常见进口花卉在真空熏蒸条件下对溴甲烷的药害反应

本试验选择12种常见的进口花卉包括火鹤、凤梨、竹芋、菜豆树等进行了真空条件下对溴甲烷的耐药性试验.试验结果表明,在高真空度、高剂量时所有花卉均表现出一定的药害症状,但随着真空度和熏蒸药剂剂量的下降,药害症状都得到很大的缓解.相对来说,黄星凤梨、紫星凤梨、温迪凤梨、丹尼斯凤梨、火鹤等对溴甲烷具有良好的耐药性,紫背天鹅绒竹芋、青背天鹅绒竹芋、美丽竹芋等则表现出轻度的药害症状,而对菜豆树、紫背竹芋、青背竹芋、红剑凤梨等的品质和生长有较大的影响,表现为较强的药害,在真空度和剂量较高时甚至造成死亡.     

出口鲜切花的溴甲烷与二氧化碳气调熏蒸灭虫试验

使用溴甲烷和二氧化碳对15种切花及主要携带的蚜虫、蓟马、叶螨进行熏蒸试验.结果表明:在22℃条件下,熏蒸处理2h,35 g/m3、40 g/m3、45 g/m3可分别100%杀死蚜虫、蓟马、叶螨.45 g/m3对供试花卉品质有影响.溴甲烷配合二氧化碳对花卉害虫熏蒸处理结果表示,5%二氧化碳对澳甲烷熏蒸处理花卉害虫的效果有增效作用.在22℃下采用40 g/m3溴甲烷和5%二氧化碳处理2h能100%杀死鲜切花同时携带的蚜虫、蓟马、叶螨,且对供试花卉影响甚微.     

玫瑰对溴甲烷耐药性机理及其预防措施研究

本文研究了澳甲烷对玫瑰熏蒸药害的机理和预防措施，结果表明高剂量溴甲烷能破坏玫瑰的抗氧化系统，导致品质受损。玫瑰熏蒸前用甘油喷雾或内吸Vc或硫酸铝，可降低药害。     

磷化氢和溴甲烷复合熏蒸红心火龙果携带番石榴实蝇技术研究

本文研究了磷化氢(PH₃)和溴甲烷(MB)复合熏蒸对番石榴实蝇的毒力以及对红心火龙果采后品质的影响。结果表明,复合熏蒸方式下,各个浓度的磷化氢和溴甲烷均存在增效,当溴甲烷浓度为4 g/m³时,复合熏蒸发挥最佳增效效果的磷化氢浓度为1.42 g/m³。复合熏蒸番石榴实蝇仅需13.19 g/m³的溴甲烷即可在95%置信区间下达到致死率99.996 8%。与对照相比,复合熏蒸对火龙果的外观和内部品质无显著影响,而与溴甲烷单独熏蒸相比,复合处理会显著降低呼吸强度并减少药害。因此,溴甲烷和磷化氢复合处理对番石榴实蝇具有协同效应,表明磷化氢和溴甲烷复合熏蒸有可能成为水果采后处理的一种新策略。     

竹绿虎天牛溴甲烷熏蒸处理技术研究

1985～2005年,美国报道从我国出口的竹制品中发现包括竹绿虎天牛(Chlorophorus annularis F.)在内的20多种有检疫意义的害虫.由于目前还没有针对竹制品中竹绿虎天牛的熏蒸处理技术指标,美国APHIS-PPQ采用其检疫处理手册的T404-d方案对竹制品进行熏蒸处理,即溴甲烷熏蒸24h.美国采用的竹制品熏蒸方案中溴甲烷的用量较高,本文应用比T404～d方案更低剂量的溴甲烷,研究竹桩中竹绿虎天牛的熏蒸效果.溴甲烷熏蒸试验在自制的小型熏蒸箱中进行,在26.7℃48 g/m3、21.1℃ 64 g/m3、15.6℃ 80 g/m3、10.0℃ 96 g/m3和4.4℃ 112 g/m3等5个温度和剂量组合,共20个试验(每个剂量4个重复)共熏蒸处理2847头幼虫、140头蛹和122头成虫,死亡率达100%,而在3组对照中共发现455头活虫.同时,用装满竹杆(80%)的20尺集装箱模拟竹制品出口熏蒸试验,以检查在24h的熏蒸过程中溴甲烷是否保持必需的浓度要求.本研究推荐了较低剂量的溴甲烷熏蒸处理竹制品的新的技术指标.     

