沉默信息调节因子2相关酶1分子调控机制及其在炎性疾病中的作用

沉默信息调节因子2相关酶1(SIRT1)是烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NAD+）依赖性脱乙酰酶Sirtuin家族成员,SIRT1与神经退行性疾病、心脑血管疾病、脂肪肝和肿瘤性疾病等炎性疾病密切相关。本文主要综述了SIRT1的分子调控机制及其在炎性疾病中的作用,具体介绍了SIRT1及其相关下游转录因子肿瘤蛋白53(p53)、核因子-κB(NF-κB)、单磷酸腺苷依赖的蛋白激酶（AMPK）、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅激活因子-1α(PGC-1α)等分子的调控机制以及SIRT1在相关疾病中的作用,以期为多种炎性疾病的治疗提供技术支撑。     

沉默信息调节因子2相关酶1对乳脂、乳蛋白合成和乳腺炎的调节及其可能机制

沉默信息调节因子2相关酶1(SIRT1)是Sirtuins家族成员，可以对染色质和非组蛋白进行去乙酰化，在乳脂、乳蛋白合成以及乳腺炎的调控中发挥重要作用。本文主要综述了SIRT1通过AMP依赖的蛋白激酶（AMPK）、蛋白酪氨酸激酶-2(JAK2)、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mTOR）和核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)等信号通路调控奶牛乳脂、乳蛋白合成以及乳腺炎的分子机制，以期为奶牛在乳脂、乳蛋白合成以及乳腺炎的靶向治疗提供理论支撑。     

蒙古马母体与胎儿胃肠道NF-κB信号通路相关基因mRNA相对表达水平研究

[目的] 研究蒙古马母体与胎儿胃肠道不同区段NF-κB信号通路相关基因的mRNA相对表达水平。[方法] 选取3匹体况良好的妊娠蒙古马进行屠宰,屠宰过程中取出胎儿,分别采集母体及胎儿的胃、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠、大结肠、小结肠和直肠组织;采用实时荧光定量PCR方法（qPCR）,对NF-κB信号通路上6个相关基因（NF-κB p50、NF-κB p65、NFKBIA、IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-8）的mRNA相对表达量进行分析,比较母体和胎儿胃肠道不同区段组织中各基因的表达差异。[结果] NF-κB信号通路上6个基因在蒙古马母体和胎儿胃肠道不同区段8个组织中均有表达;总体来看,NF-κB p50、NF-κB p65和NFKBIA基因的mRNA相对表达量在母体和胎儿上均较高,IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-8基因的mRNA相对表达量均较低。在胃肠道区段8个组织中,6个基因的mRNA相对表达量基本呈现母体高于胎儿的特征;在回肠和盲肠组织中,母体NF-κB p50基因的mRNA相对表达量显著（P<0.05）高于胎儿;在大结肠组织中,母体NF-κB p65基因和NFKBIA基因的mRNA相对表达量显著（P<0.05）高于胎儿。[结论] NF-κB信号通路上6个基因在蒙古马母体和胎儿胃肠道8个组织中均有表达,且存在一定差异;母体部分肠道区段组织中的NF-κB p50、NF-κB p65、NFKBIA基因mRNA相对表达量显著高于胎儿。     

去乙酰化酶SIRT1及其对细胞凋亡调控的研究进展

细胞凋亡在机体生理功能中起着重要作用,是机体清除体内损伤、衰老及具有潜在威胁性细胞的一种基本方式。沉默信息调节因子2相关酶1(silent information regulator 2 homolog 1,SIRT1)作为哺乳动物Sirtuin家族的一员,自发现以来作为重要的调控因子被广泛研究;最近研究报道SIRT1调控一系列转录因子如p53、FOXO家族和NF-κB,在细胞凋亡中起关键的作用。作者主要阐述了SIRT1的分子生物学特性、表达调控及SIRT1与细胞凋亡的关系。     

SIRT3调节细胞自噬研究进展

沉默信息调控因子2样蛋白3(sirtuin3或SIRT3)是位于线粒体的烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD~+)依赖型脱乙酰酶,对靶蛋白脱乙酰化,改变其活性从而发挥调控细胞能量代谢和氧化还原平衡的作用。自噬是细胞"自食"去除受损细胞组分的现象,是维持细胞内稳态的关键机制。大量研究证实,SIRT3能影响心肌梗死、急性肾损伤、代谢相关脂肪性肝病、糖尿病、肥胖及多种癌症等的进展,而此作用与其对自噬的调节密切相关。论文总结了近年来SIRT3调节自噬的作用机制,显示SIRT3通过SIRT3-AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)、SIRT3-叉形头转录因子O(FoxO)1/FoxO3a、SIRT3-活性氧(ROS)/超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等通路正向或反向调控多种疾病发展过程中的细胞自噬,提示SIRT3有作为防治新靶标的潜质。     

