水稻白叶枯病菌室内链霉素抗性菌株的诱导及其抗性分子机制和风险评价

通过紫外光照射诱导获得了6株水稻白叶枯病菌Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae抗链霉素突变体。测得链霉素对水稻白叶枯病菌敏感菌株ZJ173及其抗性突变体的最低抑制浓度(MIC)分别为0.10和600 μg/mL;对敏感菌株的有效抑制中浓度(EC50)为0.03 μg/mL,对抗性菌株的平均EC50值为11.64 μg/mL,平均抗性倍数为388。通过PCR扩增了敏感菌株ZJ173及5株抗性菌株的rpsL基因(编码S12核糖体蛋白)和rrs基因(编码16S rRNA),并检测了strA基因是否存在。序列分析表明,5株被测抗性菌株的rpsL基因均发生了突变,其中4株在氨基酸43位、1株在88位,均由赖氨酸突变为精氨酸,而rrs基因未发生突变,strA基因未被检测到。表明实验室诱导获得的水稻白叶枯病菌抗性菌株对链霉素的抗药性是由rpsL基因突变引起的。抗性风险研究表明,抗性突变体的抗药性在无药剂压力下可稳定保持,其致病性、生长速率与敏感菌株相比无明显差异,竞争性低于或略低于敏感菌株,抗性自发突变率较高,且抗性突变为单一位点突变,病害循环为多循环,因此由rpsL基因突变引起的水稻白叶枯病菌对链霉素的抗性风险较高。     

十字花科黑腐病菌IV型分泌系统的诱导表达与抗逆功能分析

 细菌通过IV型分泌系统(Type IV Secretion System, T4SS)的接合系统、效应物转运系统和释放/吸收系统3个子家族进行DNA、蛋白质及毒素的分泌和转运。十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, Xcc)是一种重要的植物病原菌,也是研究植物病原细菌与植物相互作用机理的模式细菌之一。本研究通过检测Xcc 8004野生型菌株和T4SS突变体在不同条件下的生长、诱导情况及对过敏反应的影响发现:T4SS不影响在培养基中的生长,与野生型菌株相比,T4SS突变体在非寄主辣椒ECW-10R上的过敏反应减弱;T4SS相关基因受基本培养基MMX诱导表达,且与Ni²⁺、H₂O₂、Phenol等抗逆相关。推测T4SS相关基因在该病原菌的接触、识别阶段起作用。     

在小檗碱作用下水稻细菌性条斑病菌生理及转录反应分析

为探究小檗碱对水稻细菌性条斑病菌Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola的抑菌机制,测定小檗碱对水稻细菌性条斑病菌GX13菌株的毒力、致病因子、细胞结构和能量代谢的影响,并利用Illumina-HiSeq高通量测序技术分析小檗碱对水稻细菌性条斑病菌菌体基因表达的影响。结果表明:经15μg/mL小檗碱处理后,GX13菌株侵染水稻品种玉丝占后引起水稻细菌性条斑病的病情指数为6.70,低于对照组;每1×108CFU菌体胞外多糖产量为1.58μg,显著低于对照的2.42μg;纤维素酶、蛋白酶、淀粉酶等胞外酶活性均低于对照组;与能量代谢相关的苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)活性为1.42 U/g prot,低于对照组,而丙酮酸和三磷酸腺苷含量升高,分别为1.71μmol/mL和379.49μmol/g prot,均高于对照组。同时,细菌的生物膜形成受到抑制,细胞结构受到破坏。转录反应分析发现,与II型分泌系统相关的xpsD、xpsF和xpsM等基因、与III型分泌系统相关的hrcC、hrcJ、hrcN和hrcQ等基因、与胞外多糖分泌相关的gumF和gumI基因,以及与细胞结构与功能...     

