白条天牛DNA条形码鉴定技术

白条天牛属(鞘翅目:天牛科)昆虫是口岸植物检疫工作中多次截获的类群,为探讨线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基I(mt DNA COI)基因的特定区段作为DNA条形码鉴定白条天牛种类的可行性,尝试应用该技术对国内外13种白条天牛进行分子鉴定,测定各种类mt DNA COI基因序列(其中10种检疫性白条天牛COI基因序列为国内外首次测序)并进行比对,采用MEGA 5.05构建系统进化树。结果表明:基于mt DNA COI基因的DNA条形码技术可实现对白条天牛种类快速、准确的鉴定。     

中国筒天牛属二新种记述(鞘翅目:天牛科:沟胫天牛亚科)

记述沟胫天牛亚科筒天牛属2新种,锥胸筒天牛Oberea conicus sp.nov.和指突筒天牛Oberea fingeriventris sp.nov..新种模式标本分别保存于西南农业大学植保系昆虫标本馆和南开大学生物系昆虫标本室.     

云南省松墨天牛生物学特性和地理分布研究

松墨天牛是云南省近年来危害云南松最为严重的蛀干害虫之一。该虫在滇中地区1a发生1代．以3、4龄幼虫在寄主枝干的木质部内越冬。成虫3月下旬羽化，4月上、中旬为羽化盛期。由于该虫在云南省的寄主分布广，繁殖条件适宜，加之扩散途径多、种群密度大等因素，致使分布范围迅速扩散，造成极大的直接和潜在危害。文中针对松墨天牛在云南省的危害特点提出防治措施。     

华山松16种小蠹(鞘翅目:象虫科:小蠹亚科)前胃结构的形态学

通过光学显微和扫描电镜技术,对危害华山松的16种小蠹前胃形态结构进行观察.根据前胃板的结构特征可以将16种小蠹前胃分成3个类型,这些前胃形态结构的差异可以作为小蠹分类鉴定的辅助手段,且前胃类型与韧皮部小蠹虫在华山松树干上的空间分布相吻合,华山松韧皮部小蠹前胃结构的特化是适应食物类型(营养的累积和质地)的结果.     

浅析加强天牛检疫的重要性

天牛作为一种林木主要害虫，正随大量进口的木材和日益增多的货物木质包装涌入我国，仅2000年江苏口岸就截获国外天牛多达22种。该文列举了口岸截获的具有危险性的国外天牛种类，并提出了应密切关注的天牛种类。     

Spatial distribution pattern of attack of the oak borer,Platypus quercivorus (Murayama) (Coleoptera: Platypodidae), and scolytid ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) on fresh logs

The spatial distribution patterns of the attack on fresh logs ofPasania edulis was studied for the oak borer,Platypus quercivorus (Murayama), and two species of Scolytid ambrosia beetles,Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) andXyleborus attenuatus Blanford, in 1994 and 1995. On the logs where onlyP. quercivorus attacked, the entry holes were distributed uniformly when attack intensity was low. However, the distribution pattern became more aggregated with the increase in attack intensity. On logs where bothP. quercivorus and the two Scolytid species attacked, there was a negative association between the spatial distribution of the entry holes ofP. quercivorus and that of scolytids. Simultaneous attack of two scolytids also increased the degree of aggregation of the entry holes ofP. quercivorus. The entry holes of scolytids were distributed in groups irrespective of the attack intensity of scolytids andP. quercivorus. These results suggest an asymmetrical interspecific relationship betweenP. quercivorus and scolytids. Concentration of the entry holes ofP. quercivorus in a small area may cause a considerable decline in the reproductive success in the galleries constructed there.     

Effects of slope and canopy trees on light conditions and biomass of dwarf bamboo under a coppice canopy

Dwarf bamboo, Pleioblastus chino, grows extensively in abandoned coppice woodlands on the Kanto Plain in central Japan and suppresses other understory plants. In order to clarify the factors determining the growth of P. chino, we considered the effect of light conditions under a coppice canopy and examined its relationship with slope aspect, slope angle, and basal area of the trees. The relative photon flux density under the canopy was highly correlated with canopy coverage (R ² = 0.97). The light conditions under the canopy were almost the same at all sites in the summer leafy season regardless of the stand type, while they were remarkably different among the sites and depended on the basal area of evergreen trees in the winter leafless season. The biomass of P. chino on the forest floor was described by the equation: y = 3.18 x ₁ – 0.05 x ₂ + 3.11 (R ² = 0.77, P < 0.01), where y is the log-transformed value of P. chino biomass (gdrymassm^–2), x ₁ is cos at solar noon at the winter solstice, and x ₂ is the canopy coverage during the winter leafless season. is the angle between the suns rays and the normal to the surface and changes with slope aspect and angle. We concluded that light conditions under the canopy in the leafless season had a great effect on P. chino biomass, and that the basal area of evergreen trees and slope characteristics can provide useful guidelines in the control and management of P. chino.     

