Contrasting Effects of Long-Term Fire on Sagebrush Steppe Shrubs Mediated by Topography and Plant Community

The role of fire in restoration of sagebrush plant communities remains controversial mainly because of paucity of information from long-term studies. Here, we examine 15-year post-fire responses of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp wyomingensis) and broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), the two most abundant native shrubs at the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, a protected area in north-central Oregon, USA. Fire effects were studied along gradients of topography and community type through time post-burn. Community types were distinguished as brush, plots dominated by big sagebrush and woodland, plots with a significant presence of Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) trees. Fire reduced big sagebrush cover in brush plots up to 100% and in woodland plots up to 86%. Broom snakeweed cover declined by 92% and 73% in brush plots and woodland plots, respectively. Big sagebrush did not show signs of recovery 15 years after burning regardless of topography and community type while broom snakeweed populations were clearly rebounding and prospering beyond pre-burn levels. Our results showed that an area initially dominated by big sagebrush (cover of big sagebrush 10-20%, cover of broom snakeweed 2-4%) dramatically shifted to an area dominated by broom snakeweed (cover of big sagebrush < 1%, cover of broom snakeweed 5%) in brush-dominated plots. Our results indicated that brush-dominated plots at lower elevation and southern exposures are the least post-fire resilient. We also observed a declining population of big sagebrush on unburned areas, suggesting the lack of post-fire recovery on burned areas was perhaps a result of low seeding potential by extant populations. Although more years of observation are required, these data indicate that recovery time, the encroachment of opportunistic competing shrubs, and the initial condition of vegetation are essential considerations by land managers when prescribing fire in big sagebrush communities.     

Climatic Influences on Establishment Pulses of Four Artemisia Species in Nevada

Shrub recruitment in arid and semiarid regions often occurs in pulses controlled by specific weather events. Previous research suggested that Wyoming sagebrush in Wyoming is no exception. We examined four species/subspecies of sagebrush in Nevada, in 2009 and 2010, to discover if evidence of recruitment pulses was contained in the annual growth-ring records. Sagebrush species and subspecies occur on a wide variety of ecological sites that require different management strategies. Species included black sagebrush (Artemisia nova A. Nelson), Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata subsp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young), Lahontan sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula subsp. longicaulis Winward & McArthur), and low sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula Nutt. ssp. arbuscula). Eighty stem sections were collected from each of 24 stands (6 stands per species or subspecies) at different geographic locations along east-west or north-south gradients where each species or subspecies naturally occurred. Annual growth-ring analysis was used to determine the year of establishment and the relationship between recruitment and weather events. Results indicated stand ages and locations were different (P > 0.001) among species and subspecies, and years of recruitment were strongly correlated with local and hemispheric weather patterns. Linear and multiple regressions modeled recruitment pulses for all four species. Weather-based predictor variables indicated complex interactions between recruitment and climatic controls. Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index variables were prominent predictors for all four species at their associated sites. Other important local weather variables included total annual precipitation the year before recruitment, the year of recruitment, and the year following recruitment. In Nevada and the Great Basin, it is imperative that successful sagebrush seeding technologies are discovered and implemented. Ecological restoration and postfire rehabilitation methods should be timed correctly with respect to precipitation patterns (positive phase PDO) and/or designed to mimic conditions responsible for natural sagebrush recruitment.     

菌根接种对羊草根围土壤主要养分与球囊霉素含量的影响

选择锡林郭勒盟正镶白旗南部额里图牧场羊草（Leymus chinensis（Trin.）Tzvel.）典型草原的严重退化地段,补播菌根羊草和非菌根羊草,探讨菌根接种对羊草菌根共生和羊草根围土壤主要养分和球囊酶素含量的影响。结果表明,与不接种（灭菌）处理相比,接种菌根显著提高了羊草根系菌根侵染率及孢子密度。接种菌根增加了土壤有机碳、碱解氮、有效磷以及土壤易提取球囊霉素和总球囊霉素的含量,菌根对其的贡献率分别为3.77%,6.32%,3.35%,19.65%,24.24%。AM真菌、球囊霉素及土壤养分的相关性分析表明,易提取球囊霉素与有机碳和菌根侵染率呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.9281,0.9165;与有效磷显著正相关,相关系数为0.8568。总球囊霉素与有机碳、菌根侵染率和孢子密度呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.8482,0.9026,0.8300。接种AM真菌改善了羊草根围土壤养分环境,对播种羊草的定植与生长发育可能产生重要影响。     