华南水稻白叶枯病菌致病性分化检测与分析

为了解华南稻区水稻白叶枯病菌的致病性分化和变异动态,采集华南地区水稻白叶枯病病叶标样分离病原菌,应用中国鉴别寄主IR26、南粳15、爪哇14、特特普、金刚30和国际水稻已知抗病基因的近等基因系IRBB5、IRBB13、IRBB3、IRBB14、IRBB2、IR24两套鉴别寄主,在水稻孕穗期采用剪叶法接种,依据寄主和菌株的互作反应检测病菌的致病性分化。结果显示,参试菌株可划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅸ六个致病型和R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R8、R10七个致病小种。Ⅴ、Ⅳ致病型和R8、R5小种出现频率分别为27.40%、19.30%和44.67%、15.34%,为华南稻区优势种群。Ⅸ、Ⅴ、Ⅳ致病型和R8、R5小种对500份华南稻区品种资源的致病率依次为96.40%、95.00%、50.40%、62.00%和42.60%;Ⅸ致病型毒性最强且发展很快;强致病菌系Ⅴ型已替代Ⅳ型发展为华南优势致病菌系。     

Complementary host–pathogen genetic analyses of the role of fumonisins in the Zea mays–Gibberella moniliformis interaction

Zea mays often is colonized with the fungus Gibberella moniliformis, which produces fumonisin toxins. The role of fumonisins in seedling colonization and blight was studied using complementary genetic analyses of host and pathogen. Only one of two fumonisin B1 (FB1)-insensitive maize backcross lines was more resistant than the FB1-sensitive parent to seedling blight, indicating that the increase in FB1-insensitivity was not associated with an increase in resistance. FB1-producing and nonproducing isogenic fungal strains did not differ in ability to cause seedling blight, but the FB1-producing strain was more effective in systemic colonization of seedlings in reciprocal strain challenge tests. Together, these and previous results indicate that the role of fumonisins depends on complex environmental and genetic contexts in this host–pathogen interaction.     

沙葱萤叶甲热激蛋白基因GdHsp10a的克隆、分子特征与表达分析

为明确热激蛋白HSP10在沙葱萤叶甲Galeruca daurica生长发育过程中的作用,采用RTPCR及RACE技术克隆沙葱萤叶甲Hsp10基因cDNA的全长序列,采用生物信息学方法分析其序列特征,并利用qPCR技术对该基因在沙葱萤叶甲不同发育阶段、成虫羽化后不同时期以及不同温度下的表达谱进行分析。结果表明,克隆获得1条新的沙葱萤叶甲Hsp10基因,命名为GdHsp10a,GenBank登录号为MG460308,cDNA序列全长为526 bp,开放阅读框为333 bp,编码蛋白含110个氨基酸,预测分子量为11.97 kD,等电点为9.74;无信号肽及跨膜结构。同源比对及系统进化分析表明,GdHSP10a与光肩星天牛Anoplophora glabripennis HSP10亲缘关系最近,氨基酸序列一致性为53.15%。qPCR结果表明,GdHsp10a在沙葱萤叶甲各发育阶段均有表达,其中在卵期和成虫期的表达量显著高于幼虫期、预蛹期及蛹期;成虫羽化后不同时期表达量差异显著,25 d时表达量最高,其次为100、10和7 d时的表达量;温度对GdHsp10a表达量有显著影响,30℃下表达量最高,35℃下表达量次之,15、20、25及40℃下表达量最低且无显著差异。表明GdHsp10a可能在沙葱萤叶甲生长发育及成虫越夏中起着多重作用。     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊紫外敏感视蛋白基因的克隆及光强度对其表达量影响

