Detection of quinolone-resistance genes in Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida strains by targeting-induced local lesions in genomes

Quinolone-resistant strains of the fish-pathogenic bacterium, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida are distributed widely in cultured yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata (Temminck & Schlegel), in Japan. The quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) was amplified with degenerate primers, followed by cassette ligation-mediated PCR. Open reading frames encoding proteins of 875 and 755 amino acid residues were detected in the gyrA and parC genes, respectively. Resistant strains of P. damselae subsp. piscicida carried a point mutation only in the gyrA QRDR leading to a Ser-to-Ile substitution at residue position 83. No amino acid alterations were discovered in the ParC sequence. A mutation in the gyrA gene was also detected in nalidixic acid-resistant mutants of strain SP96002 obtained from agar medium containing increased levels of quinolone. These results suggest that GyrA, as in other Gram-negative bacteria, is a target of quinolone in P. damselae subsp. piscicida. Furthermore, we attempted to detect a point mutation using targeting-induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING), which is a general strategy used for the detection of a variety of induced point mutations and naturally occurring polymorphisms. We developed a new detection method for the rapid and large-scale identification of quinolone-resistant strains of P. damselae subsp. piscicida using TILLING.     

苍术和番石榴的不同炮制方法及部位对水产病原菌抑制效果的影响

采用微量稀释法,以溶珊瑚弧菌（Vibrio coralliilyticus）、哈维弧菌（旷harveyi）、美人鱼发光杆菌杀鱼亚种（Photobacterium damselae subsp piscicida）、副溶血弧菌（V.parahaemolyticus）、摩氏摩根氏菌（Morganellafulton）、创伤弧菌（V.vulnificus）6种病原菌共7株为受试菌,研究苍术（Atractylodeslancea）不同炮制品和番石榴（Psidiumguajava）不同部位的抑菌作用,并进一步测定其最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）。结果显示,番石榴叶和枝果部位以及苍术不同炮制品对溶珊瑚弧菌、美人鱼发光杆菌杀鱼亚种和哈维弧菌抑菌效果较明显,MIC和MBC分别为10^-3g·mL^-1和10^-1g·mL^-1,抑菌效果由高至低依次为番石榴叶〉番石榴果〉番石榴枝,麸炒苍术〉盐炙苍术〉苍术〉醋炙苍术。     

Expression and characterization of the periplasmic cobalamin-binding protein of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida

Cobalamin (vitamin B₁₂) is an essential cofactor in a variety of enzymatic reactions and most prokaryotes contain transport systems to import vitamin B₁₂. A gene coding for a periplasmic cobalamin-binding protein of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida was identified by in silico analysis of sequences from a genomic library. The open reading frame was composed of 834 bp encoding a protein of 277 amino acids. The protein showed 61% identity with the vitamin B₁₂-binding protein precursor of P. profundum , 53% identity with the corresponding protein of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and 43% identity with the periplasmic binding protein BtuF of Escherichia coli. The expression of the native protein was investigated in P. damselae subsp. piscicida , but BtuF was weakly expressed under normal conditions. To characterize the BtuF of P. damselae subsp. piscicida , the recombinant protein was expressed with a C-terminal His₆-tag and purified; the molecular weight was estimated to be approximately 30 kDa. The protein does not contain any free thiol group, consistent with the view that the two cysteine residues are involved in a disulphide bond. The purified BtuF binds cyanocobalamin with an affinity constant of 6 ± 2 μ m .     

Adhesion to sole, Solea senegalensis Kaup, mucus of microorganisms isolated from farmed fish, and their interaction with Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida

Abstract Most studies carried out to select microorganisms as candidate probiotics have focused on in vitro antagonism tests, such as the production of inhibitory compounds against pathogenic microorganisms. However, attachment to mucous surfaces could be another criterion to be considered when selecting potential probiotics for aquaculture. Nineteen isolates obtained from farmed Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis Kaup, and gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L., have been evaluated for their capacity to adhere to skin and intestinal mucus of Senegalese sole, and their antagonistic effect against Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, an important pathogen for farmed sole. The isolates from gilthead sea bream showed the highest percentage of adhesion to sole mucus, whilst the pathogenic microorganisms assayed and the isolates from sole showed, in general, a lower ability to adhere to sole mucus. The results suggest that the adhesion to fish mucus was more dependent on the isolate tested than on the host mucus. The isolates from gilthead sea bream also showed a higher antagonistic activity against P. damselae subsp. piscicida than those from Senegalese sole. Four isolates were selected, on the basis of their adhesive ability and antagonistic effect on P. damselae subsp. piscicida, to study their interactions with the pathogen in respect of adhesion to skin and intestinal mucus under exclusion, competition and displacement conditions. The results obtained show the ability of three isolates to reduce the adhesion of P. damselae subsp. piscicida to sole mucus under displacement and competition conditions. The adhesion of the pathogen to sole intestinal mucus was also significantly reduced when three isolates were assayed under exclusion conditions.     

Random sequencing of genomic DNA of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Photobacterium damselae</Emphasis> subsp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">piscicida</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   Random sequencing of the genomic DNA of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida was conducted. The sequences were assembled into 930 contigs. The total length of these contigs accounts for 37.5% of the genome of P. damselae subsp. piscicida. The contigs contain 2055 open reading frames (ORFs) that have homology with genes in the GenBank database. Furthermore, some of the ORFs have homology with reported virulence related genes, and are classified as encoding colonization factors, exotoxin, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Thirty-seven ORFs have homology with colonization factors. In those colonization factors, 27, three, and four ORFs have homology with polar flagellar-related genes, capsule-related genes, and others (accessory colonization factors, superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn), MshA biogenesis protein, and heme receptor genes), respectively. Five ORFs have homology with exotoxin-related genes (2 hemolysin, phospholipase, hyaluronidase, lysophospholipase L2 genes). Further, six ORFs have homology with LPS-related genes.     

Cloning and characterization of Photobacterium damselae ssp. piscicida phospholipase: an enzyme that shows haemolytic activity

A phospholipase gene of Photobacterium damselae ssp. piscicida (ppp) was cloned from a genomic library and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The open reading frame consisted of 1218 bp encoding a protein of 405 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 46 kDa. The PPP had identities (53-55%) with phospholipase and haemolysin of Vibrio spp., while it showed low identities (23-26%) with glycerophospholipid cholesterol acyltransferase of Aeromonas spp. A recombinant PPP (rPPP) with a His tag at the C-terminus expressed in Escherichia coli and purified showed phospholipase activity. The rPPP also showed lecithin-dependent haemolytic activity against mammalian erythrocytes and direct haemolytic activity against fish erythrocytes. The culture supernatant of wild-type P. damselae ssp. piscicida showed phospholipase activity, while that of a PPP gene knockout mutant did not.     

Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in Photobacterium damselae ssp. piscicida

The ability of a set of Photobacterium damselae ssp. piscicida strains isolated from different fish species to produce different superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase enzymes was determined. Unlike other bacterial pathogens, P. damselae ssp. piscicida is not able to produce different isoforms of SOD or catalase containing different metal cofactors when cultured under oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide or methyl viologen, or under iron depleted conditions. However, iron content of the growth medium influenced the levels of SOD and catalase activity in cells, these levels decreasing with iron availability of the medium. Comparison of virulent and non-virulent strains of P. damselae ssp. piscicida showed similar contents of SOD, but higher levels of catalase were detected in cells of the virulent strain. Incubation of bacteria with sole, Solea senegalensis (Kaup), phagocytes has shown that survival rates range from 19% to 62%, these rates being higher for the virulent strain. The increased levels of catalase activity detected in the virulent strain indicates a possible role for this enzyme in bacterial survival.     