6种能源草的丛枝菌根侵染状况初步调查

共生是植物适应环境的一种重要策略,丛枝菌根真菌作为一类古老的土壤微生物,能与陆地上大多数的维管植物形成专性共生体系,在影响植物生长发育、养分吸收和生态适应性等方面起到了关键作用。对栽培于中国农业大学涿州试验站的6种能源草（8个品种）进行菌根侵染状况和孢子群落的初步调查,结果表明：所有能源草类型均能被AM真菌侵染并形成丛枝、泡囊、菌丝等典型结构,侵染水平为4.3%~25.2%,其中虉草（Phalaris arundinacea）侵染率最高,芒草（Miscanthus sinensis）最低。每20 g根际土中有18.7~48.0个孢子,菌丝密度在1.8~4.2 m·g^-1之间。经过对根外孢子的形态学鉴定,发现与调查的能源草共生的AM真菌优势种类为Funneliformis mosseae和Claroideoglomus etunicatum。这表明丛枝菌根真菌能与本研究中的能源草建立良好的共生关系,为能源草的生态适应性研究提供了新的思路。     

接种VA菌根真菌对红三叶草利用土壤有机磷的影响

以红三叶草为材料,利用三室隔网培养方法,研究了施用不同有机磷源核糖核酸、卵磷脂（Ｌｅｃｉｔｈｉｎ）、植酸钠（Ｎａ－Ｐｈｙｔａｔｅ）条件下接种菌根真菌（Ｇ．ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ）对土壤有机磷及外加有机磷源的利用效率。植物生长８周收获得后测定植株干物重,含磷量、根系菌根侵染率及根系长度。结果表明,接种菌根真菌能明显增加植株干物质和含磷量。与各有机磷处理相比,无机磷处理得到了最大干物重,但不同磷源之间没有显著     

促生菌对Cd胁迫下蒌蒿光合特性的影响

为揭示促生菌对Cd胁迫下蒌蒿光合特性的作用机理,利用具有促生功能的芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.,T3),成团泛菌(Pantoea agglomerans,J2),荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens,Y5)的混合菌剂进行盆栽接种试验,研究促生菌对Cd胁迫下蒌蒿光合气体交换、光合色素、光合矿...     

冷蒿挥发物对紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以7个紫花苜蓿品种为试验材料,研究了损伤和未损伤冷蒿释放的挥发物对苜蓿种子萌发生理特性的影响.结果表明:损伤和未损伤冷蒿释放的挥发物对7个紫花苜蓿品种的种子发芽指数和发芽率均有抑制作用,损伤处理与未损伤冷蒿挥发物处理相比,种子发芽率降低了5.6%～15.0%;挥发物对7个紫花苜蓿品种幼苗生长具有明显的抑制作用,与对照相比,未损伤冷蒿释放的挥发物使7个紫花苜蓿品种根生长降低了10.4%～22.8%,芽生长降低了12.7%～30.4%,幼苗鲜质量降低了11.2%～16.8%;损伤冷蒿挥发物抑制作用较未损伤冷蒿挥发物有所增强.     

短期增温对青藏高原高寒草甸不同植物根际丛枝菌根真菌的影响

丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌是土壤生态系统中一类重要的微生物类群,其对气候变暖的响应依赖于宿主植物的不同特性.本研究在青藏高原开展了原位模拟增温试验,以形态鉴定方法,探究了15种植物根际AM真菌的孢子组成对模拟增温的响应.结果表明:AM真菌孢子的物种丰富度及群落组成均不受模拟增温的...     

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Low Soil-Disturbance Treatments for Improving Native Plant Establishment in Stable Crested Wheatgrass Stands

Past seedings of crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum [L.] Gaertn. and A. desertorum [Fisch. ex Link] Schult.) have the potential to persist as stable, near-monospecific stands, thereby necessitating active intervention to initiate greater species diversity and structural complexity of vegetation. However, the success of suppression treatments and native species seedings is limited by rapid recovery of crested wheatgrass and the influx of exotic annual weeds associated with herbicidal control and mechanical soil disturbances. We designed a long-term study to evaluate the efficacy of low-disturbance herbicide and seed-reduction treatments applied together or alone and either once or twice before seeding native species. Consecutive herbicide applications reduced crested wheatgrass density for up to 6 ? 7 yr depending on study site, but seed removal did not reduce crested wheatgrass abundance; however, in some cases combining herbicide application with seed removal significantly increased densities of seeded species relative to herbicide alone, especially for the site with a more northern aspect. Although our low-disturbance treatments avoided the pitfalls of secondary exotic weed influx, we conclude that crested wheatgrass suppression must reduce established density to values much lower than 4 ? 7 plants/m², a range that has not been obtained by ours or any previous study, in order to diminish its competitive influence on seed native species. In addition, our results indicated that site differences in environmental stress and land-use legacies exacerbate the well-recognized limitations of native species establishment and persistence in the Great Basin region.     

