林木生物质能源发电的限制因子分析——兼与于世勇等商榷

针对于世勇等关于林木生物质能源发电的前景论述,从原料供应、市场需求、生态安全等方面探讨了林木生物质能源发电在我国西北地区的前景.笔者认为,鉴于原料供给的困难、发电成本的高昂、市场需求的微小,以及对植被的破坏和生态环境的潜在危险等因素,林木生物质能源发电在西北地区,甚至我国大部分地区的前景不好.     

我国林木生物质发电产业中政府角色与发展模式的思考

我国林木生物质能源十分丰富,适宜发展林木生物质发电产业。但是目前林木生物质发电产业仍处于初级发展阶段,产业发展模式还不够成熟,产业潜力未被充分挖掘。文中基于产业模式相关研究基础,结合我国林木生物质发电产业发展实践,设计了更为全面系统的林木生物质发电产业发展模式,根据政府对产业发展介入力度不同,将产业发展模式分为萌芽期（政府主导型产业发展模式）、成长期（政府引导型产业发展模式）、成熟期（政府规制型产业发展模式）,并从资源、经济、社会、环境、技术5个方面论证林木生物质发电产业发展的可行性、有效性和持续发展的稳定性,以期为国家主管部门制定相关政策提供理论参考。     

发展伊春林区生物质能源的战略思考

伊春林区有丰富的林木生物质,伊春市林木生物质年生长量331万t,相当于231．7万t标煤,可发电55．4亿度,林木生物质储藏量4176．57万t,相当于3341万t标煤,可发电799亿度。无论是林木生物质历史存量还是年增长量,资源潜力都是巨大的。发展生物质能发电项目,营造能源林,形成林区能源产业带,具有得天独厚的条件。实现热电联产可以节省大量冬季取暖供热煤炭消耗,创造巨大的经济效益。经过不断发展形成林区能源产业带,不但可以带动能源林建设的发展,还可以安置大量人员就业,社会效益十分显著。     

中国林木生物质能源发展潜力研究报告

德国应用林木生物质原料进行发电供热——林木质收集与粉碎中国林木生物质能源发展潜力研究报告@中国林木生物质能源发展潜力研究课题组     

林木生物质能源直燃发电研究

国内外林木生物质能源发电状况和上网电价的政策日前,瑞典、丹麦、德国和意大利等欧盟国家认为发展生物质能源是解决这些国家环境保护、能源安全、农业与农村发展、就业等重大问题的主要应对战略之一,因而把生物质能源看作是"战略能源"。同时,欧盟国家都把发展生物质能     

林木生物质收获机械发展现状

与石化能源相比,林木生物质能的主要优点在于它的可再生性、低污染性和广泛的分布性。因此充分合理地利用林木生物质能源,可以缓解世界范围内面临的能源危机问题。本文论述了国内外林木收获机械发展现状,并针对目前我国林木生物质分布和应用情况,进一步指出了我国林木生物质收获机的发展趋势。     

河南发展林木生物质能源林基地存在的问题与对策

根据河南省林木生物质能源林的发展现状,分析林木生物质能源林基地建设中存在的问题,提出河南省发展林木生物质能源林基地的对策和建议。     

低碳经济视角下河南林木生物质能源发展策略

低碳经济作为一种新的发展模式用于指导林木生物质能源发展,是改善能源结构,实现社会经济可持续发展的有效途径。文章分析了低碳经济和林木生物质能源的内涵及两者之间的关系;论述了河南省林木生物质能源资源总量、分布;主要林木生物质能源树种开发利用现状及存在的主要问题;从资源调查评价、开展战略研究、制定相关政策、加大研发力度、启动示范工程等方面分析了低碳视角下河南省林木生物质能源资源现状、趋势及发展对策。     

河南省林木生物质能源的现状及开发利用

林木生物质能源的开发利用是生物质能源领域研究的热点问题。本文介绍了我省林木生物质能源资源的发展现状、开发利用等，针对林木生物质能源的发展方向，提出了加快我省林木生物质能源开发利用的对策及措施。     