几种熏蒸剂对花卉种子药性测定及安全范围试验

为防止花卉种子所携带的危险性有害生物传播危害，常采用熏蒸方法对种子及所携带的病虫进行熏蒸处理。本试验应用溴甲烷、硫酰氟、磷化铝、二硫化碳、环氧乙烷５种主要常用熏蒸剂，熏蒸处理在２０±０．５℃、种子含水量一般在１０％以下，采用不同剂量和处理时间，３次重复，对２９种花卉种子进行了熏蒸处理安全范围试验，同时还对花卉种子熏蒸后的耐药性进行了测验和分析，并结合种子熏蒸处理对危害种子的害虫杀虫效果加以了分析。     

木质包装松材线虫溴甲烷熏蒸处理

为寻求一定温度下溴甲烷熏蒸处理杀灭木质包装中松材线虫的有效浓度和时间,给国际贸易中木质包装松材线虫的熏蒸处理提供科学依据,进行了木质包装松材线虫溴甲烷熏蒸处理研究.研究分实验室基础试验和集装箱应用试验两部分,先在实验室中筛选出熏蒸有效浓度和时间,再于集装箱中进行应用试验.结果表明:11～15、16～20、≥21℃时,溴甲烷剂量分别为64、56、48g/m3,熏蒸24h,24h时浓度分别不低于32、28、24g/m3,即CT值分别为1152、1008、864 gh/m3,能够100%杀灭木质包装中松材线虫的成虫、幼虫及卵.此外,证实了国际植物检疫措施标准ISPM NO.15<国际贸易中木质包装材料控制准则>中熏蒸处理的要求偏低,不能完全杀灭木质包装中松材线虫.     

溴甲烷和磷化氢熏蒸杂交稻种对米象和干尖线虫的杀灭效果及对水稻发芽率的影响

在10~15 ℃、16~20 ℃、21~30 ℃3个温度范围下,不同剂量的溴甲烷、磷化氢熏蒸出口杂交稻种的试验表明：溴甲烷、磷化氢能有效地杀灭米象,但不能完全杀灭干尖线虫。熏蒸后对杂交稻种的发芽率检测表明磷化氢对杂交稻种表现安全,但16~20 ℃下,40 g/m3溴甲烷及21~30 ℃下,32 g/m3溴甲烷熏蒸处理24 h,杂交稻种子发芽率显著降低。     

出口大蒜溴甲烷熏蒸技术研究

溴甲烷熏蒸是杀灭大蒜害虫的主要方法之一。本研究在收集了大蒜主要进口国溴甲烷熏蒸要求,开展20多年大蒜熏蒸的基础上,对常压下使用集装箱、帐幕、标准熏蒸库熏蒸进行了对比研究,分析了不同熏蒸方法的优缺点,总结出大蒜溴甲烷熏蒸注意事项,简单介绍了熏蒸效果验证评价方法,并提出存在问题和建议,为指导大蒜检疫处理提供了参考。     