草原退化对典型草原羊草菌根共生的影响

为探讨草原退化对典型草原羊草菌根共生的影响,对锡林浩特市及其周边的羊草(Leymus chinensis)典型草原进行了不同退化梯度羊草丛枝菌根侵染率和根围土壤丛枝菌根真菌孢子密度的比较.结果表明,中度退化和重度退化样地羊草丛枝菌根侵染率和根围土壤丛枝菌根真菌孢子密度显著低于未退化和轻度退化样地(P<0.05),说明中度-重度退化显著降低典型草原羊草的菌根共生.     

不同钙磷比例对体外培养番鸭破骨细胞生成及骨吸收功能的影响

从1～7日龄番鸭长骨骨髓分离破骨细胞（Osteoclasts，OC）进行培养，培养过程中添加不同摩尔浓度比例的钙磷双因子（CCa：Cp为2：1、1：1、1：2）。倒置显微镜观察细胞形态，于培养第1、3天进行抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色（TRAP），培养7d后扫描电镜观察象牙片吸收陷窝，研究不同钙磷比例对番鸭OC生成及骨吸收功能的影响。结果显示，培养第3天时试验组TRAP阳性细胞多于对照组，差异极显著（P〈0．01）。试验组中除CCa：Cp=1：1组与CCa：Cp=2：1组之间无显著差异外（P〉0．05），其余各组间差异均极显著（P〈0．01）。扫描电镜观察，象牙片吸收陷窝程度与钙磷比例大小（CCA：Cp为2：1、1：1、1：2）成反比。证实合适比例的钙、磷（CCa：CP=2：1）通过抑制OC生成和活化，抑制OC的骨吸收活性。     

几种植物生长延缓剂对香根草矮化与分蘖形成的影响

3种植物生长延缓剂 (B9,PP333和CCC)对香根草的株高生长、分蘖速度和抽穗开花等方面都产生影响 ,但不同的药剂种类和浓度所产生的影响相差较远。在本实验浓度下 ,低浓度的延缓剂不仅不抑制香根草的株高生长 ,而且还有显著的促进作用 ,高浓度的B9虽有抑制作用 ,但这种抑制也只是短期的。延缓剂对分蘖的形成具有促进作用 ,其中以 4 g/L的B9对分蘖的促进效果最显著 ,PP333明显地提早和促进香根草的抽穗扬花 ;而CCC的总体作用效应最弱。总之 ,3种延缓剂对香根草的作用效果比对一般作物的作用效果差 ,这可能是香根草的抗性较强 ,常规浓度的延缓剂对它不能产生明显影响所致     

多梯度氮磷添加对高寒草甸植物群落生物量与氮磷含量的影响

为研究不同梯度氮、磷单独及混合添加对高寒草甸植物群落生物量、植物养分含量及化学计量比的影响,本实验分析了青海省门源县典型高寒草甸植物群落地上总生物量,功能群水平地上生物量,植物全氮、全磷含量及氮磷比对多梯度氮、磷添加的响应情况。结果表明：氮、磷添加均对群落地上生物量影响极显著(P<0.001);氮添加对禾草类和豆科生物量影响极显著(P<0.001);磷添加对禾草类和莎草类生物量影响极显著(P<0.001);氮磷交互作用对豆科和莎草类生物量影响显著(P<0.05)。群落水平上,氮添加显著提高了植物全氮含量,对植物氮磷比(N∶P)有正效应,磷添加显著提高了植物全磷含量,对植物N∶P有负效应,植物全磷对N∶P的负效应大于全氮对N∶P的正效应。本研究表明氮、磷添加可能会使高寒草甸植物群落组成和植物养分含量发生改变,植物群落逐渐向禾草类发展;此外,高寒草甸植物生长趋向于受氮磷共同限制。     

丛枝菌根真菌与磷添加对成株与幼苗间生长关系的影响

为探讨土壤磷梯度对成株与幼苗间菌根效应的影响,通过盆栽试验研究AMF和不同磷添加量对羊草(Leymus chinensis)成株和冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)幼苗间生长关系的影响。结果表明:AMF显著增加了羊草成株的生物量;冷蒿幼苗的菌根效应和菌丝的吸氮吸磷贡献率仅在P1添加水平(2 mg·kg^-1)时为正效应,其余磷水平下均为负效应。接菌降低了冷蒿幼苗生物量达到最高值时所需要的磷添加水平。研究表明羊草成株旁冷蒿幼苗的建植受到土壤磷含量的影响,当磷添加量大于2 mg·kg^-1 时,AMF的存在可能会抑制冷蒿幼苗的生长。     

