国外利用生长模型预测动物生长及体组分的研究进展

利用生长模型预测动物生长及体组分对畜牧行业尤其是养殖业具有重要的意义,自上世纪40年代起,国内外许多学者致力于动物生长及体组分预测的研究,至今已取得较大成果。本文主要阐述了利用动物生长模型预测猪鸡等单胃动物生长及体组分的研究。     

毛发生长周期

大多数动物的毛发生长呈现一种循环性变化,生长大致可分为三个时期,即毛发生长初期、毛发生长中期和毛发生长末期。本文对毛囊形成、毛发周期学说、毛发生长不同时期的特征进行了综述。     

毛发生长周期

大多数动物的毛发生长呈现一种循环性变化,生长大致可分为三个时期,即毛发生长初期、毛发生长中期和毛发生长末期。本文对毛囊形成、毛发周期学说、毛发生长不同时期的特征进行了综述。     

洛克沙胂对生长猪生长性能的影响

洛克沙胂对生长猪生长性能的影响田河万熙卿李德发吴金龙顾赛红（沈阳农业大学畜牧兽医学院·沈阳东陵·１１０１６１）（农业部饲料工业中心砷是动物必需的微量元素,广泛分布于体组织和体液中。研究表明,缺砷可导致动物生长缓慢,繁殖性能下降。目前,国收稿日期：１９...     

铜促生长与动物生长轴激素调控的关系

日粮中添加适量的铜可促进动物的生长，其作用机制可能是多方面的。已有研究表明，铜促生长与动物生长轴的激素调控密切相关，其机理可能是铜能调控促生长调节肽的合成和释放。     

动物补偿生长研究进展

补偿生长技术广泛应用于草食动物、家禽和猪等动物的特定饲养阶段,可提高机体蛋白质沉积率、改善饲料利用率、促进激素分泌、增强酶活性等。本文就补偿生长对动物机体的影响及其限制因素进行阐述,并浅谈补偿生长在动物生产上的应用现状及前景。     

鱼饲料中的非营养性生长促进剂

鱼饲料中的非营养性生长促进剂西北农业大学动物科学系吉红非营养性生长促进剂作为一种饲料添加剂，主要指具有促进动物生长，提高饲料利用效率和改善动物健康或胴体性质的一些不具营养作用的物质。这类物质在畜禽养殖业中已广泛使用，效果很好。近年来，随着鱼类养殖集约...     

不同来源长白猪生长肥育期生长规律的研究

生长曲线可以用来对动物体重或组织器官等增重过程进行动态的描述和分析,是研究动物生长发育规律的主要方法之一[1]。在养猪生产和育种中,通过生长曲线的分析来评定增重性状,也可测定猪在实际生产条件下的营养需要量并建立饲喂方案。目前,常用的生长曲线模型有Logistic模型、Co     

禽生长板与骨生长障碍

禽生长板与骨生长障碍朱连德王统石卢正兴（中国农业大学动物医学院，北京１０００９４）生长板又称骺板，在骨形成中起重要作用，其发育直接影响骨干的加长［１］。发育异常生长受阻可致生长期的腿病；包括软骨发育异常、佝偻病、骨软骨病、软骨营养不良及跗骨间关节的内...     

激生1号对生长育肥猪生长效果的试验观察

<正> 激生1号(生长抑素基因工程活载体疫苗)通过免疫调控机理,使免疫动物产生抗生长抑素(SS)抗体。该抗体能中和动物体内生长抑素,使内源性促生长激素整体水平提高,从而促进动物生长、提高饲料报酬。本试验的目的就是检验激生1号对猪生长及肉质的影响。     

Stimulation of pig growth performance by porcine growth hormone and growth hormone-releasing factor

The current study was undertaken to determine the effects of human growth hormone-releasing factor [hpGRF-(1-44)-NH2] on growth performance in pigs and whether this response was comparable to exogenous porcine growth hormone (pGH) treatment. Preliminary studies were conducted to determine if GRF increased plasma GH concentration after iv and im injection and the nature of the dose response. Growth hormone-releasing factor stimulated the release of pGH in a dose-dependent fashion, although the individual responses varied widely among pigs. The results from the im study were used to determine the dose of GRF to use for a 30-d growth trial. Thirty-six Yorkshire-Duroc barrows (initial wt 50 kg) were randomly allotted to one of three experimental groups (C = control, GRF and pGH). Pigs were treated daily with 30 micrograms of GRF/kg body weight by im injection in the neck. Pigs treated with pGH were also given 30 micrograms/kg body weight by im injection. Growth rate was increased 10% by pGH vs C pigs (P less than .05). Growth rate was not affected by GRF; however, hot and chilled carcass weights were increased 5% vs C pigs (P less than .05). On an absolute basis, adipose tissue mass was unaffected by pGH or GRF. Carcass lipid (percent of soft-tissue mass) was decreased 13% by GRF (P less than .05) and 18% by pGH (P less than .05). Muscle mass was significantly increased by pGH but not by GRF. There was a trend for feed efficiency to be improved by GRF; however, this was not different from control pigs. In contrast, pGH increased feed efficiency 19% vs control pigs (P less than .05). Chronic administration of GRF increased anterior pituitary weight but did not affect pituitary GH content or concentration. When blood was taken 3 h post-injection, both GRF- and pGH-treated pigs had lower blood-urea nitrogen concentrations. Serum glucose was significantly elevated by both GRF and pGH treatment. This was associated with an elevation in serum insulin. These results indicate that increasing the GH concentration in blood by either exogenous GH or GRF enhances growth performance. The effects of pGH were more marked than for GRF. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal dose of GRF to administer in growth trials and the appropriate pattern of GRF administration in order to determine whether GRF will enhance pig growth performance to the extent that exogenous pGH does.     

