太行鸡、海兰灰蛋鸡消化道排空速度的比较研究

选择91日龄太行鸡和海兰灰蛋鸡,分别在强饲后的4、8、14、18、24、28、32、34h屠宰,比较两品种体重、消化器官的差异,禁食时间对消化道残留内容物含量的影响及消化道不同部位的排空速度和排空率.结果表明:太行鸡体重、嗉囊、腺胃肌胃相对重均小于海兰灰蛋鸡,小肠、直肠相对长度低于海兰灰蛋鸡,盲肠相对长度高于海兰灰蛋鸡.两品种鸡随禁食时间的延长消化道内容物减少,排空规律基本一致;太行鸡嗉囊、腺胃肌胃、小肠及整个消化道的排空率大于海兰灰蛋鸡;而消化道后段直肠、盲肠的排空率小于海兰灰蛋鸡;太行鸡排空速度比海兰灰蛋鸡快.     

鹅真代谢能测定法适宜绝食排空期与排泄物收集期的研究

24只成年扬州鹅公鹅按体重一致的原则，随即分成4组，每组6只，每只单笼饲养。旨在探讨鹅饲料真代谢能测定（TME）中适宜消化道排空期和排泄物收集期。试验排空处理期为24、32、40h，排泄物收集期为16、24、32、40、48h。结果表明：①随着绝食排空时间的增加，排泄物量逐渐减少，鹅对饲料干物质的利用率和AME、TME值逐渐增大，绝食40h组最大。分析结果表明，绝食24、32、40h组之间，ME值两两差异不显著。②随着收集时间的延长，排泄物量增大，鹅对饲料干物质的利用率和代谢能值下降。AME值除24h显著高于48h外，24、32、40、48h两两差异不显著；TME值不同时间段之间差异均不显著。综上所述，鹅TME法测定饲料代谢能值时，适宜消化道排空期和排泄物收集期建议为“24h＋24h”模式。     

鸡、鸭消化道pH和消化酶活的比较研究

为阐明鸡、鸭对营养物质利用率差异的原因，比较了8只公鸡和8只公鸭消化道内容物酸碱性及体内主要蛋白质消化酶、碳水化合物水解酶和脂肪水解酶活性的差异。结果表明：（1）鸭消化道前段除口腔pH比鸡的高（P〈0.01），食管膨大部、腺胃和肌胃的pH均比鸡低（P〈0.05或P〈0.01），而后段消化道从空肠开始到直肠，鸭的pH均比鸡高（P〈0.05）。（2）鸡和鸭消化道内主要蛋白酶活性存在差异。鸭肌胃内容物中胃蛋白酶的相对活性和总量都极显著高于鸡的（P〈0.01）；鸭十二指肠、空回肠和盲肠内容物以及胰腺组织中胰蛋白酶的相对活性和总量高于鸡（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）；鸭空回肠内容物中糜蛋白酶的活性显著高于鸡（P〈0.05）。（3）鸭胰腺组织中脂肪酶相对活性极显著高于鸡（P〈0.01），脂肪酶总量显著高于鸡（P〈0.05）；肠道内容物中脂肪酶的活性也大多数高于鸡。（4）鸡和鸭消化道内可溶性碳水化合物水解酶活性差异没有很强的规律性，但鸭空回肠内容物中纤维素酶的相对活性高于鸡（P〈0.01），盲肠内容物中纤维素酶的总量显著高于鸡（P〈0.05）。消化道中消化酶活性差异是鸡鸭对饲料养分消化利用差异的原因之一。     

罗斯鸡与快大型黄羽肉鸡消化生理比较研究

选用罗斯308公鸡和快大型黄羽肉公鸡进行饲养对比试验,探讨罗斯鸡和黄羽肉鸡胃肠道消化生理的差异。1日龄罗斯308公鸡和快大型黄羽肉公鸡各240只,设为罗斯鸡组和快大型黄羽肉鸡组,每个组12个重复,每个重复20只鸡。分别于1、7、14、21、28、35、42、49、56、63日龄屠宰,测定体重,采集肌胃、腺胃、各个小肠段对比两个鸡种消化器官重量、长度和pH值的差异,同时检测4、8、14、16、24、36、48 h食糜在鸡消化道的排空速率。黄羽肉鸡和罗斯鸡消化道内的pH值无显著差异(P0.05);黄羽肉鸡的消化器官(腺胃、肌胃)的相对重量和相对长度(十二指肠、空肠、回肠)高于罗斯鸡;黄羽肉鸡食糜排空速率(排空时间4~24 h)比罗斯鸡快,表明罗斯鸡具有更长的养分吸收时间。黄羽肉鸡和罗斯鸡随禁食时间的延长,消化道内容物减少,食糜排空规律基本一致。     

不同种属动物消化道内大豆凝集素免疫活性残留的比较研究

比较研究大豆凝集素（SBA）在反刍动物（羊）、肉食动物（狗）、啮齿动物（兔）、杂食动物（猪）和禽类（鸡）等不同种属动物消化道不同区段食糜中的免疫活性的残留规律,并探讨SBA对不同种属动物抗营养机制的差异。各种属动物均选取半性成熟雄性8只（头）。日粮中含20%的生大豆和质量分数1%的Cr2O3（外源指示剂）,试验期为2周,最后一次进食2 h后,麻醉状态下颈动脉放血,立即取十二指肠、空肠前、空肠中、空肠后、回肠、盲肠、结肠（鸡为结直肠）各肠段内的食糜。食糜和饲料中具有免疫活性的SBA采用竞争性间接抑制ELISA方法检测,食糜和饲料中的Cr采用原子吸收光谱法检测。结果表明,同一种动物不同肠段内的SBA残留率不同,总的趋势是由十二指肠到结肠呈下降趋势,其中由十二指肠到空肠前段的残留率变化均达到显著水平（P〈0.05）,各肠段内均能检测到SBA。在不同动物的同一区段肠道内,SBA的残留率随动物的不同而不同,各肠段中SBA的残留率在兔均最低;十二指肠到空肠SBA的残留率在羊和鸡较高、在猪和狗居中;空肠之后在猪、羊和鸡较高。SBA在不同种属动物及其消化道不同部位内的免疫活性残留规律不同,SBA对不同种属动物的抗营养机制和抗营养作用可能不尽相同。     

环境温度对肉鸡消化道内食糜排空和消化酶活性的影响

用ArborAcres肉鸡研究了环境温度对肉鸡消化机能的影响 ,3种环境温度分别为5℃、20℃、32℃。试验一的结果表明 ,环境温度对肉鸡消化道食糜的通行速度有显著的影响。低温处理(5℃)鸡肠道内残留食糜量显著低于对照组(20℃ ,P<0.05) ,而高温处理(32℃)则使之显著增高(P<0.01)。高温使嗉囊和小肠内食糜的排空速度显著降低(P<0.01)。试验二研究了环境温度对肉鸡小肠食糜内胰蛋白酶、胰糜蛋白酶和α -淀粉酶的活性变化。结果表明 :高温处理与对照组相比 ,显著降低胰蛋白酶(P<0.05)、胰糜蛋白酶(P<0.01)和α—淀粉酶的活性(P<0.01)。该结果表明高温环境下机体对营养物质的消化过程发生了变化     

大蒜素对肉鸡消化道食糜排空效果的作用

将240只AA肉鸡随机分为4组，从7日龄开始每个处理组在玉米-豆粕型基础日粮中，分别添加0（对照）、12.5、37.5、62.5mg/kg的大蒜素，饲养至35日龄，每组随机取6只分别装入笼内，禁饲32h后每只定量饲喂60g料，投料6h后宰杀取整个消化道，测定嗉囊、胃、十二指肠、空肠、回肠食糜的残留量。试验结果表明，添加12.5、37.5、62.5mg/kg的大蒜素3个处理组的胃食糜残留量和食糜总残留量显著低于对照组（P＜0.05），胃排至十二指肠的食糜量比对照组显著增加（P＜0.05）；添加37.5、62.5mg/kg水平的大蒜素，胃排空率比对照组分别提高5.2％、4.6％，差异显著（P＜0.05）。     

