猪瘟病毒E2蛋白与猪RACK1相互作用的鉴定

为筛选和鉴定与猪瘟病毒(CSFV)E2蛋白相互作用的猪宿主蛋白,我们采用酵母双杂交方法筛选猪肺泡巨噬细胞表达文库得到与CSFV E2蛋白相互作用的宿主细胞RACK1蛋白,经共转化试验和GST pull-down试验进一步证实两者可以特异性结合,并且共聚焦试验表明两者共定位于细胞的细胞浆。本研究显示E2蛋白与宿主细胞RACK1蛋白存在相互作用,RACK1在CSFV感染过程中所发挥的功能有待进一步研究。     

猪瘟病毒衣壳蛋白与宿主丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶N1相互作用的鉴定

为筛选并鉴定与猪瘟病毒(CSFV)衣壳(C)蛋白相互作用的宿主蛋白,本研究采用酵母双杂交技术以CSFV C蛋白为诱饵从猪外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)c DNA表达文库中筛选与之相互作用的宿主蛋白,共筛选到6种蛋白,分别为ATP5B、SON3、PKN1、PCBP1、RPS20和IQGAP1,根据Gene Ontology分析结果,这些蛋白分别参与细胞的增殖和代谢等过程。本研究选取丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶N1(PKN1)进行进一步验证,经酵母共转化试验、免疫共沉淀试验和GST pull-down试验证实,宿主PKN1蛋白与CSFV C蛋白之间存在特异性结合。本研究首次证明PKN1与CSFV蛋白之间的相互作用关系,为进一步研究PKN1蛋白在CSFV感染过程中发挥的作用奠定了基础。     

猪外周血单个核细胞cDNA酵母表达文库的构建及与猪瘟病毒E2蛋白相互作用细胞蛋白的筛选

为研究猪瘟病-毒(CSFV)蛋白与宿主细胞蛋白之间的相互作用,本研究通过SMART技术合成猪外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)双链cDNA,以携带与载体pGADT7-Rec重组位点同源序列的特异引物经long-distance PCR扩增双链cDNA.纯化双链cDNA并与载体pGADT7-Rec共转化酵母菌株Y187,经同源重组构建PBMC cDNA酵母表达文库.以CSFV E2蛋白为诱饵进行酵母双杂交筛选,得到阳性克隆根据序列比对分析结果,进一步进行共转化验证.结果显示筛选到17个与CSFV E2蛋白相互作用的宿主细胞蛋白,基因注释(GO)分析表明这些蛋白分别参与免疫、代谢、细胞生长与增殖、生物调节等过程,为研究它们与CSFV E2的相互作用奠定了基础.     

猪瘟病毒与宿主蛋白相互作用的研究进展

猪瘟是一种高度传染性和致死性的病毒性疾病,给全球养猪业带来严重的经济损失。疫苗免疫是预防该病的主要手段,目前为止尚未研究出针对猪瘟病毒(CSFV)的特异性治疗药物。CSFV是一种专性细胞内寄生物,其复制严格依赖于宿主细胞,病毒与宿主细胞因子的相互作用关系决定了病毒感染、复制和致病的分子基础,因此设计针对相互作用的病毒蛋白或宿主蛋白的药物有可能治疗CSFV引起的疾病。本文对CSFV与宿主蛋白相互作用及其机制进行了综述,为猪瘟的预防及治疗提供理论依据。     

Shotgun质谱筛选与猪瘟病毒囊膜蛋白Ems相互作用的候选宿主蛋白

猪瘟病毒(CSFV) Ems蛋白是瘟病毒属成员特有的囊膜糖蛋白,在病毒吸附和侵入靶细胞过程中发挥重要作用.本研究利用Ems特异性抗体对CSFV石门强毒株感染的PK-15细胞进行免疫共沉淀(Co-IP),对获得的蛋白复合物进行Shotgun质谱鉴定.结果显示,与阴性对照相比,病毒感染细胞样品中含有199种差异蛋白,其中可能包含与Ems作用的宿主细胞蛋白.同时,实验还对Co-IP蛋白样品进行SDS-PAGE,切取差异条带进行质谱分析以进一步验证Shotgun技术的蛋白筛选结果.通过Co-IP和Shotgun质谱分析,本研究筛选出一些可能在CSFV生命周期中与Ems互作用的宿主蛋白,为进一步研究CSFV在宿主细胞中的感染和复制的分子机制奠定基础.     

