种相近的花时特性。花时可能受多基因控制,F_1呈不完全显性,F_2有超亲现象。控制花时的基因与控制水稻籼、粳类型性状的遗传基因不连锁,在粳稻中寻找并转育花时早的基因是可能的。     

水稻花时与气象因子的关系

 4个籼稻和3个粳稻品种，分6期播种，研究其开花高峰时间（简称花时）与当天开花期间主要气象因子的关系。结果表明：1）不同类型品种的花时差异很大。同一品种在不同开花期的花时也有很大变异，其中约46%-66%可由相应时期内气象因子的变异说明。2）气象因子对花时的籼，粳两类品种间明显不同。影响籼稻花时的因子依次为温度，日照和风力，湿度的作用不显著；而影响粳稻花时的因子首推湿度和温度，其次为日照，风力的作用较小，且在品种间表现不一致。3）得出籼粳品种的花时依主要气象因子的两个最优回归方程，可用于排除气象因子变异的干扰，矫正实际花时，提高遗传分析的精确度。     

滇1型粳稻不育系和保持系的花时特性研究

观察了113个育性稳定的滇1型细胞质雄性不育系(A)及其保持系(B)的花时特性,结果表明,不育系与保持系的单穗花期为5～10 d,大部分材料为6～7 d;不育细胞质对花时有影响,94%的不育系花时较其相应保持系晚,平均晚约40 min;根据不育系和保持系的花时早晚、花时相遇情况等将其分为4种类型。提出滇1型粳稻不育系优良花时性状的2个评价指标:一是不育系的始盛花时间不迟于14:00;二是不育系的理论有效相遇颖花率在70%以上。     

水稻花时遗传改造的初探

随着广亲和性基因和光敏核不育基因等关键性材料的发现,利用籼粳稻杂种一代的强大优势,将成为发展杂交水稻生产的一条重要途径。但是,籼、粳花时不遇这一障碍,将影响籼粳杂种的种子生产,限制籼粳杂种优势的利用。我们认为,可以通过以下3条途径来克服这一障碍:一是化学调控,即对亲本之一施用某种化学药剂,促使其提早或推迟开花时间,二是选育柱头外露率高的品种作母本,延长母本接受外来花粉的时间;三是遗传改造,即通过杂交等手段,将控制花时的基因从籼稻向粳稻或从粳稻向籼稻转移。对花时进行遗传改造,首先必须弄清这一性状的遗传规律,以及它…     

茉莉酸甲酯对籼粳稻农艺性状及品质性状的影响

以6个常规籼稻和6个常规粳稻品种为试材,比较喷施不同浓度的茉莉酸甲酯（MeJA）对籼、粳稻农艺性状及品质性状影响的差异。结果表明,不同浓度的MeJA对籼、粳稻的穗长、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、穗粒数均无显著影响,40μmol/L的MeJA对籼、粳稻的实粒数和瘪粒数的影响也不显著,而4000μmol/L的MeJA可显著降低籼、粳稻的株高,并呈现出减少籼、粳稻实粒数,增加籼、粳稻瘪粒数,降低籼、粳稻结实率的趋势,且对瘪粒数和结实率的影响达到显著水平。4 000μmol/L的MeJA处理下,籼稻实粒数的减少程度和瘪粒数的增加程度均显著大于粳稻。4 000μmol/L的MeJA显著提高了籼、粳稻的蛋白质含量,显著降低籼、粳稻的食味值,对籼、粳稻的品质有明显的负向影响。本研究结果可为MeJA在杂交水稻制种中的有效使用提供一定参考。     

籼粳交后代亚种特征表现及其之间相关性研究

以典型籼稻七山占和典型粳稻秋光构建的F8、F9重组自交系(RIL)为试材,测定其程氏指数六性状、大小维管束比及大维管束比。揭示其杂交后代亚种特征表现及其籼粳属性,并进行程氏指数六性状、大小维管束比及大维管束比之间相关性运算,分析其亚种分类表型性状与解剖学性状间关系。结果表明:除1-2穗节长呈偏籼分布,其余性状均呈偏粳分布;由程氏指数及维管束比揭示籼粳属性均为由籼至粳的偏粳连续分布。其相关性分析表明杂交后代其亚种特征各性状已发生重组,与典型籼粳稻相比,非随机分离程度降低。     

籼、粳稻花时的分布及相遇情况的调查

为了适应籼粳杂交稻的亲本选配和制种技术的需要,我们对一些税稻、粳稻及籼粳交的稳定品种的花时分布进行了调查。 材料和方法 试验于1988年和1989年的7至10月在福州南郊稻麦研究所试验农场(北纬26°)进行。调查的水稻品种共132份,其中有日本粳稻、我国北方粳稻、长江流域的三系粳稻保持系和恢复系、广亲和系粳稻品种;籼稻有早籼基本营养型的IR品种、籼型野败不育系、核不育系以及灿粳交的稳定后代材料。调查分早季和晚季均于抽穗扬花期进行。分期分批对花期相遇的籼、粳品种定株带土移植到同室集中排列编号。植后第3天开始观察。上午8时半…     

苏北地区籼粳稻生态性状比较试验总结

采用裂区试验,以品种生态类型为主区,品种为副区,选择5个中熟中粳水稻品种为材料,以杂交籼稻为对照,研究籼粳稻生态性状在苏北睢宁县的表现。结果表明:粳稻的株高显著低于杂交籼稻;粳稻叶片短而挺,稻穗直立且着粒密,表现较强的抗倒能力;粳稻大田期的出叶速度明显快于杂交籼稻,同期抽穗的粳稻主茎叶片数多于杂交籼稻;粳稻的分蘖力明显弱于杂交籼稻,但成穗率显著高于杂交籼稻。在产量构成性状上,粳稻大部分是中穗型品种,有效穗明显多于杂交籼稻,千粒重与杂交籼稻相当,正常情况下结实率高于杂交籼稻,属穗粒兼顾型品种,在精确定量栽培下容易取得高产。产量结果分析表明粳稻比杂交籼稻具有产量优势。在现行价格下,试验中的粳稻每667 m2收入比杂交籼稻多166.6元,可见,在苏北推广"籼改粳"能增加种植者的收入。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics

Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high M_r polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.