为明确韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga紫外敏感视蛋白基因Bo-uv的作用及其与趋光性的关系,利用常规PCR方法克隆获得Bo-uv基因的全长cDNA序列,分析了其敏感视蛋白的氨基酸序列与其它12种昆虫同源蛋白氨基酸序列之间的系统进化关系,运用qPCR技术检测了不同发育阶段、不同组织及不同光强度下Bo-uv基因的相对表达量。结果表明,Bo-uv基因cDNA全长2 757 bp,开放阅读框1 542 bp,编码514个氨基酸。韭菜迟眼蕈蚊紫外敏感视蛋白的氨基酸序列与其它12种昆虫同源蛋白的氨基酸序列一致性为21.93%～43.00%,与橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis的氨基酸序列同源性最高。Bo-uv基因在韭菜迟眼蕈蚊蛹末期、成虫期表达,在成虫头部的相对表达量较高。在0～10 000 lx光强范围内雌、雄成虫体内该基因的相对表达量均呈先增高后降低趋势。与对照相比,1 000 lx光强度下其相对表达量显著升高,10 000 lx时相对表达量显著降低。表明光强度能够有效地调控Bo-uv基因的表达,该基因在韭菜迟眼蕈蚊感知外界光刺激过程中具有重要作用。     

A functional gene-for-gene interaction is required for the production of an oxidative burst in response to infection with avirulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in Arabidopsis thaliana

An early event correlated with the gene-for-gene hypersensitive response (HR) is the accumulation of active oxygen species (AOS), also known as the oxidative burst. We present data that genetically demonstrates that the oxidative burst is a downstream component of the RPS2- avrRpt2gene-for-gene signal cascade. An in planta AOS assay using the fluorescent probe 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) was modified for use with the Arabidopsis thaliana / Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato (P. syringae pv. tomato) model system. An oxidative burst occurred between 8 and 15 hpi with avirulent P. syringae pv. tomato(avrRpt2), but not with virulent P. syringae pv. tomato. This burst preceded cell death and was not observed in the RPS2 Arabidopsis mutantsrps2-101C and rps2-201 inoculated with avirulent P. syringae pv. tomato. An HR-like response has been observed when plants undergoing a systemic acquired resistance (SAR) response are challenged with a normally virulent pathogen (manifestation stage of SAR), however an HR-like oxidative burst was not detected by the in planta AOS assay during this stage of SAR.     

禾谷缢管蚜水通道蛋白基因RpAQP1的克隆、分子特性和表达分析

为探究禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus)水通道蛋白基因RpAQP1的序列特征及其在不同龄期的表达,利用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆了RpAQP1基因的cDNA全序列,采用生物信息学软件分析了RpAQP1编码蛋白的特性,利用qRT-PCR分析了RpAQP1在不同龄期的表达量。结果显示:禾谷缢管蚜水通道蛋白基因RpAQP1的cDNA全长为1 216 bp,其750 bp的开放阅读框编码250个氨基酸,蛋白分子量为27.36 kD。RpAQP1属于水通道蛋白亚家族DRIP(果蝇内嵌蛋白Drosophila integral protein)的一员,具有6个跨膜区,2个保守的NPA结构单元和1个压缩区域Ar/R;qRT-PCR结果显示,RpAQP1在整个发育历期均有表达,其在2龄若蚜中表达水平最高,是成蚜表达量的1.432倍;在4龄若蚜中表达量最低,为成蚜表达量的0.444倍,显著低于其它龄期,而其余各龄期RpAQP1表达量无显著差异。     

沙葱萤叶甲表皮蛋白基因GdAbd的克隆及对温度胁迫的响应

为揭示沙葱萤叶甲Galeruca daurica表皮蛋白基因GdAbd在其应对温度胁迫中的作用,采用RACE技术克隆表皮蛋白基因GdAbd的cDNA全长序列,并进行生物信息学分析;利用实时荧光定量(qPCR)技术比较GdAbd经不同温度处理1 h及25℃恢复30 min后在沙葱萤叶甲2龄幼虫体内的表达水平。结果表明,GdAbd基因全长708 bp(GenBank登录号:MG874710),开放阅读框为477 bp,编码158个氨基酸;蛋白预测分子量为16.98 kD,等电点为4.26;编码蛋白具有典型的表皮蛋白RR保守结构域,属于RR-2亚族;具有1个跨膜结构和1个信号肽。同源序列比对和系统发育分析表明,GdAbd与马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata SgAbd-4的同源性最高,氨基酸序列一致性达50.63%。qPCR检测结果表明,与25℃对照相比,GdAbd基因表达水平在-10～5℃低温胁迫时未发生显著变化,而在35℃高温胁迫时发生显著上调;-10、-5和0℃低温胁迫后25℃恢复30 min可诱导GdAbd显著上调表达,但5℃低温和35℃高温胁迫处理与对照差异不显著。说明短时低温胁迫不能显著影响GdAbd表达,但胁迫后回温可诱导其上调表达。     