扬州鹅内源物质代谢规律的研究

18只成年扬州鹅,按体重一致的原则,随机分成3组,每组6只,公母各半,旨在通过对不同绝食排空和排泄物收集条件下扬州鹅内源物排出的分析比较,探讨强饲法测鹅饲料的代谢能时,其内源物质的排出规律。试验排空处理期为24、32、40h,排泄物收集期为16、24、32、40、48h。分析结果表明,绝食24h和40h组,48h内干物质、能量及单位代谢体重能量排出量差异不显著,但都显著高于绝食32h组;单位重量排泄物干物质燃烧热值随着绝食时间的增加逐渐升高;不同收集时间段相比,干物质和能量排出没有规律性。同一测定条件相比,母鹅干物质排出量比公鹅少,而排出物能值含量和排出能量却高于公鹅。     

鸭传染性浆膜炎田间治疗试验观察

据药敏试验结果，选用氯霉素治疗鸭传染性浆膜炎，其效果理想，多数病鸭在24h后逐渐康复，平均治愈率84.7%，其中，前驱期病鸭161羽（I组），12h康复率88.2%，24h达在00%，症状明显期病鸭125羽（Ⅱ组），12h有明显好转，36h基本痊愈，晚期病鸭63羽（Ⅲ组），治愈9羽，治愈率14.5%。     

海兰褐产蛋鸡维持净能需要量研究

试验通过测定海兰褐产蛋鸡禁食至空腹状态的时间，以确定海兰褐产蛋鸡的维持净能，旨在补充家禽净能需要量研究的相关数据。试验从32只32周龄体重相近的海兰褐产蛋鸡中随机选择24只鸡用于呼吸测热试验，剩余8只用于屠宰试验。呼吸测热试验分2期完成，每期6个重复，每重复2只鸡。每期共计6 d，其中适应2 d、呼吸测热1 d、绝食测热3 d。于第1期绝食测热的同时撤走饲粮，并于0、24、30、34、37、40、44、48h分别屠宰1只鸡，剖开胃肠道观测食糜情况。结果表明：禁食30h后蛋鸡腺胃和肌胃食糜呈绿色，可见明显的钙质颗粒，且禁食34 h后各肠段食糜均较少；禁食期间蛋鸡表现出明显的昼夜节律性，禁食30～40 h蛋鸡呼吸熵趋近0.7；绝食第1天的呼吸熵显著高于第2天和第3天，绝食期耗氧量、代谢体重耗氧量、产热量、代谢体重产热量未见显著差异；禁食32～40 h二氧化碳排出量、代谢体重二氧化碳排出量和8～16、56～64h均有显著差异；随着禁食时间延长，3阶段的产热量、代谢体重产热量呈下降趋势（P=0.07）。由此可见，海兰褐产蛋鸡禁食30 h即可达空腹状态，本试验测得32周龄海兰褐产蛋鸡的维持净能需...     

鸡鸭对饲料能量利用的比较研究

选用18周龄健康、体重基本一致的海兰褐佳蛋公鸡和北京Z系公鸭各48只,以Sibbald“真代谢能(TME)”法测定了公鸡和公鸭常用谷物、饼粕和油脂等3大类9种常用饲料的代谢能。结果表明:鸡和鸭对饲料能量利用存在明显的差异。AME除棉粕和玉米淀粉鸭与鸡差异不显著外(P>0.05),其余7种饲料AME鸭都比鸡高;TME玉米淀粉鸭与鸡差异不显著(P>0.05),其余8种饲料TME鸭都比鸡高。48h鸭内源能排泄量(113.10MJ)比鸡(88.88MJ)高(P<0.01)。并且饲料蛋白质含量越高,鸭和鸡饲料AME、TME值之间差异越大。     

The effect of apramycin on colonization of pathogenic Escherichia coli in the intestinal tract of chicks