条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)源美人鱼发光杆菌杀鱼亚种(Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida)的分离鉴定

2013年浙江省舟山市某网箱养殖条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)暴发了一种严重的疾病,病鱼主要症状为脾、肾出现1-2 mm的白色类结节.从患病鱼内脏处分离得到1株优势菌OF-1,经人工感染实验证实为此次引起条石鲷死亡的致病菌,半数致死量为5.93×104 CFU/g.形态学观察结果显示,菌株OF-1为革兰氏阴性、短杆状,在TCBS培养基上不生长.API 20E细菌鉴定系统、16S rRNA系统发育树分析结果证实,该菌株为美人鱼发光杆菌杀鱼亚种(Photobacterium damselae subsp.piscicida).该菌对庆大霉素、青霉素、氟哌酸、氧氟沙星、氨苄青霉素等药物高度敏感,对红霉素、链霉素、卡那霉素、苯唑青霉素等药物具有抗性.     

Effect of dietary administration of Porphyridium cruentum on the respiratory burst activity of sole, Solea senegalensis (Kaup), phagocytes

The stimulatory effect of the red microalga Porphyridium cruentum on respiratory burst activity of sole phagocytes was evaluated in vivo . Oral administration of a diet supplemented with lyophilized P. cruentum cells (10 g kg⁻¹) stimulated respiratory burst activity after 4 weeks feeding in sole vaccinated with Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida bacterin.     

Multiplex nested-polymerase chain reaction for the simultaneous detection of Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, Photobacterium damselae and Streptococcus iniae, four important fish pathogens in subtropical Asia

A multiplex nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based (m-nested PCR) method was developed for simultaneous detection of four important freshwater/marine fish pathogens in subtropical Asia, including Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, Photobacterium damselae and Streptococcus iniae . The specificity of the oligonucleotide primers used for PCR detection was confirmed to generate specific amplicons for the corresponding pathogens. Moreover, non-specific amplicons were observed when the primers were tested using pure DNA extracted from 31 related bacterial strains belonging to 23 species or tissue homogenates of infected tilapia. This m-nested PCR approach could detect 19 colony forming unit (CFU) for A. hydrophila , 62 CFU for E. tarda , 280 CFU for P. damselae subsp. piscicida and 179 CFU for S. iniae in infected tilapia kidney homogenates, consistent with the results derived from bacteriological methods. The assay described in this paper is a sensitive and effective method for simultaneous detection of multiple fish pathogens.     

Selection of probiotic bacteria for use in shrimp larviculture

Three candidate probiotics, Bacillus foraminis, Bacillus cereus biovar toyoi and Bacillus fusiformis , were isolated from hydrogen-producing fermented solution and identified using 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Bacillus foraminis and B. cereus biovar toyoi exhibited strong antagonism against Streptococcus iniae and Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida in in vitro co-culture for competitive exclusion assay and then were conducted in the larviculture system of Penaeus monodon reared from zoea 1 to postlarva 1. The daily addition of B. cereus biovar toyoi resulted in significantly deleterious effects on survival ( P <0.01) whereas the daily addition of B. fusiformis showed highest survival rate (88.7±0.7%) but no statistically significant difference from control (73.3±12.1%). Bacillus fusiformis was continuously applied in the larviculture system of Litopenaeus vannamei . Administration of B. fusiformis significantly increased survival ( P <0.01) in both treatments added daily (87.9±1.7%) and every other day (54.7±1.2%), respectively, at a concentration of 10⁵ CFU mL⁻¹ over control (41.2±1.3%).     

豹纹鳃棘鲈类结节症病原的分离鉴定

为查明养殖豹纹鳃棘鲈类结节症的病因,自患病豹纹鳃棘鲈内脏中分离到1株优势菌株061101,人工感染试验证实,该菌具有强毒力,能够引起被感染鱼内脏出现白色结节并死亡,为引起此次豹纹鳃棘鲈类结节症的病原菌。采用形态学、生化特性测定对菌株061101进行鉴定,同时采用细菌16S rRNA通用引物进行PCR扩增得到该菌的16S rRNA基因序列,测序后比对,构建系统发育树。试验结果表明,菌株061101与发光杆菌属中的美人鱼发光杆菌杀鱼亚种基本特征相符;基于16S rRNA基因序列构建的系统发育树将菌株061101与美人鱼发光杆菌杀鱼亚种聚为一支,置信度达100%。据此确定,此次豹纹鳃棘鲈类结节症的病原为美人鱼发光杆菌杀鱼亚种。药敏结果显示,该菌株仅对链霉素(300μg/片)、庆大霉素(120μg/片)敏感,对多黏菌素B、阿洛西林等中度敏感,对氟苯尼考、恩诺沙星、强力霉素等均耐药。     

