2. Doubling the D3 supplement in the control diet (27.5 μg or 1100 IU/kg) almost linearly increased the circulating concentration of 25‐OH‐D3 without raising the concentration of calcitriol, Ca, or egg SG.
3. Replacing D3 by the optimal concentration of calcitriol (5 μg/kg diet) improved egg SG after 21 weeks of treatment without increasing blood calcitriol or total Ca.
4. By itself, 24,25‐dihydroxycholecalciferol [24,25‐(OH)2D3] was unable to maintain normal blood levels of calcitriol, Ca or egg SG and, when added together with calcitriol in the diet, tended to elevate blood Ca but suppress the beneficial effect of calcitriol on shell quality, with little or no effect on blood calcitriol. 相似文献
2. Crambe meals were prepared to differ in E‐PG (19, 36 and 40 g/kg) and CHB contents (0.1, 0.7 and 1.9 g/kg), and with either active or inactive thioglucosidase.
3. Meals were fed to 7‐d‐old broiler chicks at 50 or 100 g/kg of the diet for 12 or 13 d. In separate studies, isolated E‐PG or CHB were mixed into the diet or administered by gavage to 7‐d‐old broiler chicks in amounts equivalent to 50 or 100 g/kg crambe meal diets for 10 and 12 d, respectively.
4. Weight gain decreased (P<0.05) in chicks fed on the high glucosinolate crambe diets or isolated E‐PG. Food consumption decreased (P<0.05) in chicks fed on the diet containing the high E‐PG meal with active enzyme.
5. Mild liver lesions and increased serum aspartate aminotransferase were found in chicks fed on the diet containing the high glucosinolate meal with active enzyme. Other organs, including thyroids, were normal.
6. Commercially‐processed crambe meal appeared safe at an inclusion rate of 50 or 100 g/kg diet, but could not be recommended at this point for long term feeding. 相似文献
2. After fumigation with formaldehyde from 40 ml formalin (372 g formaldehyde/1) and 20 g potassium permanganate/m3 for 1 h, no bacteria were recovered from clean eggs by agar plate culture, while a small number of bacteria were detected in three out of five dirty eggs.
3. Average numbers of bacteria detected in clean fumigated eggs were 100.8 to 101.1 during the first 19 d of incubation and 101.2 and 101.4 were recovered on days 20 and 21 of incubation, respectively. At the end of hatching, eggs containing dead embryos were highly contaminated with 103.8 organisms on average.
4. Fluffs of newly‐hatched chicks scattered inside the hatcher were contaminated with bacteria at 104.0 to 108.4 organisms/g. Water in the basin placed in the hatcher and floating fluffs in water were highly contaminated with bacteria. 相似文献
2. There were negligible differences in preference between the experimental and reference grilled breast meats.
3. Odour preference differences for thawed, uncooked birds were significant after 1 month of storage at ‐ 12 °C and after 9 months at ‐ 18 °G.
4. In comparison with the reference birds the redness of frozen and thawed birds decreased more regularly during storage at ‐ 12°C than at ‐18 °C.
5. Packaging the birds in Cryovac instead of in polythene resulted, in the raw birds, in a greater difference in surface redness. This redness decreased more rapidly during storage than that of birds packaged in polythene. 相似文献
2. Autoclaving rice bran for 3 to 20 min significantly improved its feeding value as measured by growth rate of chicks; bran from parboiled rice was equivalent to the autoclaved rice bran and was not further improved by autoclaving.
3. The growth inhibition of rice bran is not due to its trypsin inhibitor activity.
4. Lipase activity in rice bran was destroyed by autoclaving or parboiling and may be a useful index to predict the adequacy of treatment to improve growth.
5. The metabolisable energy of the rice bran samples was about 12.55 kJ/g and was not influenced by treatment.
6. Ethoxyquin did not improve growth of chicks fed on diets containing rice bran and was less effective than autoclaving or parboiling in preventing the development of rancidity. 相似文献
2. The pelleting degrees (PDs) were as follows: 0 mash; 0·5 mixture of soft pellets and mash 1 to 1; 1 soft pellets pelleted once; 1·5 mixture of soft and hard pellets 1 to 1; 2 hard pellets pelleted twice.
3. In experiment 2, the weight and length of the digestive organs were determined as well as digestive enzyme activities. In both experiments, the behaviour recorded was eating, standing, sitting and drinking.
4. Food intake and body weight gain were related to the degree of pelleting in a curvilinear manner. PD had a positive effect up to a peak (1 to 1·5 PD), after which its effect decreased. Food efficiency was not related to PD. In experiment 1, food efficiency of PDs 1 to 2 were superior to PDs 0 to 0·5 and in experiment 2, PDs 1·5 to 2 were superior to PD 0.
5. The relative weight of the gizzard was reduced by pelleting, whereas pelleting increased the relative weight of abdominal fat. The content of the crop was not affected by PD, whereas that of the proventriculus was lowest in the PD 2 group. Gizzard content was inversely related to PD. Pelleting reduced the length of the jejunum and ileum: which were shortened by about 15% with PDs 1 to 2, as compared to PD 0. The weight/length ratio of the jejunum and ileum tended to increase with increasing PD to a peak at PD 1·5, and to decrease thereafter.