芬兰的林木生物质能源概况

文中简要介绍了芬兰林木生物质能源的基本情况、相关目标及面临的主要问题, 着重阐述了芬兰林木生物质能源的政策与措施, 提出了借鉴芬兰经验, 加快我国林木生物质能源发展的政策建议。     

Social preferences toward energy generation with woody biomass from public forests in Montana,USA

In Montana, USA, there are substantial opportunities for mechanized thinning treatments on public forests to reduce the likelihood of severe and damaging wildfires and improve forest health. These treatments produce residues that can be used to generate renewable energy and displace fossil fuels. The choice modeling method is employed to examine the marginal willingness of Montanans' to pay (MWTP) for woody biomass energy produced from treatments in their public forests. The survey instrument elicited social preferences for important co-benefits and costs of woody biomass energy generation in Montana, namely the extent of healthy forests, the number of large wildfires, and local air quality. Positive and statistically significant MWTP is found for woody biomass energy generation, forest health and air quality. MWTP to avoid large wildfires is statistically insignificant. However, MWTP for woody biomass energy diminishes quickly, revealing that Montanans do not support public forestland management that produces more than double the current level of woody biomass harvested for energy generation. These findings can be used by policy makers and public land managers to estimate the social benefits of utilizing residues from public forest restoration or fuel treatment programs to generate energy.     

中国林木生物质能源潜力测算及变化趋势

基于各省份林业统计数据,文中利用自下而上分析方法测算了中国林木生物质能源的资源潜力,并对变化趋势进行分析。结果表明:1993—2013年中国林木生物质能源资源潜力由0.78亿t标准煤增长到1.05亿t标准煤,20年间增长了34.62%;从资源构成来看,灌木平茬剩余物和采伐剩余物是林木生物质能源的主要供给来源;从区域变化来看,不同省份资源潜力呈现明显差异,但全国平均水平的逐步提高并非个别省份资源潜力大幅度提高使然,而是绝大部分省份资源潜力的共同增长促成了平均水平的连年提高。     

Willingness of Private Forest Owners to Supply Woody Biomass in Croatia

Renewable energy sources have received significant attention in European countries as a result of increasing dependence on energy imports and concerns over high prices of fuels and climate change. Although private forests in Croatia account for less than one quarter of all forests, they may play an important role in woody biomass energy production, due to their underutilized exploitation. The objective of this paper is to identify the willingness of private forest owners to supply woody biomass and to understand how this willingness is affected by certain owner, management and forest property characteristics. A survey conducted in Croatia in 2012 of a random sample of 350 private forest owners shows that almost half of them were willing to supply woody biomass. A random utility model was used to determine the factors influencing private forest owners’ willingness to supply woody biomass. The results showed that willingness to supply woody biomass was influenced by property size, management objectives (production of fuel wood for personal needs and using the forest for outdoor recreation), cooperation with other forest owners and owner age. In order to enhance woody biomass mobilization from private forests it is important to identify the owners who are willing to supply it and to provide them with financial and administrative support using a mix of developed forest policy instruments.     

木质生物质快速热解生物油产率影响因素分析

木质生物质能是可再生能源的重要组成部分,快速热解技术是国内外木质生物质能源化的热点研究课题.本文在简要总结木质生物质快速热解技术的基础上,着重对快速热解过程中热解温度、升温速率、压力、气相滞留时间、木质生物质物料特性、催化剂、热解反应器等因素对生物油产率的影响进行了论述,阐明了提高生物油产率的快速热解工艺条件.     