Functional analysis of the 3′ end of avrBs3/pthA genes from two Xanthomonas species

The phytopathogens Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar (pv.) oryzae and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri each contain several avrBs3/pthA family genes. Structural features of these genes important for avirulence and/or virulence functions include a central region of multiple direct repeats and three nuclear localization signals (NLSs) and an acidic activation domain (AAD) at the 3′ end. To identify other regions critical to function in the 3′ ends of these genes, we constructed several chimeras using apl1 and apl2 from X. axonopodis pv. citri and avrXa10 and avrXa7 from X. oryzae pv. oryzae and evaluated their functions by inoculation to citrus and rice. The apl1 and avrXa7 genes are major virulence determinants in citrus and rice, respectively, while the contributions of apl2 and avrXa10 to virulence are negligible or not measurable. Constructs that contained a 417 bp HincII-SphI fragment from the 3′ end of apl1 in combination with the repeats from avrXa7, avrXa10, and apl1 caused a canker phenotype on citrus. Interchange of the HincII-SphI fragment between avrXa7 and avrXa10 abolishes avrXa7 avirulence function and reduces its virulence but it does not affect avrXa10 avirulence function in rice. avrXa7 caused a hypersensitive response (HR) in citrus and replacement of it's 3′ end with that of apl1 resulted in loss of canker and induction of HR. Thus, the HincII-SphI fragment of the avrBs3/pthA gene family is important for avirulence and virulence functions in two different plant species, Oryza sativa and Citrus natsudaidai HAYATA.     

螺虫乙酯对雌性斑马鱼的毒性及氧化应激效应

为评价新型季酮酸衍生物类杀虫剂螺虫乙酯(spirotetramat)对水生生物的毒性,以雌性斑马鱼为受试对象,研究了螺虫乙酯对其的急性毒性及氧化应激效应。急性毒性试验测得螺虫乙酯对雌性斑马鱼的96 h-LC50值为7.21 mg/L,属中等毒性。经不同浓度螺虫乙酯(0、36、360和1 800μg/L)处理28 d后,通过检测铜/锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu/Zn-SOD)、锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)等抗氧化酶的活性,Cat、Gpx、Mn-Sod、Cu/Zn-Sod等基因的相对表达量,以及丙二醛(MDA)含量等指标的变化水平,研究了螺虫乙酯对斑马鱼肌肉组织的氧化应激效应。结果表明,螺虫乙酯可引起斑马鱼肌肉组织中CAT、GSH-Px活性和MDA含量,以及Cat、Mn-Sod、Gpx的相对表达量显著升高,但未发现螺虫乙酯对Cu/Zn-SOD活性及Cu/Zn-Sod的相对表达量有明显影响。研究表明,螺虫乙酯能够诱导雌性斑马鱼肌肉组织的氧化应激效应,并可能引起机体的氧化损伤。     