栗山天牛研究进展

栗山天牛Massicus raddei是近年来在我国东北林区危害严重的钻蛀性害虫,主要危害25 a生以上的辽东栎、蒙古栎等栎属树木。文章综述了栗山天牛的分布、寄主、危害、发生与环境的关系及预测预报和防治技术,为其综合治理和后续研究提供参考。最后,阐述了以生物防治为主的栗山天牛综合防治技术。     

云杉花墨天牛生殖行为的研究

目的 云杉花墨天牛是中温带地区传播松材线虫的媒介昆虫,目前对它的报道较少,国内缺乏对云杉花墨天牛生殖行为的研究。为了解云杉花墨天牛的生殖特性和规律,本研究在室内对其成虫生殖行为进行观察和分析,将有助于针对其生殖特性进一步研究防治技术,未来有望通过干扰或延迟该天牛的交配抑制其繁殖,从而降低下一代的种群密度。 方法 将补充营养后的3日龄云杉花墨天牛雌、雄成虫成对放入装有红松木段和新鲜松枝的透明玻璃缸中内,在室温,相对湿度55% ± 5%,光照8D:16L的条件下,连续观察雌雄成虫抱对、交配、刻槽、产卵的生殖行为及日节律,直至天牛自然死亡。 结果 观察发现云杉花墨天牛交配行为分为3个阶段：相遇抱对、插入交配和配后保护。每头成虫平均抱对2.38 ± 0.89次·天−1,抱对平均时长27.86 ± 18.37 min·次−1;平均交配1.74 ± 0.51 次·天−1,交配平均时长8.68 ± 4.42 min·次−1;雌成虫平均刻槽1.76 ± 0.74 次·天−1,刻槽平均时长16.25 ± 9.45 min·次−1;平均产卵1.87 ± 0.61 次·天−1,产卵平均时长16.00 ± 10.04 min·次−1。一个玻璃缸内同时饲养3对天牛时比只饲养1对天牛时,每天平均的抱对、交配、刻槽次数增加,产卵次数减少,而每次交配行为所用平均时长缩短。云杉花墨天牛的生殖行为具有明显的日节律,交配和产卵都出现高峰期,其中交配高峰期为12:00—14:00,雌成虫产卵高峰期为14:00—16:00。研究还发现云杉花墨天牛生殖行为中的特殊现象：如雄成虫尝试与已死亡雌成虫交配,同性成虫试图交配,3只天牛抱在一起类似抱对的现象。 结论 本研究结果证实：在室内条件下,云杉花墨天牛成虫在补充营养后第3天开始有生殖行为,交配过程可分为相遇抱对、插入交配和配后保护3个阶段,且该天牛的交配和产卵行为具有日节律。     

危害白蜡树的云斑白条天牛种群空间格局及抽样技术

云斑白条天牛在黄河三角洲地区严重危害白蜡树,本研究应用聚集指标法、Taylor幂法则、Iwao m*-m回归分析法,对危害白蜡云斑白条天牛种群卵、幼虫、成虫的空间分布型和抽样技术进行了研究。结果表明:危害白蜡云斑白条天牛种群的卵、幼虫、成虫均呈聚集分布,其聚集性随密度的增加而增大。运用Iwao m*-m回归中的两个参数α和β值,建立了在不同精度下以刻槽、排粪孔和羽化孔为防治指标时的理论抽样数公式及序贯抽样数公式,计算出了抽样调查时的理论抽样数据表及序贯抽样数据表,在生产实践中可根据实际需要查询表中数据确定调查样本数。     

Fecundity and larval development of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) in experimental breeding

?The study aimed at clarifying basic life traits (fecundity, mortality and development) of Monochamus galloprovincialis, the vector of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causative agent of the Pine Wilt Disease, in Portugal.

? Mating and oviposition experiments were conducted on P. sylvestris logs under laboratory conditions during two years. Larval development was followed outdoors.