Impact of the 2 °C target on global woody biomass use

In this study we investigate the implications of reaching the 2 °C climate target for global woody biomass use by applying the Global Biosphere Management Model (GLOBIOM) and the recently published SSP-RCP scenario calculations. We show that the higher biomass demand for energy needed to reach the 2 °C target can be achieved without significant distortions to woody biomass material use and that it can even benefit certain forest industries and regions. This is because the higher woody biomass use for energy increases the demand for forest industry by-products, which makes forest industry final products production more profitable and compensates for the cost effect of increased competition over raw materials. The higher woody biomass use for energy is found to benefit sawnwood, plywood and chemical pulp production, which provide large amounts of by-products, and to inhibit fiberboard and mechanical pulp production, which provide small amounts of by-products. At the regional level, the higher woody biomass use for energy is found to benefit material production in regions, which use little roundwood for energy (Russia, North-America and EU28), and to inhibit material production in regions, which use large amounts of roundwood for energy (Asia, Africa and South-America). Even if the 2 °C target increases harvest volumes in the tropical regions significantly compared to the non-mitigation scenario, harvest volumes remain in these regions at a relatively low level compared to the harvest potential.     

浅谈木质生物原料的综合利用途径

木质生物原料分布广泛，产量巨大，再生速度快，可物降解，是一种环境友好型的价天然资源，目前木质生物原料大量用作制浆造纸原料和燃料，除此之处，对木质生物原料进行热降解、糖化、塑化等适当改性，也可获得一些有较有价值的化工原料，从而可以替代从石油获取的化工原料，缓解石油资源日渐枯竭所带来的能源危机。     

Environmental effects of harvesting forests for energy

Present interest in decreasing U.S. dependence on foreign oil by increasing the use of wood for energy may bring about a change in our forest utilization policies. In the past, forests have been removed in areas believed to be suited for agriculture, or sawtimber and pulp have been the only woody material removed in any quantity from land not generally considered tillable. The new demands on wood for energy are effecting a trend toward (1) removing all woody biomass from harvested areas, (2) increasing the frequency of harvesting second growth forests, and (3) increasing production with biomass plantations. Considering the marginal quality of much of the remaining forested land, the impacts of these modes of production could be significant. For example, it is anticipated that increased losses of nutrients and carbon will occur by direct forest removal and through erosion losses accelerated by forest clearing. There are, however, control measures that can be utilized in minimizing both direct and indirect effects of forest harvesting while maximizing woody biomass production.     

The realisable potential supply of woody biomass from forests in the European Union

Forests are important for providing wood for products and energy and the demand for wood is expected to increase. Our aim was to estimate the potential supply of woody biomass for all uses from the forests in the European Union (EU), while considering multiple environmental, technical and social constraints.The potential woody biomass supply was estimated for the period 2010-2030 for stemwood, residues (branches and harvest losses), stumps and other biomass (woody biomass from early thinnings in young forests). We estimated the theoretical biomass potential from recent, detailed forest inventory data using the EFISCEN model. Constraints reducing the availability of woody biomass were defined and quantified for three mobilisation scenarios (high, medium, low). Finally, the theoretical potentials from EFISCEN were combined with the constraints to assess the realisable potential from EU forests.The realisable potential from stemwood, residues, stumps and other biomass was estimated at 744 million m³ yr⁻¹ overbark in 2010 and could range from 623 to 895 million m³ yr⁻¹ overbark in 2030, depending on the mobilisation scenario. These potentials represented 50-71% of the theoretical potential. Constraints thus significantly reduced the biomass potentials that could be mobilised. Soil productivity appeared to be an important environmental factor when considering the increased use of biomass from forests. Also the attitude of private forest owners towards increased use of forest biomass can have an important effect, although quantifying this is still rather difficult.The analysis showed that it is possible to increase the availability of forest biomass significantly beyond the current level of resource utilisation. Implementing these ambitious scenarios would imply quite drastic changes in forest resource management across Europe.     

林木生物质资源集料物流系统及装备配置

林木生物质资源收集及运输过程是典型的物流系统工程,是我国生物质能源开发试验、试点示范和产业化研究的瓶颈问题.概述了林木生物质资源集料物流系统的定义、系统要素、系统模式的建立,给出了林木生物质资源集料物流系统的装备配置.