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of apramycin sulphate on the colonization of pathogenic E. coli in the intestines of chicks. Apramycin treatment (0.5g/l in the drinking water) of 3-to 5-week-old Leghorn chicks for 24 or 48 hours resulted in a reduction, to an undetectable level, in the number of coliforms in the digestive tract for at least the first 24 h. Per os inoculation of E. coli (O2:K1) after 24 to 48 h of treatment resulted in a significant decrease in colony forming units (cfu) in the digestive tract of the treated chicks. Food deprivation from the time of inoculation did not significantly change the results. However, food and water deprivation caused bacteraemia in a number of the control chicks but not in the treated chicks. Comparison of the level of protection between Leghorn and broiler (Anak strain) chicks revealed that there was a significantly higher (P<0.05) level of bacteraemia in the broiler than in the Leghorn chicks. Chicks treated with 0.25 g/l or 0.125 g/l apramycin for 24 or 48 h before E. coli inoculation showed significantly lower cfu in the colon and caecum than untreated control chicks, but significantly higher cfu were found in the colon than in chicks treated with 0.5 g/l apramycin. Although in vitro preincubation of apramycin with ileum cells did not decrease the percentage of cells to which the bacteria adhered, the number of bacteria adhered per cell decreased significantly. Taken together, our in vitro and in vivo results show that apramycin is effective against E. coli by preventing colonization of the gut by the bacteria, which could lead to a reduction of colibacillosis in poultry.     

Interactions between fats of differing chemical content: apparent metabolisable energy values and apparent fat availability

1. Tallow (A) and rape oil (E) were obtained for evaluation. They were blended in the ratios A95:E5, A90:E10 and A80:E20. The three blends together with the two pure fats were each included at 40, 80 and 120 g/kg into a basal diet. 2. The experimental diets were evaluated for apparent metabolisable energy corrected to zero nitrogen retention (AMEN MJ/kg) and apparent fat availability (g/kg) using 6 replicates of a cage of two male broiler chicks 14 d old and 8 replicates of a cage of one Rhode Island cross cockerel approximately 1 year old. Diets were fed for 72 h then removed for 24 h. This was followed by a 48 h period when food was available ad libitum and a further 24 h of starvation. A total collection of excreta was undertaken each 24 h for the latter 72 h period. 3. Evaluation of AMEN and apparent fat availability for the individual fat blends was achieved through both linear and quadratic regression. 4. Synergism, as demonstrated by a higher determined than calculated AMEN value, was detected with fat blends fed to chicks but not cockerels and only at rates of inclusion beyond 80 g/kg. 5. No consistent differences between AMEN determined through calorimetry or AME determined with reference to apparent fat availability multiplied by fat gross energy were detected.     

Effect of neomycin, carbadox and length of adaptation to calorimeter on performance, fasting metabolism and gastrointestinal tract of young pigs

Five sets of littermate gilts (8.2 +/- .19 kg average initial weight) were randomly assigned within litter to a 16% protein corn-soybean meal basal diet (B), B + .308% neomycin, or B + 55 ppm carbadox. Each set was equally-fed individually once daily for 16 d in metabolism cages and 5 d in calorimeters. The average daily feed intake for 21 d was 276 g. Oxygen consumption and CO2 production were measured during an 8- to 24-h postprandial period on d 16, 19, 20 and 21, and during a 32- to 48-h postprandial period after the d 21 feeding. Pigs were killed 50 h postprandially for gastrointestinal tract measurements. Dietary supplementation of antimicrobial agents (neomycin and carbadox) resulted in improvements (P less than .01) in daily gain and efficiency of feed utilization and lower (P less than .05) small intestinal mass in pigs. There was no difference (P greater than .05) in daily gain, feed efficiency or small intestinal mass between pigs fed neomycin- or carbadox-supplemented diets. Whole-animal fasting O2 consumption and CO2 production measured during the 8- to 24-h or 32- to 48-h postprandial period were not affected (P greater than .05) by the supplementation or the source of dietary antimicrobial agents. There were no differences (P greater than .05) in 8- to 24-h fasting O2 and CO2 measurements determined on d 16, 19, 20 and 21, indicating that adaptation to calorimeters was not needed by the pigs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Interactions between fats of differing chemical content: apparent availability of fatty acids