农业管理措施对AM真菌功能影响的研究进展

丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, AM)真菌广泛存在于草地农业生态系统中, 可与绝大部分农作物共生形成丛枝菌根。AM真菌可提高作物对营养元素和水分的吸收, 增加作物产量和抗逆性, 改善土壤结构。耕作、秸秆覆盖、轮作、施肥、农药施用等农业管理措施, 均会不同程度地影响AM真菌多样性、菌丝长度及其侵染率, 进而影响AM真菌在草地农业生态系统中的功能。其中, 免耕、秸秆覆盖、轮作、施有机肥均可以促进AM真菌的侵染, 并对AM真菌多样性产生显著影响, 而耕作、单作、化肥、除真菌剂则会降低AM真菌的侵染率, 亦可影响AM真菌多样性。本文归纳了上述农业管理措施对AM真菌的作用及机理, 以期通过合理的农业管理措施, 充分利用AM真菌在促进作物生长、提高作物抗逆性, 改善土壤结构等方面的功能。     

AMF及短期增温增雨互作对植物吸收氮磷功能的影响

为研究气候变化是否影响植物-真菌共生关系及植物的吸收功能,本试验以青藏草原优势植物垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）和草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis）为研究对象,选取管柄囊霉属（Funneliformis）丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrizal fungi,AMF）进行室内控制试验。结果表明：增温促进了AMF和植物的共生,接种AMF及短期增温增雨互作对植物吸收氮磷功能的影响并不一致。对垂穗披碱草而言,增温增雨对其生长的土壤pH、全氮和有效磷含量均无显著影响,增雨促进了植物磷吸收（P<0.05）,增温处理下接种AMF提高了植物氮磷含量（P<0.05）;对草地早熟禾而言,增温增雨提高了植物氮磷含量和土壤电导率、降低了土壤全氮含量（P<0.05）,增温提高了土壤有效磷含量（P<0.05）,增雨处理下接种AMF后降低了植物氮磷含量（P<0.05）。     

松嫩平原艾蒿无性系种群根茎的年龄结构研究

将艾蒿根茎划分为不同年龄级,按长度和生物量统计其年龄结构,分析各龄根茎数量特征的变化规律.结果表明:艾蒿根茎的最大存活年龄为4龄;其根茎长度年龄结构为增长型;生物量年龄结构为稳定型;开花期根茎累积长度为6984.8 cm·m-2,根茎生物量为103.7 g·m-2;单位长度根茎的干物质贮存量随着龄级的增加而不断增大;高龄根茎具有较强的生活力;根茎长度比根茎生物量具有更大的生态可塑性.     

模拟放牧对高寒草甸丛枝菌根真菌的影响

采用植物样方调查与丛枝菌根（AM）真菌的形态分子鉴定等方法分析了模拟放牧对地上植物及地下AM真菌群落的影响。结果表明：随着放牧程度的增加,地上植物的物种丰富度显著降低,但AM真菌的物种丰富度没有显著变化;AM真菌总侵染率与丛枝侵染率随着放牧强度的增加显著降低,但泡囊侵染与土壤AM真菌的孢子密度均不受放牧强度的显著影响;模拟放牧对植物群落组成具有显著影响,但AM真菌的群落组成不受放牧的影响。以上结果表明较植物群落而言,AM真菌对放牧干扰具有较高的耐受性,凸显了在放牧干扰条件下,AM真菌在维持高寒草甸生物多样性过程中的作用。     

丛枝菌根真菌对垂穗披碱草吸收不同氮源效率的影响

为了研究丛枝菌根真菌(AM)对垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)吸收不同氮源效率的影响,通过在石英砂中不接菌、接种灭活真菌和激活真菌来探讨植株对谷氨酸和硝酸铵的吸收效率,以期为优质高产垂穗披碱草新品种选育及野生种质资源的开发利用提供理论指导.结果表明:接种激活真菌处理的植株根系均受到不同程度的侵染,且侵染率随时间变化呈先增加后减少的趋势.在不同氮源条件下,接种AM真菌均能显著提高垂穗披碱草的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、总氮、总游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白的含量和硝酸还原酶的活性(P <0.05),但对植株的叶绿素a与b的比值影响不大.当单独利用有机氮或无机氮作为氮源时,接种AM真菌能显著提高植株生物量,且在有机氮条件下效果更加明显.表明接种AM真菌有助于提高垂穗披碱草对有机氮吸收,增加牧草品质和产量.