青海东部黄牛血液生化遗传多态性

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法和火焰光度法，对青海东部黄牛的HB，KE，TF，PTF，PA，AMY1，ALP A，ALP B，RBC-LDH1，S-LDH1 10个血液生化遗传基因座的多态性进行了研究。结果发现：（1）在被研究的10个生化遗传基因座中有8个存在多态性，多态性基因座比例为80.8%；（2）各生化遗传基因座的优势等位基因是：HB^A，KE^L,TF^D,PTF^B,PA^B,AMY1^B,ALP A^A,ALP B^0,RBC-LDH1^S,S-LDH1^s；（3）平均基因杂合度和基因纯合度指数分别为0.307和0.539，实用等位基因数有效等位基因数分别为2.400和1.592个。     

青海柴达木黄牛乳中4种乳蛋白多态性的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对106头柴达木黄牛乳汁中4种乳蛋白的多态性进行了研究，结果发现：（1）α-LA，β-LG，αS1-CN和β－CN都存在多态性；（2）4种乳蛋白的平均有效等位基因数为1．375个，平均基因杂合度为0．2334，平均基因均质指数为0．607；（3）在β-LG基因座上发现罕见等位基因β-LG^D，在β－CN基因座上发现新等位基因在β－CN^F。     

岩羊血液生化遗传多态性的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和火焰光度法对青海省19只岩羊13个血液生化遗传基因座的多态性特征进行了研究。结果发现：①ES2、ES3、ES4、S－LDH、S－ALP和TF6个基因座存在多态性，而KE、HB、AMY1、AMY2、AMY3、ES1、RBC－LDH和RBC－ALP7个基因座呈单态；②被检岩羊的多态性基因座比例为46．2％，表明岩羊的血液生化遗传基因座有颇大的遗传变异性。     

中国荷斯坦牛牛乳生化组成及乳蛋白遗传多态性

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析了中国荷斯坦牛脱脂乳，乳清及酪蛋白组分，并对乳中酪蛋白，乳清蛋白和上皮黏蛋白MUC1的遗传多态性进行了研究。结果显示，脱脂乳和乳清中，分别以CN和β-Lg含量占优势；在CN中以α－CN和β－CN含量为主，而κ－CN含量相对较低，中国荷斯坦牛乳中β－Lg,κ-CN和MUC1均表现出遗传多态性，α－La,αs1-CN,β-CN呈单态，中国荷斯坦牛平均基因一致度（J），基因多样度（H）和有效等位基因数（Ne)分别为0＝6305，0．3695和1．5860。     

引入青海省小尾寒羊血液生化遗传多态性的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和火焰光度法对89只引入青海省小尾寒羊血液中HB,K,AMY1,AMY2和ES5个位点的多态性特征进行了研究。结果为：①在引入青海省小尾寒羊的HB,K,AMY2和ES4个位点上发现多态性,多态性位点比例为80．0％;②每个位点实有的平均等位基因数为1．8000个,平均有效等位基因数为1．3981个,基因平均杂合度为0．2505,基因均质度指数为0．4990;③小尾寒羊与藏羊的遗传距离较小（0．04326）,而与青海细毛羊（0．15649）和新疆细毛羊（0．16644）的遗传距离较大;④聚类分析表明：小尾寒羊与藏羊聚为一个支树系,而青海细毛羊、新疆细毛羊和青海半细毛羊聚为另一个支树系,表明：小尾寒羊与藏羊有较近的亲缘关系。     

青海半细毛羊血液生化遗传多态性的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和火焰光度法对91只青海半细毛羊血液中HB，K，TF，ES，AMY1，AMY2和TLP总共7个基因座的多态性进行了研究。结果为：①在青海半细毛羊的HB，K，TF，ES，AMY2，和ALP)总共6个基因座上发现多态性，多态性基因座比例为85．7％；②每个基因座实有的平均等位基因数为2．5714个(1～7个)，有效等位基因数为2．0061个(1．0000～4．0797个)，基因平均杂合度为0．4086，基因均质度指数为0．2727；③青海半细毛羊与其主要亲本新疆细毛羊和藏羊间的基因分化系数为0．0898(8．98％)；④青海半细毛羊与青海细毛羊(0．0286)及新疆细毛羊(0．0309)的遗传距离较小，而与藏羊的遗传距离较大(0．0777)。     

大通家牦牛乳蛋白的多态性

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对大通家牦牛的４种乳蛋白多态性特征进行了研究。结果发现：（１）α－乳白蛋白和αＳ１－酪蛋白两个基因座存在多态性,而β乳－球蛋白和β－酪蛋白基因座呈单态,乳蛋白的多态性基因座比例为５０％;（２）平均有效等位基因数为１．２５０２个,平均基因杂合度为０．１２７３,平均基因均质度指数为０．８０７５。     

猪血液同工酶遗传多态性的研究应用进展

血液同工酶遗传多态性属于生化遗传标记的范畴，通过标记辅助选择，实现早期选种。综述了LDH同工酶、AKP同工酶、ES同工酶、AMY同工酶四种血液同工酶遗传多态性的研究进展及其在猪遗传育种中的应用，旨在为猪遗传育种工作者提供一些理论资料，并探讨了该领域今后的研究方向。     

闽南黄牛的微卫星多态性研究

：用8个微卫星标记对闽南黄牛的等位基因频率、多态信息含量、杂合度和有效等位基因数等指标进行统计分析,并在此基础上对其进行聚类分析和分类研究。结果：8个微卫星标记在所检测的闽南黄牛群体中都表现出较丰富的多态性,在4个群体8个微卫星座位共有58个等位基因,每个微卫星标记平均检测到7．2个等位基因（3～11）;8个微卫星标记的平均多态信息含量（PIC）为0．6471,各群体的平均多态信息含量（PIC）差并不显著;全部群体平均杂合度为0．2930;各群体平均有效等位基因数为3．37。此表明闽南黄牛在微卫星位点上具有丰富的遗传多样性;根据奈氏标准遗传距离进行UPGMA聚类分析,结果表明4个群体间的遗传变异不大。     

高邮鸭微卫星DNA标记遗传多样性的研究

利用9个微卫星标记分析了高邮鸭群体遗传多样性。结果9个微卫星座位共检出42个等位基因，基因频率分布在0．0135—0．6216之间，平均每对引物可检测4.7个等位基因，9个微卫星座位的平均杂合度为0．7375，平均多态性含量为0．6707，表明高邮鸭群体遗传变异大，遗传多样性丰富。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.