紫外线、高压静电和大麦黄矮病毒胁迫下荻草谷网蚜SOD基因表达

为探索环境胁迫影响昆虫适合度的内在机制,通过cDNA末端快速扩增（rapid amplification of c DNA end,RACE）技术克隆得到荻草谷网蚜Sitobion miscanthi体内超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）基因MnSOD和CuZnSOD的cDNA序列全长,对该序列进行分析,检测紫外线、高压静电和大麦黄矮病毒（barley yellow dwarf virus,BYDV）胁迫下荻草谷网蚜体内MnSOD和CuZnSOD基因表达量的变化。结果显示,荻草谷网蚜体内MnSOD和CuZnSOD基因的cDNA序列全长分别为1 517 bp和954 bp(GenBank登录号分别为MT533627和MT533626),开放阅读框分别为669 bp和459 bp,分别编码222个和152个氨基酸,预测蛋白质相对分子量分别为24.99 kD和15.84 kD。荻草谷网蚜体内MnSOD和CuZnSOD蛋白均与半翅目蚜科昆虫同源蛋白氨基酸序列相似性高,亲缘关系最近。0.50 m W/cm2（低强度）和0.70 m W/cm2（高强度）紫外线胁迫下...     

Identification and in planta detection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato using PCR amplification of hrpZPst

A rapid detection method based on PCR amplification of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato chromosomal sequences was developed. Primer design was based on the P. syringae DC3000 hrpZ_Pst gene, which maps on a pathogenicity-associated operon of the hrp/hrc pathogenicity island.A 532 bp product corresponding to an internal fragment of hrpZ_Pst was amplified from 50 isolates of P. syringae pv. tomato belonging to a geographically representative collection. The amplification product was also obtained from three coronatine-deficient strains of P. syringae pv. tomato.On the other hand, PCR did not produce any such products from 100 pathogenic and symbiotic bacterial strains of the genera Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Erwinia, and Rhizobium and 75 unidentified bacterial saprophytes isolated from tomato plants. The method was tested using leaf and fruit spots from naturally-infected tomato plants and asymptomatic nursery plants and artificially contaminated tomato seeds. The results confirmed the high specificity observed using pure cultures.     

禾谷缢管蚜热激蛋白Hsp90基因的克隆和表达分析

为探讨高温驯化对禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi Hsp90基因表达量的影响,以及其在不同发育阶段的表达,通过RT-PCR与RACE技术克隆了热激蛋白Hsp90基因的全长,命名为Rp Hsp90,采用生物信息方法分析了其序列特征,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术研究了Rp Hsp90在禾谷缢管蚜不同发育阶段和驯化后热激处理的表达量变化。结果显示:禾谷缢管蚜Rp Hsp90的c DNA全长为2 644 bp,编码727个氨基酸,分子量为83.2 k D。推导的氨基酸序列具有Hsp90蛋白家族的5个签名序列及C末端细胞质特征序列EEVD。系统进化树结果显示,Rp Hsp90与其它昆虫Hsp90具有很高的相似性。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,不同发育阶段Rp Hsp90均有表达,并且4龄若蚜期表达量最高,显著高于其它龄期;27℃热驯化后禾谷缢管蚜Rp Hsp90表达量和常温24℃处理试虫无显著差异;热激处理显著诱导Rp Hsp90的表达,39℃热激处理Rp Hsp90表达量显著高于40℃热激处理;热驯化种群经热激处理后表达量显著高于常温热激处理。表明Rp Hsp90在禾谷缢管蚜不同龄期差异表达,且在该虫对热胁迫的响应中具有重要作用。     

Q型烟粉虱芳香基硫酸酯酶B基因的克隆及表达分析

为明确烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci取食感染番茄黄化曲叶病毒(Tomato yellow leaf curl virus,TYLCV)的番茄植株后,其体内的芳香基硫酸酯酶B基因(arylsulfatase B,ARSB)是否能够做出应答反应,基于Q型烟粉虱基因组数据克隆得到ARSB基因cDNA全长,采用生物信息学方法分析其序列特征,并通过实时荧光定量PCR技术测定ARSB基因在Q型烟粉虱不同发育阶段、不同组织及携带TYLCV前后的表达量变化情况。结果显示:Q型烟粉虱ARSB基因的cDNA全长为1 731 bp,编码576个氨基酸,分子量为64.89 kD,具有ARSB的保守结构域。ARSB基因在Q型烟粉虱不同发育阶段均有表达,在卵期表达量最高,成虫期表达量最低;该基因在Q型烟粉虱头胸部的表达量显著高于腹部;Q型烟粉虱获取TYLCV 72 h后其体内ARSB基因表达量显著提高。表明ARSB基因在Q型烟粉虱不同龄期、不同组织内存在差异表达,并可能参与Q型烟粉虱对TYLCV的响应和传毒过程。     