脂肪细胞的分化形成与天然产物调控

研究脂肪生成的机理及其调控过程对于防治动物肥胖引起的相关疾病、改善肉品风味和质量以及畜牧生产效率具有重要意义。脂肪细胞起源于多能性骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）,接受细胞外刺激因子后迅速引起早期脂肪调节因子、C/EBPβ和C/EBPδ的表达,并传递信息至PPARγ和C/EBPα等转录因子,促进细胞的分化和脂滴形成。在此过程中,众多转录因子和细胞周期蛋白参与前体脂肪细胞到脂肪细胞的分化与成脂过程。植物来源的多种天然产物,如多酚类、生物碱、萜类、醌类化合物在脂肪细胞分化和抑制脂肪生成过程中发挥重要的调控作用,对这些天然化合物的深入和成药研究有望成为具有抑制细胞内脂滴聚集的潜在药物。     

SIRT3调节脂代谢和抗氧化防御研究进展

沉默信息调控因子2样蛋白3(SIRT3或Sirtuin3)是位于线粒体的主要去乙酰化酶,是机体脂代谢及抗氧化防御的重要调节者。SIRT3对脂肪酸β-氧化关键酶长链酰基CoA脱氢酶(LCAD)等进行脱乙酰化修饰调节脂代谢,还可活化AMPK通路调节脂代谢。SIRT3还可对抗氧化因子超氧化物歧化酶(Mn-SOD/SOD2)和异柠檬酸脱氢酶2(IDH2)的赖氨酸活化位点脱乙酰化增强抗氧化防御。论文总结SIRT3在脂代谢和抗氧化防御的调节作用,以期为揭示能量代谢障碍性疾病的发病机制提供启示,进而为探寻防治新靶标奠定理论基础。     

畜禽生产中氧化应激分子调控机理及营养策略研究进展

现代畜禽生产过程中发生的氧化应激损害畜禽健康,降低畜禽生产性能。现代系统动物营养学认为畜禽体内自由基稳态失衡是导致氧化应激—炎症反应—免疫功能失衡,威胁畜禽健康,降低畜禽生产性能的根本原因。畜禽体内多种信号通路组成的调控网络共同维持自由基稳态。综述了p38MAPK、Nrf2-ARE、NF-κB等氧化应激相关信号通路在畜禽生产中的调控机制及其营养策略研究进展,以期为畜禽生产中缓解氧化应激损伤,保障动物福利,提高生产性能提供参考。     

栀子苷对小鼠哮喘的保护作用及其机制

通过Ova（鸡卵清蛋白）诱导和激发BALB/c小鼠,构建哮喘疾病动物模型,探究栀子苷对非感染性气道炎症的调控作用,并探讨其可能的作用机制。研究发现,栀子苷（80mg/kg）可显著调节Ova触发的哮喘症状,如减少BALF中嗜酸性粒细胞数和炎性细胞总数;下调BALF（支气管肺泡灌洗液）中Th2细胞因子IL-4、IL-5和IL-13及嗜酸性趋化因子水平;降低血清中Ova特异性IgE的含量;改善支气管周围肺组织病理学变化和气道高反应性等。结果表明,栀子苷可通过缓减炎症过程保护Ova致小鼠过敏性哮喘,其机制可能与阻断NF-κB（核转录因子-κB）信号转导通路的激活有关,为栀子苷在治疗哮喘等疾病及相关原料药物研发过程提供理论和数据支持。     

脂肪相关lncRNAs在动物中的研究进展

脂肪是动物体内重要的储能物质，与动物的瘦肉率等重要的经济性状密切相关。脂肪发育是一个复杂而精密的过程，受到多种脂肪生成相关基因、转录调节因子及表观遗传因子的共同调控。长链非编码RNAs （long non-coding RNAs，lncRNAs）是一类长度>200 nt的非编码RNAs，可以在转录、转录后及表观修饰等多个水平上调节靶基因的表达，进而调控生命活动。近年来有关lncRNAs的研究逐渐增多，其作用范围几乎覆盖了生命活动的各个方面，也有一些lncRNAs被证实在脂肪发育的过程中发挥重要的调控作用，如棕色脂肪lncRNA 1（Blnc1）可以通过核糖核蛋白复合物促进棕色和米色脂肪细胞分化，该复合物也能够与早期B细胞因子2（Ebf2）起作用以增强产热基因如解偶联蛋白1（Ucp1）的表达；lnc-BATE1是棕色脂肪组织形成和结合异质核核糖核蛋白U （hnRNPU）以发挥产热作用所需的调控因子；lncRNA SRA能与过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPARγ）结合并增强PPARγ活性及其他多种途径，促进前脂肪细胞向脂肪细胞的分化，进一步调控脂肪的功能。作者对lncRNAs的基本特征、作用机制及其研究方法等，以及国内外对于脂肪发育相关lncRNAs的研究结果进行了综述，以期为进一步探索lncRNAs对脂肪发育的调控机制提供参考。     

