果蔬酸奶稳定性的研究

通过对搅拌型果蔬酸奶稳定性的研究,获得稳定剂复配的重要参数。试验结果表明采用0.06%明胶、0.02%PGA、0.06%果胶、0.04%酪朊酸钠进行稳定剂复配,可使产品细腻、均匀、口感爽滑、质地稳定。     

水牛乳果味奶昔的工艺研究

以感官评价指标进行感官评定,通过单因素以及正交试验,研究一种水牛乳果味奶昔的配方,结果表明,酸奶添加量50.0%,果酱添加量6.0%,蔗糖添加量8.0%,稳定剂添加量0.4%。此工艺下制作的奶昔口感细腻滑润、爽口、浓稠度适宜。     

长保质期饮用型风味酸乳制作工艺研究

本研究以原料乳为主要原料,通过正交试验研究了长保质期饮用型风味酸奶工艺配方和稳定剂的复配方案。结果表明,该酸奶最佳配方为乳清蛋白粉0.6%、稀奶油1.0%、白砂糖8.0%、奶油香草香精0.08%,该配方组合可获得口感优良、酸甜合适、风味极佳的长保质期饮用型风味酸奶;稳定剂的最佳组合为乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯0.6%、低酯果胶0.15%、琼脂0.3%、结冷胶0.03%。使用该稳定剂可以赋予产品清爽的口感,并保障货架期有良好的感官品质。     

核桃花生酸奶的研制

[目的]研制以核桃和花生为原料,打浆后添加到牛乳,发酵制成营养丰富的坚果酸奶。[方法]通过单因素试验和正交试验,探究坚果浆比例、蔗糖添加量、接种量、发酵时间对酸奶品质的影响,结合感官评价和酸度确定核桃花生酸奶的最优工艺参数。[结果]坚果浆占牛奶比例55%,蔗糖添加量5%,接种量3%,42℃发酵4.0 h,经后熟得到的酸奶综合评分最高,为86分,酸度为72°T。[结论]此酸奶产品口感细腻顺滑,坚果香味和奶香味浓郁。     

响应面法优化橙绒凝固型酸奶发酵工艺概述

以橙绒果酱和生牛乳为原料,以感官评分为指标,利用响应曲面法优化蔗糖、橙绒果酱及稳定剂的添加量,确定橙绒凝固型酸奶发酵的最佳工艺参数。结果表明,建立响应面回归模型为Y=95+2.25A+2.5B+2.25C+2AB-0.5AC-BC-0.75A²-11.25B²-6.75C²;最终得出橙绒凝固型酸奶最佳生产工艺参数为：蔗糖添加量7.00%、果酱添加量6.39%、稳定剂添加量0.61%,在此工艺条件下制备的橙绒凝固型酸奶,感官评分为97.00 分,与预测值97.04 分一致。     

酸奶生产中加工过程对淀粉性能影响的研究

变性淀粉在酸奶生产中得到了广泛的应用，其良好的口感和润滑质地，不但可以使酸奶产品在货架期内粘度稳定，而且可以防止乳清析出：酸奶加工过程的条件对淀粉的吸水膨胀、糊化、颗粒大小有显著的影响，从而对酸奶产品的粘度。质地、口感产生影响。     

长保质期酸奶复合稳定剂的研究

通过稳定剂的单体筛选和复配,确定长保质期酸奶最佳的稳定剂体系,确保产品的口感、稳定性和保质期。     

普洱茶牦牛酸奶加工工艺研究

本试验以新鲜牦牛奶为原料、普洱茶粉为辅料加工普洱茶风味牦牛酸奶,以感官评价为指标进行了单因素试验,并在此基础上进行正交试验得到普洱茶牦牛酸奶的最佳加工工艺条件,结果表明,普洱茶粉添加量为3%、白砂糖添加量为6%、发酵菌粉添加量为0.4%,40℃发酵8 h、后熟24 h,制得的普洱茶牦牛酸奶质地醇厚、口感细腻、酸甜适中、茶香怡人。     

二次灭菌的木瓜果粒酸奶配方筛选及优化

近年来,由于果粒酸奶逐渐受到消费者的喜爱,因此,将营养丰富的木瓜和具有保健功效的酸奶结合,制成木瓜果粒酸奶有很大的发展前景。为了延长产品保质期,使产品的营养更加丰富,对木瓜果粒酸奶进行了二次灭菌。通过单因素试验和正交试验确定了木瓜果粒酸奶的最佳配方是：木瓜用量8％,白砂糖用量7％,发酵时间6h,二次灭菌条件90℃、5min,得到的成品口感细腻,组织均匀,酸甜适度．．另外,产品融合了木瓜和酸奶的风味,丰富了酸奶的品种。     

菌种,稳定剂对酸奶品质影响的比较试验

随着市场的变化和技术的革新，酸奶制品出现了新的发展趋势，消费者对酸奶的品种、质量都有了更高的要求。本研究拟在提高酸奶品质、改善口味及延长货架期，比较使用不同菌种、加入不同的稳定剂之后酸奶的稳定性、组织结构、口感等性能的不同。选用四种菌种、五种稳定剂，酸奶表现出不同的酸度、粘度和稳定性，从而为生产不同品种的酸奶提供了实验基础。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -