家蝇免疫血淋巴对几种动,植物病原菌的抑菌作用

针刺损伤诱导的家蝇三龄幼虫免疫血淋巴对几种动、植物病原菌具有抗菌活性。同时、未经诱导的家蝇幼虫血淋巴也具有抗菌活性，但外源诱导能衡旺增强抗菌物质的活性，家蝇的免疫血淋巴中的抗菌物质具有热稳定性和耐冷冻贮藏的特性。     

家蝇免疫血淋巴的性质研究

带菌针刺诱导３６－４８ｈ后家蝇三龄幼虫免疫血淋巴的抑菌活性最高。其中抗菌成分为一种弱碱性物质,具有热稳定性耐低温的特性。毛细管区带电泳证实：针针刺诱导后家蝇免疫血淋巴的吸收峰与对照组大致相同,这表明家蝇抗菌物质的产生可能受结构基因调控。     

细菌诱导家蝇蛹抗菌物质的分离纯化

家蝇生境中充满病原菌,其有效的防防机制成为研究的热点。通过三氟乙酸缓冲液浸提、热处理、固相萃取以及两次RP-HPLC等方法,从混合细菌液诱导的家蝇蛹中分离纯化出4种具有抗菌活性的物质。结果表明,提取的家蝇蛹粗提液抗菌谱较广,对多种微生物具有不同程度的抗菌作用,且抗菌效果好于天然肽类防腐剂和一些化学防腐保鲜剂。4种抗菌物质中包括3个抗菌肽和1个抗菌化合物。Tricine-SDS-PAGE结果显示3个抗菌肽的分子量分别约为12kDa、8kDa和4kDa。本研究表明细菌诱导家蝇蛹中具有丰富的抗菌物质。     

影响昆虫病原线虫对猪场蝇蛆防效的若干因素

本文在筛选了家蝇蝇蛆对病原线虫Sieinernema feltiae Otio品系敏感的基础上,研究了影响昆虫病原线虫对家蝇蝇蛆大田防效的若干因素。结果表阴:蝇蛆与线虫在猪场孳生地的表层分布、湿度、pH及对水份等的要求是较一致的;但高温、猪粪渣深层的温度、发酵所产生的气体等对线虫的存活是不利的,制约了线虫对蝇蛆的防效。在1×10~7/M~2线虫剂量下,小区试验的防效在50.2～58.3％,病原线虫仍不失为家蝇综合治理中可利用的一个生物防治因子。     

致病杆菌和发光杆菌抗菌代谢产物研究进展

致病杆菌Xenorhabdus和发光杆菌Photorhabdus是昆虫病原线虫肠道共生细菌,具有对宿主昆虫致病和对寄主线虫共生的双重特性,是一类特殊的生防细菌资源,其代谢产物具有广泛的杀虫和抑菌功能。本文综述了近年来昆虫病原线虫共生细菌产生的抗菌物质、编码抗菌代谢产物的基因及抗菌机制的研究进展。     

家蝇幼虫分泌物防治植物病害研究简报

家蝇(Musca domestica vicina L.)幼虫常在各种病原菌滋生的肮脏环境中繁衍生长,而且自身并不被病菌所感染。人工饲养家蝇幼虫的饲料,含有丰富的淀粉、脂肪、蛋白质和维生素,即使在温度、湿度都很适宜的条件下,只要有足够的幼虫栖息其中,就不会生长各种有害的病菌。相反则杂菌丛生。经初步研究,家蝇幼虫在生氏发育过程中,能分泌有广泛抑菌作用而对其自身无害的活性物质。如果通过结构与活性关系分析,进行仿生合成,开发无污染植物病害控制剂,具有进一步探索的意义。为此作者从家蝇幼虫饲料残渣中分离提取了这种活性物质,对11种重要农作物病原菌,进行了抑菌活性测定。并用其处理棉籽进行发芽、盆栽和田间防病试验,观察其对棉花苗期病害的防治效果。结果简报如下。     

松油烯-4-醇对家蝇体内几种酶系的影响

测定了松油烯-4-醇对家蝇成虫的毒杀活性及其体内几种酶系活性的影响.结果表明:松油烯-4-醇对家蝇具有较强的触杀作用,24h的LD50为23.91μg/虫;对家蝇的致毒症状可明显地分为兴奋、痉挛、麻痹、死亡或复苏等几个阶段;对Na ,K -ATPase具有较强的抑制作用,在兴奋期、痉挛期、麻痹期和复苏期,酶抑制率分别为23.2l%、20.27%、61.84%和58.35%;离体条件下,对Na ,K -ATPase的I50为0.8379×103μg·mL-1;对AChE有一定的抑制作用;可激活酯酶,在复苏期,酶比活力为对照的1.42倍.     

农抗9798对家蝇和三种农业害虫的毒力测定

农用抗生素9798是广东省农业科学院植物保护研究从真菌中分离出的次生代谢产物。为了确证其杀虫活性,了解其作用谱,本试验分别测定了农抗9798对家蝇(MuscadomesticaL .)、斜纹夜蛾[Spodopteralitura (Fabricius) ]、棉铃虫[Helicoverpaarmigera (L .) ]、小菜蛾(PlutellaxylostellaL .) 4种害虫的毒力,以便为农抗9798的推广应用提供科学依据。1　材料与方法1 .1　供试药剂与试虫　农抗9798粗提物由本所提供;分析纯丙酮由广州市化学试剂一厂生产;吐温80为上海申宇医药化工有限公司产品。家蝇由华南农业大学昆虫毒理研究室养虫室提供,室内…     

北京地区家蝇乙酰胆碱酯酶不敏感基因表现型的检测

在1998～1999年对北京地区室外家蝇种群乙酰胆碱酯酶 (ACh E)的不敏感基因表现型进行了检测。以敏感品系为标准 ,海淀区 (A)、海淀区 (B)、丰台区、朝阳区家蝇种群具有的对敌敌畏不敏感基因表现型频率分别为 11%、34%、56%和24% ;对灭多威不敏感基因表现型频率为4%、4%、8%和20 %。ACh E对敌敌畏和灭多威的不敏感基因表现型 ,北京地区家蝇可分成4种 :1)对敌敌畏和灭多威均敏感型 ;2 )对敌敌畏不敏感 ,对灭多威敏感型 ;3)对敌敌畏敏感 ,对灭多威不敏感型 ;4 )对敌敌畏和灭多威均不敏感型。目前 ,在北京地区以对敌敌畏和灭多威均敏感的 ACh E表现型为主 ,其次为第二种类型 ,第三和第四种类型的频率不高。     

不同性别家蝇对药剂的敏感性比较

在室内用点滴法测定了杀虫剂高效氯氟氰菊酯、甲基嘧啶磷、虫螨腈和灭多威对家蝇雌雄成虫的毒力,并对毒力进行了比较。结果表明,高效氯氟氰菊酯、甲基嘧啶磷、虫螨腈和灭多威对雄性家蝇的毒力分别是雌性家蝇毒力的4．63、2．41、3．11、1．73倍。     

家蝇（Musca domestica Vicina L.）头部乙酰胆碱酯酶检测农药残留最佳条件研究

系统研究了敏感家蝇Musca domestica Vicina L.羽化后不同天数其头部乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的比活力、敏感度以及酶源蛋白质含量的变化;缓冲液pH值对家蝇头部AChE比活力的影响。结果表明:家蝇初羽化至羽化后第15 d,其头部AChE的比活力逐渐升高 ,而酶源蛋白质的含量逐渐下降(187.022 2±9.021 3~83.022 2±7.111 1 μg/头)。羽化后2~4 d,其头部AChE的敏感度最高;初羽化和羽化后第15 d,敌敌畏的I50分别是羽化后第3 d的1.4倍和2.1倍。在一定的pH值范围内(6.6~8.0),家蝇头部AChE的比活力随缓冲液pH值的升高而增大。本研究为利用家蝇头部AChE检测有机磷残留量探索了最佳条件。     

Insecticidal and binding activities of N3-substituted imidacloprid derivatives against the housefly Musca domestica and the alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