Transcriptional regulation by iron and role during plant pathogenesis of genes encoding iron- and manganese-superoxide dismutases of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a

The bean pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae B728a, may require iron-superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) and manganese–superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activities in protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in planta. Genes encoding FeSOD or MnSOD of P. syringae B728a were cloned by hybridization with specific PCR probes amplified from P. syringae genomic DNA. The sodB gene was monocistronic whereas the sodA gene was transcribed as part of a 1.4 kb polycistronic operon, consisting of orfX-sodA. A putative Fur consensus sequence was located upstream of the orfX-sodA operon. The sodB (FeSOD) gene was expressed throughout growth, but was down regulated under iron deficient conditions. In contrast, the sodA (MnSOD) gene was expressed only under iron deficient conditions. Mutants defective in sodA and sodB genes were generated by marker exchange mutagenesis. Unlike other bacterial SOD deficient mutants, the P. syringae B728a sodAsodB mutant was not impaired in growth on rich or minimal medium, but it was more sensitive to paraquat than wild-type. The P. syringae B728a SOD deficient mutants caused bacterial brown spot disease on bean pods or leaves to the same extent as wild-type. Thus, these superoxide dismutases may not be key enzymes for aerobic metabolism and pathogenicity in P. syringae B728a.     

外源ATP对盐胁迫下油菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以‘陇油8号’油菜为试验材料,研究了不同浓度(1、10、25、50、100μmol·L^-1)外源ATP预处理对盐胁迫下油菜种子萌发及幼苗生物量、H₂O₂和·OH含量、抗氧化酶活性、膜损伤程度、渗透调节物质及相关基因表达的影响。结果表明,与对照(不用ATP或NaCl处理)相比,用不同浓度的外源ATP处理,可不同程度地提高油菜种子的发芽率和发芽势,25μmol·L^-1的ATP处理表现较为显著,发芽率和发芽势分别提高了26.9%和17.2%。25μmol·L^-1的ATP+NaCl处理相比较于单独NaCl胁迫处理,油菜种子的发芽率和发芽势分别提高了13.7%和15.0%,油菜幼苗的生物量(根长、株高、鲜重)、2种抗氧化酶活性(CAT、POD)、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量及相关基因(MAPK3和MAPK6、SOS1和NHX1)的表达量均显著增加,其中根长、株高、鲜重分别增加了23.6%、27.3%、28.6%,CAT、POD活性、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量分别增加了10.3%、27.0%、15.9%...     

糖基转移酶基因TaUGT7分子表达特征及抗赤霉病作用分析

为研究小麦UDP-葡萄糖基转移酶7(UDP-glycosyltransferase 7,TaUGT7)的抗赤霉病功能,利用DNAMAN 6.0软件对Ta UGT7及其同源蛋白进行序列比对,应用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)技术分析经赤霉菌Fusarium graminearum和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）处理后的苏麦3号小穗中TaUGT7基因的表达特征,利用基因枪在洋葱表皮细胞瞬时表达TaUGT7-eGFP进行亚细胞定位,采用农杆菌介导法在小麦品种Fielder中过量表达TaUGT7基因并进行赤霉病抗性鉴定。结果表明,TaUGT7在氨基酸序列上与已知赤霉病抗性相关UGT相似性较低;TaUGT7在赤霉菌接种24 h后开始被诱导表达,在DON处理2 h后逐步被诱导表达;Ta UGT7蛋白亚细胞定位于细胞膜和细胞核中;qRT-PCR检测发现,TaUGT7在8株独立的过表达转基因株系中均有不同程度的上调表达;与野生型对照相比,过表达株系TaUGT7-395和TaUGT7-457中的平均病小穗率显著下降。...