? Fecundity was high, with 138.2 eggs per female.

? For the first time, the number of larval instars (4) in M. galloprovincialis was recognized and instars were described.

? Informations are provided on the shape and size of the larval galleries. Boring of galleries in sapwood and heartwood started at the third instar. All instars could overwinter but adults emerged simultaneously resulting in a univoltine life cycle for the majority of the individuals.

? An obligatory diapause in the forth instar was assumed. However, 8.1% of the insects had a two year development.

? Important differences in mortality were noted between the two experimental years, which could be explained by differences on the size of the breeding logs.

? There is a high biological proximity between M. galloprovincialis populations in France and those in Portugal and Northern Europe. However, a higher fecundity and longevity was observed in France, as well as a higher percentage of insects with a two year development, compared with portuguese populations.

     

光肩星天牛纤维素酶的性质研究

该文对光肩星天牛 (Anoplophoraglabripennis)幼虫纤维素酶的特性进行了研究 .内切 β 1,4 葡聚糖酶 (内切葡聚糖酶 ,Cx)和β 1,4 葡萄糖苷酶 (β 葡萄糖苷酶 )的最适作用温度均为 4 0℃ ,最适作用pH值分别为 4 4 5 6和 4 8,内切葡聚糖酶具有较广泛的pH值和温度作用范围 ,在 2 5 5 0℃之间能保持80 %以上活性 ,pH 3 2 7 2之间能保持 6 0 %以上的酶活性 .内切葡聚糖酶的热稳定性也稍强于 β 葡萄糖苷酶 ,但在 6 0℃温育 30min后 ,二者均丧失活性 .用含 0 1%CMC的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法检测到光肩星天牛的内切葡聚糖酶具有两种同工酶 ,从非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶中回收该两条酶带 ,并在SDS 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳中呈单一酶带 ,分子量分别为 2 6kD和 39kD .纯化的同工酶处于进一步研究中     

Effects of storm Lothar (1999) on the chemical composition of soil solutions and on herbaceous cover,humus and soils (Fougères,France)

Examination of the effect of the 1999 storm on soil solution quality in an 81-year-old monitored plot in Fougères forest has not only made it possible to gain a better understanding of the impact of intensive silviculture in this ecosystem with low mineral fertility, but also to show that the cessation of internal recycling of chemical elements can be prevented by the presence of vegetation. The storm in December, 1999 resulted in several sudden openings in the forest cover, resulting in humus mineralization; the moder humus present before the storm was transformed rapidly into an oligomull. In the absence of any vegetation, the nitrates produced at the surface migrated down the profile by slow convective flux and the concentrations at depths of −10 and −30 cm increased during 2000. Herbaceous vegetation gradually replaced the arborescent strata present before the storm, taking-up the nitrate at the surface and thus limiting leaching into the deeper horizons. As convective transport is a slow process, the concentrations of nitrate in the soil solutions at depths of −55, −80 and −120 cm increased for about a year after the storm; then they decreased and stabilised in 2002. Nitrate leaching was accompanied by the migration of Al, Mg, K and Ca down the soil profile, depending on their relative availability. After the definitive installation of the herbaceous strata, the concentrations of elements in soil solutions returned to levels below those measured before the storm.     

Catastrophic windstorm and fuel-reduction treatments alter ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages in a North American sub-boreal forest