溴甲烷对灰豆象检疫熏蒸处理试验

应用溴甲烷熏蒸剂对豆类中所携带的灰豆象Ｃａｌｏｓｏｂｒｕｃｈｕｓｐｈａｓｅｏｌｉ（Ｃｈｅｖｒｏｌａｔｅ）进行检疫熏蒸处理试验的结果表明，灰豆象对溴甲烷熏蒸剂耐药性较低。几种虫态相比之下，卵耐药性最低，蛹耐药性最强，而幼虫耐药性程度居于二者之间。在熏蒸处理平均温度为１８℃以下较低温度条件下熏蒸，卵和幼虫１０ｍｇ／Ｌ，１０ｈ；蛹１５ｍｇ／Ｌ、１０ｈ、１０ｍｇ／Ｌ，２４ｈ，其各虫态校正死亡率均可达１００％。在熏蒸处理平均温度为２６．５℃以上较高温度条件下熏蒸，卵５ｍｇ／Ｌ，１０ｈ、３ｍｇ／Ｌ，２４ｈ；幼虫５ｍｇ／Ｌ，２４ｈ及１０ｍｇ／Ｌ，１０ｈ；蛹１５ｍｇ／Ｌ，１０ｈ或１０ｍｇ／Ｌ，２４ｈ，以上各虫态校正死亡率也均可达１００％。     

减压条件下溴甲烷对松褐天牛熏蒸效果的研究

利用XMG-35真空熏蒸库在11～21℃和减压条件下,选择不同压力和浓度梯度,对含有松褐天牛(Monochamus alternatus Hope)幼虫的黑松(Pinus thunbergii)木段进行4h的溴甲烷熏蒸处理,投药后循环20min,将库内气压立即回升至95kPa。结果表明,松褐天牛幼虫的杀灭效果和环境温度、压力、投药剂量有关,在其他条件相同的情况下,压力越低,对松褐天牛的杀灭效果越好;在相同条件下,保持30kPa状态20min再将气压缓慢回升至95kPa,对松褐天牛的杀灭效果介于常压熏蒸与减压后快速回压熏蒸之间。     

Fumigation of gypsophila flowers against Liriomyza trifolii1

Gypsophila cut flowers were fumigated with methyl bromide against Liriomyza trifolii. Complete control was obtained at a dose of 40 g/m³ methyl bromide, for 3 h at 15–18°C. To get satisfactory results without injuring the flowers they had to be conditioned at the above temperature for 6 h prior to fumigation.     

Subsurface drip application of alternative fumigants to methyl bromide for controlling nematodes in replanted grapevines

BACKGROUND: Many California grape growers use preplant fumigation to ensure uniform and healthy grapevine establishment in replant situations. A field study was conducted to evaluate the performance of subsurface drip‐applied chemical alternatives to methyl bromide on plant‐parasitic nematodes, plant vigor and fruit yield during the 6 year period following replanting. RESULTS: Subsurface drip fumigation with 1,3‐dichloropropene plus chloropicrin and with iodomethane plus chloropicrin had generally similar nematicide activity as methyl bromide in three grape types, while sodium azide was less effective. The combination of 1,3‐dichloropropene plus chloropicrin enhanced vine vigor similarly to methyl bromide. However, all plots treated with alternative fumigants produced less fruit yield than methyl bromide over the 4 years of evaluation. CONCLUSION: Subsurface drip fumigation with alternative chemicals to methyl bromide generally provided adequate management of plant‐parasitic nematodes during the vine establishment period. However, further research is required to increase the performance of alternative chemicals against other components of the replant problem, as grape yield in vines grown in the alternative treatments was lower than in methyl bromide. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

溴甲烷、环氧乙烷真空熏蒸杀虫灭菌技术研究

真空情况下,利用溴甲烷、环氧乙烷杀虫、灭菌是一种安全、快速、有效的技术措施。为了使此技术广泛应用到农林种子、苗木、卫生防疫以及文史资料诸方面杀虫灭菌,试制成功一台容积工立方米的PCV-1000程序控制真空熏蒸机,并进一步进行溴甲烷、环氧乙烷杀虫灭菌效果及其熏蒸后残余毒气处理方法的研究。溴甲烷75—90克/立方米处理2小时,环氧乙烷90—120克/立方米处理3小时,可杀死各种形式的包装内的谷斑皮蠹和花斑皮蠹幼虫,赤拟谷盗和锈扁谷盗成虫以及玉米象和绿豆象各虫态等害虫。环氧乙烷灭菌能力较强,对动物炭疽菌、4001芽孢杆菌500克/立方米处理5小时或300克/立方米处理12小时,灭菌效果100%。溴甲烷和环氧乙烷混合使用对棉花枯萎病菌效果良好,对棉籽发芽率影响不大。熏蒸后残余毒气处理,用5%氢氧化钠酒精液吸收溴甲烷,破坏率可达96%以上。环氧乙烷用自来水淋洗法,水合分解率可达98%以上。     