Metformin acts to suppress β-hydroxybutyric acid-mediated inflammatory responses through activation of AMPK signaling in bovine hepatocytes

The occurrence of bovine ketosis involves the accumulation of β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), which contributes to the initiation and acceleration of hepatic metabolic stress and inflammation. Metformin has other beneficial effects apart from its medical intervention for diabetes, such as prevention of laminitis and hyper-triglyceridemic. AMPK maintains energy homeostasis and is the intracellular target of metformin action. This study aims to uncover the role of metformin in modulating BHBA-induced inflammatory responses through the activation of AMPK signaling. The hepatocytes were isolated from the liver tissue of mid-lactation multiparous Holstein cows (~160 d postpartum). Treatments were conducted as follows: treated with PBS for 18 h (control); pretreated with PBS for 12 h followed by treatment of 1.2 mM BHBA for 6 h (BHBA); pretreated with 1.5 mM or 3 mM metformin for 12 h followed by the BHBA treatment (1.2 mM) for 6 h (M(1.5)+B; M(3)+B). The inhibitor of AMPK, Compound C, at a concentration of 10 μM, was applied to substantiate the AMPK-dependent responses. RT-qPCR were applied for the mRNA expression while Western-blots and immunofluorescence were conducted for the target proteins expression. Among dose-dependent assays for BHBA, the concentration of BHBA at 1.2 mM activated NF-κB signaling by upregulating the expression of phosphorylated NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokines compared with the control cells (P < 0.05). Along with the upregulation of phosphorylated AMPKα and ACCα, metformin at 1.5 and 3 mM inactivated NF-κB signaling components (p65 and IκBα) and the inflammatory genes (TNFA, IL6, IL1B and COX-2) which were activated by BHBA. Additionally, BHBA inhibited cells staining intensity in EdU assay were increased by pretreatment with metformin. The activation of AMPK resulted in the increased gene and protein expression of SIRT1, along with the deacetylation of H3K9 and H3K14. However, the AMPK inhibitor compound C blocked this effect. Compared with BHBA treated cells, the protein expression of COX-2 and IL-1β were decreased by the pretreatment with metformin, and the inhibitory effect of metformin was released by compound C. The bound of NF-κB onto IL1B promoter displayed higher in BHBA group and this was suppressed by pretreatment with metformin (P < 0.05). Altogether, metformin attenuates the BHBA-induced inflammation through the inactivation of NF-κB as a target for AMPK/SIRT1 signaling in bovine hepatocytes.     

TCDCA对IL-1β刺激下AA大鼠成纤维样滑膜细胞中PGE2分泌的影响

[目的] 进一步探讨牛磺鹅去氧胆酸（taurochenodeoxycholic acid,TCDCA）在抗炎免疫方面的潜在调节作用。[方法] 以AA大鼠成纤维样滑膜细胞作为研究对象,采用ELISA方法检测TCDCA和IL-1β作用下AA大鼠成纤维样滑膜细胞上清液中PGE₂的含量,分析TCDCA对IL-1β刺激下AA大鼠成纤维样滑膜细胞中PGE₂分泌情况的影响。[结果] TCDCA能够对IL-1β刺激下AA大鼠纤维样滑膜细胞PGE₂的分泌产生下调作用（P<0.05）。[结论] TCDCA对IL-1β刺激下AA大鼠成纤维样滑膜细胞中PGE₂的分泌具有抑制作用,为TCDCA在兽医临床应用提供依据。     

Absence of Sirtuin 1 impairs the testicular development in cattleyak by inactivating SF-1

Cattleyak, which are interspecific hybrids between cattle and yak, display much higher growth performances than yak. However, F1 male cattleyak are infertile due to defective testicular development. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a histone deacetylase that is essential for various biological processes, while the roles of testicular SIRT1 in yak and cattleyak are still poorly understood. Here, we found that SIRT1 was localized in various kinds of yak testicular cells except elongated spermatids while it was deficient in cattleyak testis. Further studies indicated that cattleyak testis exhibited decreased histone acetylation levels on H3 and H4. One of SIRT1 co-factors, steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), was lost in cattleyak testis at protein level. Expressions of several SF-1 target genes responsible for Sertoli cell development and steroidogenesis, including STAR, CYP11A1, CYP26B1, FDX1 and HSD3B, decreased significantly in cattleyak testis. In addition, SIRT1-mediated P53 acetylation was not responsible for the cell apoptosis in cattleyak testis. Taken together, our results suggested the deficiency of SIRT1 in yak testis caused inactivation of SF-1 and the impairment of testicular development. This research provides theoretical bases for understanding the mechanism of cattleyak sterility and gives new insights in revealing the roles of SIRT1 in regulating yak testicular development.     