Stimulation of swine growth by porcine growth hormone

Highly purified porcine growth hormone (pGH; USDA-B1) was administered by im injection (22 micrograms X kg body weight-1 X d-1) to rapidly growing Yorkshire barrows for 30 d. Growth hormone significantly increased growth rate (10%), feed efficiency (4%), cartilage growth and muscle mass. However, pGH did not affect carcass adipose tissue mass. Intramuscular lipid content of the longissimus was increased 50% by pGH administration. Plasma pGH concentration was elevated (7- to 11-fold) for 3 to 5 h post-injection. Chronic administration of pGH depressed pituitary GH content and concentration approximately 45%. No GH antibodies were detected in the plasma of GH-treated swine. Plasma somatomedin-C concentration was increased 55% by GH treatment 3 h post-injection. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were both significantly increased in GH-treated swine, suggesting that the animals had developed a state of insulin resistance. Plasma-free fatty acid concentration tended to be higher in GH-treated animals. Treatment of swine with pGH significantly decreased plasma blood urea nitrogen. Assessment of animal health during the trial and postmortem indicated that pGH administration did not have any adverse effects. In summary, treatment of young, rapidly growing swine with pGH stimulated growth performance without affecting animal health or inducing the production of GH antibodies.     

Plasma growth hormone concentrations during growth in turkeys

1. The concentrations of circulating GH were low in 1‐week‐old birds (male plasma pool 30 ng/ml, female 32 ng/ml), reached a maximum at 7 weeks in male birds (142 ± 26 SEM ng/ml) or 4 weeks in females (185 ± 32 ng/ml) and then decreased to 17.3 ± 2–8 ng/ml in males and 8?7 ± 0–6 ng/ml in females at 17 weeks.

2. Significant inverse correlations between GH concentration and age or body weight were found (male, r = —0–693), female, r = —0–623).

3. In males, but not females, the weekly increase in body weight was correlated with the plasma GH concentration (r = 0–291).     

Serum growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations in Japanese black cattle with growth retardation

Serum concentrations of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were determined in 5 calves in the same lineage with growth retardation. They had normal appetites, activities, body proportion, and laboratory test results. Calves with growth retardation had higher serum GH concentrations and lower serum IGF-I concentrations. These findings suggested defects in the GH-IGF-1 axis, such as in the GH-receptor.     

Predicting bull growth performance and carcass composition from growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing hormone.

Development of practical, physiologically based methods that provide an early, yet accurate, evaluation of a bull's genetic merit could benefit the beef industry. The use of GH response to a single, acute dose of GHRH was evaluated as a predictor of future growth performance and carcass characteristics of weanling bulls. Fifty-six Angus bulls averaging 229 d (SD = 27) of age were administered three doses i.v. (0, 1.5, and 4.5 microg/100 kg BW) of human GHRH (1-29) analog in a Latin square design balanced for residual effects. Blood samples were collected via jugular catheter at -60, -45, -30, -15, 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min relative to GHRH injection. Serum concentrations of GH were plotted over time. Response to GHRH was calculated as the area under the GH response curve (AUC-GH) using the trapezoidal approximation. Relationships between AUC-GH, weaning weight adjusted to 205 d of age (205-d WW), and direct weaning weight EPD (WWEPD) versus age-adjusted BW (BWadj), ADG, and carcass measurements from a 140-d growth performance test were evaluated using simple linear regression. A positive correlation between AUC-GH and ADG and an inverse relationship between AUC-GH and carcass fat were observed. The present study provides evidence that AUC-GH is a better predictor of future growth performance in beef bulls than 205-d WW or WWEPD values. Thus, GH response to GHRH is associated with subsequent growth and may be a useful tool for sire selection in beef production.     

Use of growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing hormone to determine growth potential in beef heifers.

The response of GH to GHRH at weaning is known to predict postweaning growth and body composition in beef bulls. The objective of this study was to determine whether GH response to a challenge of GHRH and plasma IGF-I can predict growth rate and body composition in the beef heifer. Growth hormone response to a challenge with two doses of GHRH was measured in 67 Angus heifers averaging 225 d of age (SD = 21) and 217 kg BW (SD = 32). Blood samples were collected at 0 and 10 min relative to an initial "clearance dose" (4.5 micrograms GHRH/100 kg BW) and again, 3 h later, relative to a challenge dose (1.5 or 4.5 micrograms GHRH/100 kg BW). Each animal received each of the two challenge doses, which were randomly assigned across 2 d of blood collection. Serum GH concentration was measured by RIA. Plasma was collected every 28 d during a 140-d growth test and assayed for IGF-I by RIA. Body weight was measured every 28 d and hip height was measured at weaning and at the end of a 140-d growth test. Average daily gain was calculated on d 140 of the growth test and body composition measurements were estimated by ultrasound 2 wk after completion of the growth test. Responses to the two GHRH challenges were dose-dependent (P < 0.05). Average daily gain tended to be related to GH response to the 1.5 micrograms GHRH/100 kg BW dose (R2 = 0.05; P = 0.06), but no relationship was observed at the 4.5 micrograms GHRH/100 kg BW dose (R2 = 0.00; P = 0.93). An inverse relationship (R2 = 0.06; P = 0.02) was observed between response to the 1.5 micrograms GHRH/100 kg BW dose and intramuscular fat percentage. Mean plasma IGF-I concentration was positively associated with ADG (R2 = 0.06; P < 0.01). Growth hormone response to GHRH is modestly related to body composition but not to ADG in weanling beef heifers and likely has limited use in evaluation of growth performance in replacement beef heifers.