Comparisons of simulated with measured transport and transformation of methyl bromide gas in soils

A simulation model is described for the transport of the fumigant, methyl bromide gas, away from injection chisels within the field. The injected methyl bromide is assumed to form cylindrical, parallel sources at the depth of injection. Transport of the methyl bromide is described by radial diffusion from the injection cylinders. The dissolution-distillation of methyl bromide gas in the soil water and on soil particles is accounted for by a first-order reversible kinetic equation or by an equilibrium relationship. The hydrolysis of methyl bromide gas to bromide anion is considered to occur according to a first-order irreversible equation. The model considers cases where the soil surface is and is not covered with an impermeable barrier to the diffusion of the gas. Simulated methyl bromide concentrations in the soil air, and bromide concentrations in the soil, compared reasonably well with measured values from several field sites. Comparison of the results of calculations, with and without plastic barriers at the soil surface, with experimental data, indicate that plastic barriers are ineffective in preventing diffusion of gas from the soil to the atmosphere. Calculations of mass balances show that as much as 70% of the applied methyl bromide had escaped to the atmosphere by 14 days after fumigation.     

Modern means and methods of plant product fumigation in the USSR1

Recent advances in fumigation technique in the USSR are reviewed. The problem of fumigation in containers is being approached by introduction of the gas through air-holes. Mixtures of methyl bromide with carbon dioxide are being used increasingly against storage pests, and allow lower dosage rates and safer application conditions. Recent experience on quarantine fumigation of potato tubers against Phthorimaea operculella is reviewed, and finally research is reported on neutralizers and absorbents of methyl bromide used to facilitate degassing.     

Effect of soil physical factors on methyl iodide and methyl bromide

Production and importation of methyl bromide is scheduled to be banned by 2001. Methyl iodide was evaluated as a possible replacement soil fumigant. The effects of soil moisture, temperature, soil texture and fumigation time on the efficacy of methyl iodide for the control of two common weeds, Abutilon theophrasti and Lolium multiflorum, were characterized and compared with those of methyl bromide. The optimal soil moisture for methyl iodide to kill both weed species in sandy soils was 14% water content (w/w). Greater efficacy was obtained when the temperature during fumigation was above 20°C. Compared to methyl bromide, the efficacy of methyl iodide was more consistent in different soils. Time to 100% mortality of weeds was 24 h for methyl iodide fumigation and 36 h for methyl bromide when 200 μM of fumigant was used. On a molar basis methyl iodide was consistently more effective than methyl bromide across the range of environmental factors tested. In terms of application technology and spectrum of activity, methyl bromide can be directly replaced by methyl iodide. © 1998 SCI     

Bromine residues in potato and wheat crops grown in soil fumigated with methyl bromide

The bromine content of potato tubers grown in soil fumigated with methyl bromide at 487 and 975 kg/ha (1 lb and 2 lb/100 ft2) averaged 170 and 280 mg/kg of dry weight. Most of the bromine was in the outer layers of the tubers; peeled tubers has less than 100 mg/kg, which remained after boiling. Potato haulm contained 4000 or 6700 mg/kg bromine respectively for the two rates of application. The bromine content of wheat grain grown after potatoes depended on the rate of application of methyl bromide and the time interval between treatment and wheat crop. Wheat grain harvested 31/2 21/2 and 11/2 years after fumigation with methyl bromide at 975 kg/ha had mean bromine contents of 4.5, 15 and 44 mg/kg. but the amounts in grain from plots having the same treatments varied more than two-fold; wheat grain harvested 11/2 years after fumigation at 487 kg/ha contained 23 mg bromine/kg. Wheat yields were unaffected by fumigation.