Effectiveness of a divalent vaccine for sole, Solea senegalensis (Kaup), against Vibrio harveyi and Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida

The protection of cultured sole, Solea senegalensis, against Vibrio harveyi and Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida was evaluated following the use of a divalent vaccine prepared with formalized whole cells and extracellular products of virulent strains of both pathogenic microorganisms and administered by the immersion route. Two prolonged immersions of 5-10 g fish in the divalent bacterin at a 1-month interval gave high levels of protection similar to those obtained when the respective monovalent vaccines were administered by the intraperitoneal route [relative percentage of survival (RPS) values >70%], which indicates that the former procedure can be a useful strategy with small fish. The high protection afforded by the divalent vaccine in sole lasted for 4 months after which the RPS values against both pathogens decreased significantly.     

The production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against Photobacterium damselae ssp. piscicida and initial observations using immunohistochemistry

Five monoclonal antibodies (MAbs: F2B1, 1E4, 13B10, 4D4 and F3G12) were produced against lysed Photobacterium damselae ssp. piscicida ( Ph. d . ssp. piscicida ). The MAbs recognized three antigens of differing molecular weight on the Western blot of Ph. d . ssp. piscicida . They also cross-reacted with five different species of Vibrio . An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with MAbs, F3G12 and 4D4 demonstrated differences between Ph. d . ssp. piscicida and three Ph. d . ssp. damselae type strains, indicating differences in the surface antigenicity between these two groups of bacteria. Antigen retrieval in conjunction with immunohistochemistry (IHC) using MAb 13B10, revealed colonies of bacteria in the kidney, spleen and liver of sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax , infected with pasteurellosis. A number of positive colonies were observed around the mucosal layers of the intestinal tissue, especially within the lamina propria. In addition, a number of bacterial colonies were associated with red blood cells and blood vessels of the organs examined.     

卵形鲳鲹Tf、TNFα和C-Lys的组织分布及对美人鱼发光杆菌感染的响应

研究了卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)中免疫相关因子转铁蛋白(Tf)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)、C-型溶菌酶(C-Lys)的组织表达分布,并分析了这3种基因在人工感染美人鱼发光杆菌杀鱼亚种(Photobacterium damselae subsp.piscicida)后在卵形鲳鲹肾脏中的表达变化,探讨其对美人鱼发光杆菌感染的反应。结果显示,感染后第48小时卵形鲳鲹累计死亡率最高(76.4%);卵形鲳鲹肾脏中细菌数量从第3~第96小时一直处于下降趋势,从1.07×106CFU·g~(-1)下降到1.29×103CFU·g~(-1)。健康卵形鲳鲹中Tf和TNFα在肝脏中表达量最高,CLys在头肾中表达量最高。美人鱼发光杆菌感染后卵形鲳鲹肾脏中Tf表达量在第3~第12小时实验组高于对照组,其中第6小时的表达量最高,是对照组的17.99倍;TNFα在感染后的第3、第6、第24小时实验组的表达量高于对照组,第24小时组相对于对照组的表达量最高,是对照组的6.05倍。C-Lys在感染后感染组表达量均低于对照组。以上结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌感染能促进卵形鲳鲹肾脏组织中Tf、TNFα的表达,而抑制C-Lys的表达。     

龙胆石斑鱼源美人鱼发光杆菌的生物学特性与系统发育学分析

对从1尾病死的观赏用龙胆石斑鱼Epinephelus lanceolatus L.中分离到的细菌,进行了形态特征、理化特性和对抗菌类药物的敏感性等较系统的表观生物学性状鉴定。同时,测定了16S rRNA基因序列、分析了相关细菌相应序列的同源性、构建了系统发生树。结果表明,供试两株纯培养菌（编号：HQ061227-1、HQ061227-2）为发光杆菌属Photobacterium（Beijerinck 1889）的美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种P.damselae subsp.damselae（Love et al.1982;Smith et al.1991）,用HQ061227-1株作为代表菌株的16S rRNA基因序列长度（不包括引物结合区）为1469bp（GenBank登录号：EF635307）,与GenBank数据库中美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种的同源性在99%。药敏试验结果显示,对供试37种抗菌药物中的青霉素G等4种耐药,对头孢唑啉等32种敏感,对氨苄青霉素低敏。     