6. Trypsin activity in the pancreas and amylase activity in the intestinal content were reduced by pelleting.
7. Chicks fed pelleted diets were less active: they ‘sat’ more and spent less time eating than their mash‐fed counterparts. 相似文献
Background
Itraconazole is commonly used to treat systemic fungal infections in dogs, but problems exist with absorption and cost.Objective
To determine oral bioequivalence of generic and compounded itraconazole compared to original innovator (brand name) itraconazole in healthy dogs.Animals
Nine healthy, adult research Beagle dogs.Methods
A randomized, 3‐way, 3‐period, crossover design with an 8‐day washout period. After a 12‐hour fast, each dog received 100 mg (average: 10.5 mg/kg) of either innovator itraconazole, an approved human generic capsule, or compounded itraconazole (compounded using a commercially available compounding vehicle) with a small meal. Plasma was collected at predetermined intervals for high pressure liquid chromatography analysis. Concentration data were analyzed using noncompartmental pharmacokinetics to determine area under the curve (AUC), peak concentration (CMAX), and terminal half‐life. Bioequivalence tests compared generic and compounded itraconazole to the reference formulation.Results
Average ratios of compounded and generic formulations to the reference formulation of itraconazole for AUC were 5.52% and 104.2%, respectively, and for CMAX were 4.14% and 86.34%, respectively. A test of bioequivalence using 2 one‐sided tests and 90% confidence intervals did not meet bioequivalence criteria for either formulation.Conclusion and Clinical Importance
Neither generic nor compounded itraconazole is bioequivalent to the reference formulation in dogs. However, pharmacokinetic data for generic formulation were similar enough that therapeutic concentrations could be achieved. Compounded itraconazole produced such low plasma concentrations, it is unlikely to be effective; therefore, compounded itraconazole should not be used in dogs. 相似文献2. The intake of low‐calcium diet and of oyster shell were similar for each light period of each lighting regimen.
3. Ovipositions were distributed virtually at random throughout the day and the mean interval between successive eggs within a clutch was increased.
4. Reducing the total daily photoperiod from 12 to 6 h decreased daily food consumption. 相似文献
2. No significant differences were found between genetic groups in hatchability.
3. Groups containing the fast‐hatching line genotypes were significantly smaller in egg weight than those not containing this line.
4. Significant differences in hatching time existed between male lines and between female lines within pure and cross‐line parent types while no differences were observed between the female parent types and no interactions of male by female lines occurred.
5. It was concluded that inbreeding in the pure lines (10%) did not affect any of the variables measured.
6. The results on hatching time support the conclusion that little genetic variance other than additive variance is involved for this trait. 相似文献
2. The tendency was for the proteolytic activity to be increased and the amylase activity to be decreased in conventional chicks. These differences were statistically significant in the caecum.
3. All of the additional proteolytic activity detectable in the caecum of conventional chicks was inhibited by soyabean trypsin inhibitor. However, the increased activity was not detectable in the small intestine and was, therefore, not due to pancreatic trypsin.
4. Attempts to demonstrate in vitro bacterial production of a trypsin‐like enzyme were unsuccessful. 相似文献
Background
Steroid‐responsive meningitis‐arteritis (SRMA) is an inflammatory disease of dogs that is suspected to be immune‐mediated. The development of other immune‐mediated diseases has been linked to vaccinations, time of the year, geographic location, sex, neuter status, and breed.Hypothesis/Objectives
To identify if the development of SRMA is associated with time of year, vaccination, geographic location, sex, neuter status, and breed.Animals
Sixty SRMA cases and 180 controls, all ≤24 months of age and matched for year of presentation, from a referral hospital population in the United Kingdom.Methods
Retrospective case‐control study with unconditional logistic regression analysis.Results
Beagles (P = .001), Border Collies (P = .001), Boxers (P = .032), Jack Russell Terriers (P = .001), Weimaraners (P = .048), and Whippets (P < .001) had significantly greater odds of developing SRMA in this population of dogs. Vaccination, time of year, geographic category, sex, and neuter status did not increase the odds of developing SRMA.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Only breed increased the odds of developing SRMA. It would be prudent to investigate the genetics of the identified breeds to help elucidate the etiopathogenesis of SRMA. 相似文献2. Supplementation of the low‐protein diet with aspartic acid did not affect egg production rate or efficiency.
3. Soyabean meal supplementation of the low‐protein diet increased egg weight significantly whereas aspartic acid did not. 相似文献
2. The increase in hypothalamic GnRH‐I content which occurs during sexual development was advanced in TAM‐treated birds, in association with precocious testicular development, an early rise of plasma testosterone content and enhanced comb growth.
3. Plasma LH concentrations behaved similarly and were higher in the TAM‐treated than in control birds, during most of the experimental period. Plasma PRL concentration, which is high at hatching, decreased more quickly in TAM‐treated than in control birds; plasma GH values were not consistently affected by TAM treatment.
4. Both the growth and the involution of the bursa of Fabricius in the TAM‐treated cockerels preceded that in the control chicks.
5. It is concluded that TAM treatment induces precocious puberty in the cockerel by blocking the negative feedback action of aromatised testicular androgens on the hypothalamus. 相似文献