1. Tallow (A) and rape oil (E) were obtained for evaluation. They were blended in the ratios A95:E5, A90:E10 and A80:E20. The three blends together with the two pure fats were each included at 40, 80 and 120 g/kg into a basal diet. 2. The experimental diets were evaluated for apparent availability (g/kg) of the fatty acids palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2) using 6 replicates of a cage of two male broiler chicks 14 d old and 8 replicates of a cage of one Rhode Island cross cockerel approximately 1 year old. Diets were fed for 72 h then removed for 24 h. This was followed by a 48 h period when food was available ad libitum and a further 24 h starvation. A total collection of excreta was undertaken for the latter 72 h period. 3. Evaluation of apparent available fatty acid (AAFA g/kg fatty acid) was achieved by linear regression. 4. All results indicated a progressive increase in AAFA with both chicks and adults for C16:0 and C18:0 with increasing proportions of the more unsaturated rape oil in the fat blends and for C18:1 and C18:2 with chicks. 5. Evaluation of AAFA by quadratic regression indicated an additional effect of rate of inclusion for C16:0 and C18:0 with chicks and adults and for C18:1 with chicks.     

Anatomical parameters of the body and the digestive tract of Callithrix sp. marmosets under the influence of seasonality

Due to the ecological importance and given the scarcity of studies on the digestive morphology of primates, anatomical aspects of the body and digestive tract, as well as food content were analysed for marmosets Callithrix sp. (hybrids of exotic species) captured in forest fragments in Minas Gerais - Brazil, during the dry and rainy seasons, considering that seasonal variations affect the availability of food and quality of diet. Data such as body weight and length, and thoracic and abdominal perimeters were analysed, and no significant difference was found between dry and rainy seasons. In relation to the digestive tract, length, weight and diameter of the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine were measured, in addition to the isolated caecum. There was a significant difference in the diameter of the ascending colon, which was larger in the animals in the dry season than in the rainy season. The difference found may be related to diet, and through analysis of the gastric and caecal contents, it was observed that gum was the main food item for the dry season marmosets, while in the rainy season the animals consumed mainly arthropods. Thus, the characteristic observed in the digestive tract of dry season marmosets is a reflection of an adaptive response to gum intake, since this food item is of low digestibility, necessitating that the food content be retained for a long time in this segment of the large intestine, helping the process of microbial fermentation and better energy utilization for these animals.     

Elements of societal perception of farm animal welfare: A quantitative study in The Netherlands

Insemination of rabbit does at early post-partum combined with dam-litter separation (DLS) can increase prolificacy and decrease parturition intervals, but little is known about longer-term effects on kit survival and growth. In this study, does (n = 138) were artificially inseminated on day 4 post-partum (nine times over a period of 10 months, 35-day reproductive rhythm, kits weaned at 25 days), after DLS (for 48 or 24 h) or 48 h after 25 UI eCG injection. The litters from each group were adjusted to seven to nine kits per doe and then weighed at 2, 4, 16 and 25 days of age. Mortality was calculated in the pre-weaning period and development of the digestive system was quantified (length of intestinal villi). After DLS24 or DLS48, 4-day-old kits were lighter than eCG or controls of the same age. By 16 and 25 days of age, 48-h weaned kits had regained the same weight as the eCG and control groups (higher daily weight gain). The 24-h weaned kits weighed less, probably because their litter size was larger and daily weight gain was lower. Total kit mortality (day 2 to day 25) was highest in the DLS48 group but percentage mortality varied among treatments depending on the period considered (days 2–4, days 5–16 and days 17–25). In the first period, mortality was higher for DLS48; in the second, mortality was similar for all groups except eCG (which was lower). After 16 days of age, mortality was quite low and similar in all groups. There was a significant effect of the number of parturitions on the parameters considered. Intestinal villi were measured in 12 kits slaughtered at 4, 16 and 25 days of age (DLS for 24 or 48 h on days 3 and 2, respectively) and compared with controls (2, 4, 16 and 25 days old). At 4 days (immediately after separation), the stomach and whole digestive system were lighter in DLS48 than controls, due to the absence of the milk, but there were no significant differences among groups by days 16 and 25. Intestinal villi were shorter in 4-day-old DLS kits (24 and 48 h) compared to controls of the same age, longer at 16 days (possibly due to an intense cellular proliferation) and similar among all groups by day 25. In summary, both 24-h DLS and 48-h DLS can substitute hormonal treatments to synchronize oestrus in intensive rhythms, but kit mortality was higher after 48-h DLS in primiparous does, suggesting that results would improve if those females had a better body condition.     