仿刺参性别相关基因P450c17的克隆与序列分析

本研究克隆了仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)P450c17基因的全长cDNA,结果表明其cDNA的5′端UTR为256 bp,3′端UTR为250 bp,ORF为1 530 bp。在3′端有特殊序列ATTTA、终止密码子TAA和polyA加尾。其全长cDNA编码509个氨基酸的前体蛋白,预测蛋白分子量57.6 kD,理论等电点5.5。P450c17的氨基酸序列存在长度为25个氨基酸的信号肽,1个长度为22个氨基酸的跨膜区,1个糖基结合位点NHS,1个P450特有的结构域,其氨基酸序列具有明显的细胞色素P450基因家族的特征。结构域中亚铁血红素结合域中的精氨酸R和发挥活性所必须的半胱氨酸C都是保守的。这些结构组成了血红素结合环、质子传递槽和K螺旋及绝对保守EXXR基序。蛋白前体二级结构中无规则卷曲占41.22%,延伸链占12.77%,α–螺旋占46.01%,不含–折叠。氨基酸序列与其他物种氨基酸序列的同源性在35%～41%之间。系统进化树表明仿刺参与长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)及文昌鱼(Branchiostoma belcheri)聚为一支,黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)、鲇(Clarias gariepinus)、日本鳗鲡(Anguillajaponica)及白斑角鲨(Squalus acanthias)聚为一支,三刺鱼(Gasterosteus aculeatus)、金眼门齿鲷(Stenotomus chrysops)、斑马鱼(Danio rerio)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)、牙鲆及青鳉(Fundulus heteroclitus)聚为一支。研究结果为进一步探讨仿刺参P450c17在性激素调控性别分化方面的功能提供参考。     

Development of a multiplex PCR assay for Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida identification in fish samples

A multiplex polymerase chain reaction protocol for the detection of Photobacterium damselae and subspecies piscicida and damselae discrimination, with internal amplification control, was developed. Assay specificity was assessed by testing 19 target and 25 non-target pure cultures. The detection limit was 500 fg, corresponding to 100 genome equivalents. The optimized protocol was also prevalidated with spleen, kidney and blood samples from infected and uninfected sea bass, without any culture step, and it can be proposed as a valid alternative to culture standard methods for the rapid and specific diagnosis of photobacteriosis in fish.     

黄连素对海水病原菌的杀灭效果及药效稳定性

为探讨黄连素对主要海水养殖病原菌的抑菌作用,采用二倍稀释法测定黄连素对迟缓爱德华氏菌、哈维氏弧菌等10种病原菌的最小抑菌质量浓度和最小杀菌质量浓度,并以美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种为指示菌,研究黄连素在不同温度、存储条件和金属离子影响下的药效稳定性。试验结果显示,黄连素对10种海水养殖病原菌均具有较好的抑菌及杀菌作用,最小抑菌质量浓度为64～256mg/L,最小杀菌质量浓度为256～1024mg/L。其中,黄连素对大菱鲆弧菌和溶藻弧菌抑菌作用最明显,最小抑菌质量浓度为64mg/L;对鳗弧菌、大菱鲆弧菌、迟缓爱德华氏菌、溶藻弧菌、鲨鱼弧菌和轮虫弧菌杀菌作用最强,最小杀菌质量浓度为256mg/L。质量浓度为512mg/L的黄连素溶液分别在20、40、60、80、100、121℃处理下作用30min,对美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种的杀菌率均超过99%,将20、60、100℃处理的黄连素溶液于室温下避光存储35d,对指示菌的杀菌率依然大于99%,显示其良好的药物稳定性。金属离子的影响试验也证实,水环境中的Na+、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、K^+等离子对黄连素的杀菌效果无显著影响。因此,黄连素适宜作为防治水产动物细菌性疾病的临床药物。