N3-substituted imidacloprid congeners containing C1-C6 alkyl groups or various analogous groups, and their corresponding nitromethylene analogues, were used in this study. Their insecticidal activity against the housefly, Musca domestica, and their binding activity toward the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor were determined. The insecticidal test was conducted using the synergists piperonyl butoxide and propargyl propyl phenylphosphonate. The binding assay was performed with housefly head membrane preparations using radio-labelled alpha-bungarotoxin. Both insecticidal and binding activities were drastically lowered by the introduction of alkyl/allyl groups at the imidazolidine NH sites of both nitroimino and nitromethylene compounds. The binding activity of N3-substituted nitromethylene analogues was much higher than that of the corresponding nitroimino analogues. However, the insecticidal activity of both series of compounds with a given substituent was nearly identical. The insecticidal activity correlated positively with the binding activity after taking into account the structural difference of the nitroimino and nitromethylene moieties and a structural feature of the N3-substituents.     

龟纹瓢虫幼虫人工饲料的研究

以蝇蛆和黄粉虫蛹作为外源动物蛋白配制龟纹瓢虫幼虫人工饲料,从初孵幼虫开始饲喂,以幼虫历期、幼虫存活率、蛹历期、羽化率、成虫体重、成虫获得率作为评价指标,对外源动物蛋白的添加形式进行筛选,蝇蛆及黄粉虫蛹脱脂粉饲喂效果均优于其他蛋白形式;在上述结论配方的基础上,以脱脂粉、酵母抽提物、蔗糖和橄榄油为主成分进行L9(34)正交试验,经Duncan's新复极差检验分析,得出两组优化配方:(1)蝇蛆脱脂粉0.50g、酵母抽提物0.25g、蔗糖0.30g、橄榄油0.01g;(2)黄粉虫蛹脱脂粉0.50g、酵母抽提物0.35g、蔗糖0.30g、橄榄油0.02g.验证饲养表明,两组理论优化配方均符合实际.     

斜纹夜蛾抗菌物质的诱导及其理化特性

用大肠杆菌K12D31免疫斜纹夜蛾六龄幼虫，12h后收集血淋巴并通过高温处理制成粗提液。SDS-PAGE电泳结果表明：诱导后粗提液含有3条分别为43．5、15．0、4．0kD的特异性条带。诱导产生的抗菌物质在酸性、高温和常温等条件下保持稳定。抗菌谱测定结果表明，诱导产生的抗菌物质对猪霍乱沙门氏菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌等革兰氏阴性和阳性菌有抑制作用，而且对白色念珠球菌、酿酒酵母也有抑制作用。     

Insecticidal potency of novel compounds on multiple insect species of medical and veterinary importance

BACKGROUND: Vector‐borne diseases continue to present significant threats to human, animal and plant health. Mosquitoes, houseflies, sand flies and stable flies are well‐known vectors of several human and animal pathogens. The toxicity of selected semiochemicals with molecular structures indicative of insecticidal activity was determined against these insect species with the aim of developing novel insecticides toxic to multiple insect species. RESULTS: Three semiochemicals, namely beta‐damascone, cyclemone A and melafleur, showed remarkable toxicity to three mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti L., Ae. albopictus (Skuse) and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say, the housefly, Musca domestica L., the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L., and the sand fly, Lutzomyia shannoni (Dyar). The chemicals were equally toxic to several field‐collected permethrin‐tolerant housefly strains. When formulated as 500 mL L^?1 emulsifiable concentrates, the chemicals demonstrated stability and toxicity on filter paper and camouflage military fabrics, with persistence up to 8 days under laboratory conditions. The chemicals were equally effective under field conditions when evaluated on unpainted plywood panels, although a higher dosage was required under field conditions to achieve similar efficacy. CONCLUSION: Laboratory quantification of LC₅₀ values and field efficacy of three semiochemicals as formulated compounds on mosquitoes, houseflies, stable flies and sand flies showed that these semiochemicals could serve as potent insecticides for multiple insect species. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Insecticidal activity and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding of dinotefuran and its analogues in the housefly, Musca domestica