Effect of soaking,fermentation with lactobacillus and enzyme treatment on nitrogen‐corrected apparent metabolizable energy values of wheat in cockerels and quails

An experiment was carried out to determine nitrogen‐corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) values of processed wheat products with two levels of enzyme (0 and 0.5 g/kg) and five processing methods [control (C), water‐soaking for 12 h (SO12h), 24 h (SO24h) and 48 h (SO48h) and fermentation with lactobacillus (FL)] in two species of poultry (cockerel and Japanese quail). In this study, each processing method group had six replications with two cockerels or four quails per replication. The results showed that the calculated AMEn values of processed wheat by different methods were as follows: C‐12.61 and 12.60; SO12h‐12.75 and 12.73; SO24h‐12.80 and 12.79; SO48h‐12.97 and 12.96; and FL‐13.36 and 13.33 MJ/kg for cockerels and quails, respectively, indicating that fermentation improved AMEn values compared with the others. The mean AMEn of processed wheat with enzyme (13.12 MJ/kg) was significantly higher than that of processed wheat without enzyme (12.64 MJ/kg). However, there were no significant differences in the AMEn of processed wheat between cockerels and quails. The interaction between species and levels of enzyme in AMEn values was not significant. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in three‐way interactions among species, levels of enzyme and wheat processing methods for AMEn values. In conclusion, the results of the experiment suggest that the FL was more effective processing method of wheat to obtain high level of AMEn values than the others, and the combination of enzyme and processing methods can increase the AMEn values compared with processing methods alone.     

Effects of boar presence on agonistic behavior, shoulder scratches, and stress response of bred sows at mixing

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of boar presence on aggression, shoulder scratches, and salivary cortisol in group-housed sows during the period after mixing, which is when dominance hierarchies are formed. A total of 225 York-shire sows were used. Five groups of 15 sows were each exposed to 1 of 3 levels of boar presence (n = 15): physical (boar in pen with sows; 2.15 m2 per sow), fenceline (boar housed adjacent to sows; 2.3 m2 per sow), or control (no boar in the room; 2.3 m2 per sow). The experiment was divided into 2 phases. In phase 1, behavioral measurements were taken for 48 h after mixing and boar introduction. In phase 2, behavioral measurements were taken beginning on d 6 after mixing and included 24 h before and 48 h after boar removal. In phases 1 and 2, shoulder scratches were scored 24 h before and 24 h after mixing and boar removal, respectively. Saliva samples were collected each morning (0600 to 0700) and afternoon (1600 to 1700) during both phases. Frequencies of intersow aggressive contact (bite, body knock, and head knock) and threats as well as frequencies and durations of fighting bouts were determined from video recordings during daily feeding (49.6 +/- 1.4 min) and nonfeeding (21 +/- 0.2 h) periods. During phase 1, boar presence did not affect the frequency of threats during either the feeding or nonfeeding periods. Control groups had fewer aggressive contacts at feeding during the 25- to 48-h period compared with the fenceline groups (P = 0.01). Total duration of fighting and average fighting bout duration were unaffected by treatment. However, the number of fights occurring during feeding 25 to 48 h postmixing was lower in the physical groups than in the fenceline groups (P = 0.023); measures for the control groups were intermediate. Physical sows also received fewer shoulder scratches postmixing than did control sows (P = 0.048). After mixing, physical sows showed greater morning (P = 0.08) and afternoon (6 h postmixing, P = 0.01; 32 h postmixing, P = 0.08) salivary cortisol concentrations compared with fenceline sows, although they were only numerically greater than those for control sows. During phase 2, removing the boar did not increase fighting among sows or affect shoulder scratches or salivary cortisol concentrations. The presence of a boar was minimally effective at reducing fighting and scratches during the postmixing period, and sows showed a greater stress response in the presence of a boar.