We studied the short-term effects of a catastrophic windstorm and subsequent salvage-logging and prescribed-burning fuel-reduction treatments on ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages in a sub-boreal forest in northeastern Minnesota, USA. During 2000–2003, 29,873 ground beetles represented by 71 species were caught in unbaited and baited pitfall traps in aspen/birch/conifer (ABC) and jack pine (JP) cover types. At the family level, both land-area treatment and cover type had significant effects on ground beetle trap catches, but there were no effects of pinenes and ethanol as baits. Six times more beetles were trapped in the burned forests than in the other land-area treatments; more beetles were caught in undisturbed than in wind-disturbed sites, and one-third more beetles were caught in the ABC than in the JP cover type. Thus, the windstorm generally reduced the activity-abundance of the beetles, but prescribed-burning increased it. Both salvaged and burned forest plots (especially in the ABC cover type) had the greatest species richness, diversity, and the most unique species assemblages. There was a highly similar ground beetle species composition (nearly 100%) between the ABC and JP burned forests, indicating that burning was a more primary driver of composition than cover type. At the species level, Pterostichus melanarius, an invasive ground beetle from Europe and a cover type generalist, was the most abundant beetle in the study (one-third of the total catch), and was caught in greatest numbers in burned forests. Removal of P. melanarius from the species composition analyses altered similarities among cover types and land-area treatments. Sphaeroderus nitidicollis brevoorti and Myas cyanescens were caught exclusively in the ABC and JP cover type, respectively; two rare pyrophilous species, Sericoda obsoleta and Sericoda quadripunctata, were only caught in burned sites; three forest species, Pterostichus coracinus, P. pensylvanicus, and Sphaeroderus lecontei, were caught more often in undisturbed JP sites; and two frequently trapped, open-habitat species, Agonum cupripenne and Poecilus l. lucublandus, were nearly absent from the undisturbed and wind-disturbed sites, as salvage-logging had a significant positive effect on their activity-abundance. Most species of Amara and Harpalus were trapped only in the salvaged or burned sites, indicating invasion of these disturbed sites by open-habitat species. We conclude that both the combined effect of fuel-reduction activities subsequent to the wind event and the numerical response of the invasive P. melanarius to habitat disturbances can alter the short-term succession of ground beetle assemblages in the sub-boreal forest.     

利用花绒寄甲防治杨树云斑天牛的研究

在湖南和湖北省选取9个云斑天牛危害的杨树林作为试验林,释放云斑天牛的寄生性天敌花绒寄甲卵和成虫开展生物防治云斑天牛试验.通过调查天敌释放前后被害株数和株虫口数2个指标对花绒寄甲的防治效果进行评价.结果表明:林间释放这种寄生性天敌的卵和成虫均对云斑天牛有良好的控制效果.在释放花绒寄甲卵的3个试验林中,平均株虫口校正减退率为83.27%;平均被害株校正减退率为74.33%;在释放花绒寄甲成虫的6个试验林中,平均株虫口校正减退率为84.23%;平均被害株校正减退率为75.65%.通过对释放花绒寄甲卵和成虫后当年和第2年调查的防治结果进行比较,表明释放天敌成虫的防治效果略好于释放卵的林分,但二者差异不显著.由于人工繁殖花绒寄甲成虫的成本远高于卵,因此,在生产中大面积防治云斑天牛时,采用释放花绒寄甲卵的方法比较经济.     

Bark beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) diversity in spaced and unmanaged mature lodgepole pine (Pinaceae) in southeastern British Columbia

Variation in the number and diversity of bark beetles in spaced mature lodgepole pine stands in the East Kootenay region of British Columbia was analyzed in relation to location (site), spacing treatment and years following treatment. We analyzed the number of bark beetles and the number of bark beetle species that emerged from stumps or were captured in flight traps in the first five years following spacing. We also investigated the incidence of bark beetle attacks on the remaining trees and the mean dates of emergence from stumps and of capture in flight traps for the common species. Observations were made on three sites, each having three treatments: 4 m × 4 m spacing, 5 m × 5 m spacing, and an untreated control. The mean density of bark beetles emerged from stumps was different among sites and years but not between spacing treatments. There was no statistically significant variation in the number of bark beetle species captured in flight traps by site, spacing treatment, years, or spacing treatment and years. Significantly more bark beetles were captured in the 4 m × 4 m spacing treatment than in the control. The number of bark beetles captured was the highest in the first 2 years following treatment. Up to 26 species of bark beetles, excluding ambrosia beetles, were captured in flight barrier traps. There was no difference in species diversity by site or treatment indicating that species diversity in mature lodgepole pine is relatively stable over large areas. Of the 213 trees that sustained at least 10 attacks by bark beetles on the lower 2 m of the bole, 59.1% occurred in the spaced plots but only 18.2% of those were successful, versus 74.7% success in the infested trees in the control plots. The majority of infested trees contained Ips sp., Dendroctonus valens and D. murrayanae. Of the seven trees attacked by mountain pine beetle (D. ponderosae) only one tree was located in a spaced plot.     