β-irradiation (166Ho patch)-induced skin injury in mini-pigs: effects on NF-κB and COX-2 expression in the skin

In the present study, the detrimental effect of β-emission on pig skin was evaluated. Skin injury was modeled in mini-pigs by exposing the animals to 50 and 100 Gy of β-emission delivered by ¹⁶⁶Ho patches. Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical changes in exposed skin were monitored for 18 weeks after β-irradiation. Radiation induced desquamation at 2~4 weeks and gradual repair of this damage was evident 6 weeks after irradiation. Changes in basal cell density and skin depth corresponded to clinically relevant changes. Skin thickness began to decrease 1 week after irradiation, and the skin was thinnest 4 weeks after irradiation. Skin thickness increased transiently during recovery from irradiation-induced skin injury, which was evident 6~8 weeks after irradiation. Epidermal expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) differed significantly between the untreated and irradiated areas. One week after irradiation, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression was mostly limited to the basal cell layer and scattered among these cells. High levels of COX-2 expression were detected throughout the full depth of the skin 4 weeks after irradiation. These findings suggest that NF-κB and COX-2 play roles in epidermal cell regeneration following β-irradiation of mini-pig skin.     

Dietary dihydroartemisinin supplementation alleviates intestinal inflammatory injury through TLR4/NOD/NF-κB signaling pathway in weaned piglets with intrauterine growth retardation

The aim of present study was to evaluate whether diets supplemented with dihydroartemisinin (DHA) could alleviate intestinal inflammatory injury in weaned piglets with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Twelve normal birth weight (NBW) piglets and 12 piglets with IUGR were fed a basal diet (NBW-CON and IUCR-CON groups), and another 12 piglets with IUGR were fed the basal diet supplemented with DHA at 80 mg/kg (IUGR-DHA group) from 21 to 49 d of age. At 49 d of age, 8 piglets with similar body weight in each group were sacrificed. The jejunal and ileal samples were collected for further analysis. The results showed that IUGR impaired intestinal morphology, increased intestinal inflammatory response, raised enterocyte apoptosis and reduced enterocyte proliferation and activated transmembrane toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Dihydroartemisinin inclusion ameliorated intestinal morphology, indicated by increased villus height, villus height-to-crypt depth ratio, villus surface area and decreased villus width of piglets with IUGR (P < 0.05). Compared with NBW piglets, IUGR piglets supplemented with DHA exhibited higher apoptosis index and caspase-3 expression, and lower proliferation index and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in the intestine (P < 0.05). Dihydroartemisinin supplementation attenuated the intestinal inflammation of piglets with IUGR, indicated by increased concentrations of intestinal inflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharides (P < 0.05). In addition, DHA supplementation down-regulated the related mRNA expressions of TLR4/NOD/NF-κB signaling pathway and upregulated mRNA expressions of negative regulators of TLR4 and NOD signaling pathway in the intestine of piglets with IUGR (P < 0.05). Piglets in the IUGR-DHA group showed lower protein expressions of TLR4, phosphorylated NF-κB (pNF-κB) inhibitor α, nuclear pNF-κB, and higher protein expression of cytoplasmic pNF-κB in the intestine than those in the IUGR-CON group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, DHA supplementation could improve intestinal morphology, regulate enterocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and alleviate intestinal inflammation through TLR4/NOD/NF-κB signaling pathway in weaned piglets with IUGR.     

动物昼夜节律相关miRNAs研究进展

microRNAs（miRNAs）是一类长度为21-24nt的非编码小RNA,通过与靶mRNAs的3′UTR结合在转录后水平上沉默基因表达,参与多种生理、生化、病理过程。目前有许多研究表明miRNAs影响动物的昼夜节律。论文就miRNAs在昼夜节律中的调控机制进行综述,揭示其在昼夜节律系统中的重要作用,为更深入理解动物昼夜节律系统提供理论参考和研究思路。     

九龙藏黄牛和九龙牦牛β-酪蛋白基因型分析

为比较九龙藏黄牛和九龙牦牛β-酪蛋白（β-CN）的遗传变异体,试验采用酸性尿素聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析了九龙藏黄牛（n=42）和九龙牦牛（n=17）β-CN的基因型。结果表明,在九龙藏黄牛、九龙牦牛的β-CN中共检测到4 种等位基因,包括A1、A2、B、C,其中在九龙藏黄牛中有7 种基因型：A1A1、A1A2、BB、A1B、A2B、A1C、BC,优势等位基因为A1（频率0.702 4）,优势基因型为A1A1（频率0.547 6）;在九龙牦牛样本中有2 种基因型：A1A2、A2A2,优势等位基因为A2（频率0.764 7 ）。试验表明,九龙藏黄牛与九龙牦牛β-CN均表现出多态性,但优势等位基因明显不同。