The insecticidal activity of dinotefuran and 23 related compounds against the housefly, Musca domestica (L) was measured by injection with metabolic inhibitors. Dinotefuran was less active than imidacloprid and clothianidin by a factor of 10 in molar concentrations. Their binding activities to the fly-head membrane preparation were measured by using [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin ([125I]alpha-BGTX) and [3H]imidacloprid ([3H]IMI) as radioligands. The activity of some selected compounds measured with [3H]IMI was 10(4)-fold higher than that measured with [125I]alpha-BGTX. With [3H]IMI as a radioligand, dinotefuran was 13-fold less active than imidacloprid. The inhibitory effect of dinotefuran on the binding of [3H]IMI to the membrane preparation was in a competitive manner. Quantitative analysis of the insecticidal activity of the test compounds with the binding activity measured with [3H]IMI showed that the higher the binding activity, the higher was the insecticidal activity.     

松油烯-4-醇对家蝇超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶及过氧化物酶的影响

以杀虫植物砂地柏Sabina vulgaris Ant.精油中主要杀虫成分——松油烯-4-醇点滴处理家蝇成虫后,测定其兴奋期、痉挛期、麻痹期及复苏期等4个中毒阶段试虫的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性。结果表明:SOD被明显激活,各中毒阶段的酶比活力均较对照高,差异显著,且表现为先增高后下降的趋势;CAT先被抑制后被激活,在复苏期酶比活力为对照的1.19倍,其中兴奋期和复苏期酶比活力与对照差异显著,而痉挛期和麻痹期与对照无明显差异;POD被明显激活,各中毒阶段的酶比活力依次为对照的2.25、2.04、1.23和2.91倍,与对照差异极显著。上述结果表明,保护酶活性的变化与松油烯-4-醇的作用有密切关系,SOD活力增加可能是松油烯-4-醇的诱导反应,而中毒试虫的复苏可能与CAT和POD活力的变化有关。     

贝莱斯芽胞杆菌JK19发酵液稳定性及抑菌物质初步分析

本研究以具有自主知识产权的一株对番茄青枯病菌有较好抑菌效果的贝莱斯芽胞杆菌JK19为研究对象.通过TTC双层板平板对峙测定菌株JK19发酵上清液对温度、pH、酶及紫外照射等处理下抑菌效果及稳定性,进而对其拮抗活性物质进行了初步分析.结果表明菌株JK19发酵上清液抑菌圈直径在温度超过80℃时显著下降;不耐强酸强碱,适宜p...     

Binding activity of substituted benzyl derivatives of chloronicotinyl insecticides to housefly‐head membranes,and its relationship to insecticidal activity against the housefly Musca domestica

Variously substituted benzyl derivatives of chloronicotinyl insecticides were synthesized with a wide range of substituents including halogens, NO₂, CN, CF₃ and small alkyl and alkoxy groups at the ortho, meta and para positions, as well as multiple‐substituted benzyl analogues. Their binding activity to the α‐bungarotoxin binding site in housefly (Musca domestica) head membrane preparations was measured. Among the compounds tested, the activity of the meta‐CN derivative was the highest, being 20–100 times higher than those of imidacloprid, acetamiprid and nitenpyram. The synergized insecticidal activity against houseflies was also measured for selected compounds with the metabolic inhibitor, NIA16388 (propargyl propyl phenylphosphonate). For the nitromethylene analogues, including both benzyl and pyridylmethyl analogues, higher binding activity usually resulted in higher insecticidal activity. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同用药策略对抗性家蝇抗性演变的影响

据资料表明 ,目前大部分的农业、卫生害虫都已对一种或多种农药产生不同程度的抗性 ,而且几乎涉及所有类型农药 [1 ] 。如何通过科学用药来抑制或延缓抗性种群的抗性发展 ,成为我们今后抗性治理的重点和难点。针对敏感和抗性初始频率较低的种群所采用的轮用、混用以及使用增效剂等用药策略对有一定抗性水平的抗性种群是否仍然奏效 ?针对这一问题 ,作者以对溴氰菊酯已产生中等抗性 ( R/ S=2 8.2 4)和高等抗性 ( R/ S=5 4.1 2 )的家蝇为试虫 ,采用轮用 (换用辛硫磷 )、混用 (辛硫磷与溴氰菊酯的混剂 )、使用增效剂(溴氰菊酯与增效磷混剂 )三…