应用花绒寄甲防治松褐天牛

选取6个松褐天牛危害的马尾松林样地,释放寄生性天敌花绒寄甲的卵和成虫。通过调查天敌释放前后被害株数和单株虫口数2个指标对花绒寄甲的防治效果进行评价,同时,采用室内和林间罩网寄生试验相结合的方法分析花绒寄甲对松褐天牛幼虫的寄生情况。在释放花绒寄甲卵和成虫后对当年松褐天牛的寄生防治效果显示:在释放花绒寄甲卵的3个试验林中,平均株虫口校正减退率为48.54%,平均被害株校正减退率为63.07%;在释放花绒寄甲成虫的3个试验林中,平均株虫口校正减退率为47.00%,平均被害株校正减退率为68.00%,二者差异不显著。说明林间释放花绒寄甲卵和成虫均对松褐天牛有良好的控制效果。室内试验中,释放花绒寄甲卵和成虫后,不同胸径受害木段中松褐天牛幼虫被寄生的数量比例变化较大,5～8cm胸径的木段中寄生率最高,达72.41%,显著高于10～15cm和>18cm胸径木段的49.52%和49.06%;分别在5,7和9月释放花绒寄甲卵和成虫,寄生率分别为68.50%,21.63%和30.29%,5月份的寄生率显著高于7月和9月。利用花绒寄甲防治松褐天牛具有良好的控制效果,以5月份释放天敌效果最好,可在生产中推广应用。     

利用花绒寄甲防治锈色粒肩天牛

室内在器皿内和半自然条件下,利用花绒寄甲对锈色粒肩天牛进行寄生性试验,最佳效果分别达80%和86.67%。林间在山东泰安、聊城等地选取5处被锈色粒肩天牛危害的国槐行道树作为试验地,释放花绒寄甲成虫、卵块对锈色粒肩天牛幼虫进行生物防治试验。以天敌释放前后被害株虫口数为依据,对花绒寄甲的防治效果进行评价。林间各处理最佳防治效果为:单纯释放花绒寄甲成虫、卵块后,株虫口减退率分别为72.23%和71.67%,同时释放花绒寄甲成虫及卵块时,其株虫口减退率为82.64%。但3者间差异不显著。林间释放花绒寄甲成虫和卵块,对锈色粒肩天牛均有良好的控制效果。     

How we improved a landscape study of species richness of beetles in woodland key habitats, and how model output can be improved

In an earlier study (Franc et al., 2007), local species richness of saproxylic oak beetles (including red-listed beetles) in forests was predicted mainly by the landscape (area of woodland key habitat within 1 km of plots). Such results are important for conservation work, but need to be backed up well, for reliable advice. We tested a two-stage method that improved our earlier models and our advice for conservation planning. We studied temperate mixed forest, rich in oaks Quercus robur/Quercus petraea, in a large landscape in Sweden. Franc et al. (2007) analysed 21 forests. Here we selected the significant explanatory variables (predictors) and other biologically relevant predictors, used the earlier 21 forests and sampled 11 new forests such that we expanded the range on the axes of the predictors. We collected in total 320 species of saproxylic oak beetles (23,137 individuals) of which 65 and 38 were red-listed (IUCN criteria, Swedish list 2000 and 2005, respectively). We partly confirmed our original results, but the results also changed in important ways: local species richness is now predicted by a combination of local, landscape and regional factors. Moreover, a local variable (dead wood) was the main predictor of saproxylic oak beetles (all species included), while for red-listed saproxylic oak beetles the landscape (woodland key habitat within 1 km of plots) was the main predictor, of local species richness. Thus, species richness of red-listed saproxylic oak beetles seems to depend mainly on landscapes factors, while total species richness of saproxylic oak beetles seems to depend more on local stand factors. We conclude that a two-stage research design can be useful in landscape and conservation studies, especially for species-rich taxa that require large samples per site.     

天牛化学通讯及其在害虫综合治理中的应用

天牛化学通讯机制的研究包括信息化学物质的鉴定及其在害虫综合治理中的应用,以及与信息化学物质紧密相关的天牛生殖行为特征.天牛的鞘翅、胸部和体表是产生信息素的主要部位,其短距离性信息素的碳链一般大于20个碳,长距离性信息素的碳链小于或等于10个碳,这一规律可为信息素的鉴定提供参考.应用植物源挥发物可作为引诱剂、驱避剂、拒食剂和产卵抑制剂调控天牛行为的特性来防治害虫.天牛的交配行为多数由短距离或接触性信息素启动,具有一定的生理节律和保护配偶现象,同时视觉、虫体颜色、形状、大小以及虫体体表化合物均可影响其交配行为.清楚了解天牛信息化学物质的特性及其生殖生物学,可充分发挥它们在害虫综合治理中的作用.