猪瘟病毒衣壳蛋白与宿主细胞核仁素蛋白相互作用

为鉴定猪瘟病毒(CSFV)衣壳蛋白(C)与宿主细胞核仁素(NCL)蛋白的相互作用,本研究将重组质粒p EGFP-CSFV-C转染至猪睾丸细胞(ST)中,采用GST pull-down和免疫共沉淀方法沉淀ST细胞中的NCL蛋白,通过共聚焦显微镜分析C蛋白和NCL蛋白的共定位情况。结果表明,CSFV C蛋白与NCL蛋白在核仁中存在共定位现象,并且在体外和转染细胞中均存在相互作用。NCL蛋白被抑制后,CSFV的复制能力下降。本研究为进一步分析C蛋白核转运机制以及在CSFV复制过程中的功能提供了实验依据。     

细胞亲环蛋白A对猪瘟病毒增殖的影响

细胞亲环蛋白A(CyPA)在多种病毒感染中起重要的调控作用。本实验室前期蛋白质组学研究表明,猪瘟病毒(CSFV)感染PK-15后细胞的CyPA明显上调表达。为研究CyPA在CSFV增殖中的作用,本研究首先采用环孢素A(CsA)处理PK-15细胞,特异性地抑制CyPA顺反异构酶活性,观察对CSFV的影响,在CsA处理后24 h、48 h、72 h收集细胞和细胞冻融上清,进行病毒基因组拷贝数和病毒滴度测定。结果表明CsA处理能够抑制CSFV在PK-15细胞中的增殖。同时,采用RNA干扰方法,下调PK-15细胞中CyPA的表达,结果也能够抑制CSFV在细胞中的增殖。本研究结果证明CyPA对CSFV在PK-15细胞中的增殖具有调控作用,对进一步阐明CSFV与宿主细胞蛋白的相互作用具有重要意义。     

抗病毒蛋白Viperin抑制猪瘟病毒在PK-15细胞上的复制

Viperin是一种抗病毒蛋白,具有广谱的抗病毒功能。为了研究猪源抗病毒蛋白Viperin对猪瘟病毒(CSFV)的抗病毒作用及机制,通过构建细胞系过表达或通过siRNA转染抑制Viperin表达,采用荧光定量RTPCR和病毒滴度测定检测CSFV增殖水平的变化;检测培养上清和细胞中病毒含量的变化趋势,评价其对病毒释放的影响;进而通过共聚焦试验和免疫共沉淀(co-immunoprecipitation,Co-IP)试验检测Viperin与病毒E2蛋白的共定位与相互作用。与对照细胞相比,过表达Viperin蛋白可以显著抑制CSFV在PK-15细胞上的复制,在感染后24、48、72h,病毒基因水平和病毒滴度分别下降68.75%、83.61%、77.27%和68.75%、87.5%、80.39%。通过RNA干扰技术抑制Viperin在PK-Vi细胞中的表达后CSFV复制显著恢复(仍低于对照组)。培养上清和细胞中病毒含量均同等程度受到抑制,表明Viperin表达对病毒的释放没有影响。共聚焦试验证明Viperin蛋白与E2蛋白在细胞内存在共定位现象。免疫共沉淀试验证明Viperin蛋白与E2蛋白存在相互作用。该研究证实Viperin具有抗CSFV作用,该作用可能是通过与病毒E2蛋白相互作用实现的,这为CSFV与宿主免疫反应相互作用研究提供了理论基础。     

猪瘟病毒非结构蛋白NS4B与宿主蛋白相互作用的研究进展

猪瘟病毒(CSFV)是一种可感染猪只并引起典型或慢性猪瘟(CSF)的单链RNA包膜病毒,严重影响动物的健康和养猪业的经济发展。CSFV自身编码的结构蛋白和非结构蛋白可与宿主蛋白相互作用,促进病毒自身的复制、翻译和增殖,并影响病毒毒力和免疫反应等。CSFV的非结构蛋白NS4B在病毒生命周期中发挥重要作用,其自身结构上含有多种特定区域靶点,可与多种蛋白发生相互作用;其作为CSFV复制体碳价结构最重要的组成部分,还可被非结构蛋白NS3切割,在细胞内与CSFV自身蛋白或其他宿主蛋白,如核糖体蛋白侧柄亚基P1(RPLP1)、铁蛋白重链(FHC)、Rab蛋白22a(Rab22a)、脂肪酸合成酶(FASN)、线粒体抗病毒信号蛋白(MAVS)、肿瘤易感基因101(Tsg101)蛋白和猪指环蛋白114(pRNF114)等相互作用。本文对CSFV非结构蛋白NS4B的结构功能以及与宿主蛋白发生相互作用的研究进展进行概述,以期为CSFV致病机理研究和感染防控提供理论帮助。     

猪脑心肌炎病毒2B蛋白与RACK1蛋白相互作用的鉴定

为筛选与猪脑心肌炎病毒(EMCV)2B蛋白相互作用的宿主蛋白,本实验利用酵母双杂交方法筛选BHK-21细胞表达文库制备与EMCV 2B蛋白相互作用的宿主蛋白RACK1蛋白。酵母共转化试验和免疫共沉淀试验表明两者可以特异性结合,激光共聚焦试验表明两者共定位于细胞质中。为定位RACK1与2B蛋白相互作用区域,本研究构建了RACK1截短表达重组质粒,并将其与pCAGGS-Flag-2B共转染HEK293细胞,利用免疫共沉淀试验验证其相互作用区域。结果显示2B蛋白与宿主细胞RACK1蛋白存在相互作用,并且证明相互作用区域位于RACK1蛋白的N端。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.