Background
Great Danes (GDs) with osseous‐associated cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM) have osteoarthritis (OA) of the cervical vertebrae. OA is often associated with increases in bone mineral density (BMD) in people and dogs.Hypothesis/Objectives
To compare the trabecular BMD of the cervical vertebrae between clinically normal (control) GDs and GDs with osseous‐associated CSM by using computed tomography (CT). We hypothesized that the vertebral trabecular BMD of CSM‐affected GDs would be higher than that of control GDs.Animals
Client‐owned GDs: 12 controls, 10 CSM affected.Methods
Prospective study. CT of the cervical vertebral column was obtained alongside a calibration phantom. By placing a circular region of interest at the articular process joints, vertebral body, pedicles, and within each rod of the calibration phantom, trabecular BMD was measured in Hounsfield units, which were converted to diphosphate equivalent densities. Trabecular BMD measurements were compared between CSM‐affected and control dogs, and between males and females within the control group.Results
Differences between CSM‐affected and control dogs were not significant for the articular processes (mean = −39; P = .37; 95% CI: −102 to 24), vertebral bodies (mean = −62; P = .08; 95% CI: −129 to 6), or pedicles (mean = −36; P = .51; 95% CI: −105 to 33). Differences between female and male were not significant.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
This study revealed no difference in BMD between control and CSM‐affected GDs. Based on our findings no association was detected between cervical OA and BMD in GDs with CSM. 相似文献Background
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are hypothesized to degrade structurally important components of the laminar extracellular matrix (ECM) in horses with laminitis.Objective
To compare levels of expression of stromelysin‐1 (MMP‐3), collagenases (MMP‐1, ‐13), and membrane type‐MMPs (MMP‐14, ‐15, ‐16), and the distribution of their ECM substrates, in laminae of healthy horses and horses with carbohydrate overload laminitis.Animals
Twenty‐five adult horses.Methods
Gene and protein expression were determined in extracts of laminae using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting after sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Distribution of MMP‐13 and ECM components was determined using indirect immunofluorescent microscopy of nonfixed frozen sections. ECM morphology was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining.Results
Of the genes studied, only those encoding MMP‐1 and ‐13 were upregulated in CHO‐induced laminitis; MMP‐1 at Obel grade (OG)1 lameness and MMP‐13 at OG3 lameness. Laminar MMP‐1 was present as 52 kDa proenzyme only. MMP‐13 was present as pro‐ (61 kDa) and processed (48 kDa) enzyme. MMP‐13 localized to the basal epithelium of the secondary epidermal laminae and its increased expression were accompanied by the appearance in secondary dermal laminae (SDL) of multiple foci that were devoid of collagen I, fibronectin, chondroitin and keratan sulfate glycosaminoglycans, and eosin‐staining material.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
MMP‐13 is upregulated in laminae of horses with CHO‐induced OG3 lameness and, by degrading components of the ECM, may contribute to the formation of ECM‐free lesions (gaps or tears) that appear in the SDL with OG3 lameness. 相似文献Background
Long‐duration beta‐lactam antibiotics are used for empirical treatment in female dogs with uncomplicated bacterial cystitis. However, women with bacterial cystitis are treated with short‐duration potentiated sulfonamides because longer courses of beta‐lactams result in lower cure and higher recurrence rates.Hypothesis/Objectives
Short‐duration potentiated sulfonamide treatment is more efficacious than long‐duration beta‐lactam treatment in achieving clinical and microbiological cures in female dogs with uncomplicated bacterial cystitis.Animals
Thirty‐eight client‐owned female dogs.Methods
Randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled clinical trial. Dogs were treated with TMP‐SMX (15 mg/kg PO q12h for 3 days followed by a placebo capsule PO q12h for 7 days; Group SDS; n = 20) or cephalexin (20 mg/kg PO q12h for 10 days; Group LDBL; n = 18). Dogs were monitored for clinical and microbiological cure during treatment and at short‐ and long‐term follow‐up.Results
No statistically significant differences were found between treatment groups in clinical cure rates after 3 days of treatment (89% SDS, 94% LDBL; P = 1.00) and 4 days (85% SDS, 72% LDBL; P = .44) or >30 days (50% SDS, 65% LDBL; P = .50) after conclusion of treatment or in microbiological cure rates 4 days (59% SDS, 36% LDBL; P = .44) or >30 days (44% SDS, 20% LDBL; P = .40) after conclusion of treatment.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
We did not identify a difference in cure rates between short‐duration sulfonamide and long‐duration beta‐lactam treatments in female dogs with uncomplicated cystitis. Long‐term cure rates in both treatment groups were low. In some female dogs, “uncomplicated” bacterial cystitis may be more complicated than previously recognized. 相似文献2. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were isolated from Cornell K‐strain Single Comb White Leghorn immature male chickens and cultured with various concentrations of Con‐A or PWM. Corticosterone, in different concentrations, was added to the cultures either 2 h before or 2 h after the addition of the respective mitogen.
3. Addition of corticosterone 2 h before the mitogens caused a significant suppression of lymphocyte proliferation in response to both Con‐A and PWM stimulation. Also addition of corticosterone 2 h after the mitogens caused significant suppression of proliferation in response to both mitogens; however, the degree of suppression was not as great.
4. The results indicate that after early activation events are initiated by the mitogens, lymphocytes are less sensitive to the effects of corticosterone. Because less suppression was seen in the cultures preincubated with PWM than those with Con‐A, it is likely that there are different sensitivities to corticosterone in the cell populations that respond to these mitogens. 相似文献
Background
Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) may benefit humans and animals with chronic inflammatory diseases.Hypothesis
Omega‐3 PUFA supplementation improves clinical signs, lung function, and airway inflammation in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) and inflammatory airway disease (IAD).Animals
Eight research horses and 35 client‐owned horses.Methods
A pilot study examined the dose of PUFA that can alter plasma PUFA composition. Then, a randomized, controlled clinical trial was performed in horses with RAO and IAD. Horses were fed a complete pelleted diet with no hay and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 daily treatments for 2 months: 30 or 60 g of the supplement or 30 g of placebo. Clinical signs, lung function, plasma PUFA composition, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology were evaluated. Data were expressed as median (25–75th percentiles). P < .05 was considered significant.Results
Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation resulted in increased plasma docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that peaked at 4 weeks. Clinical improvement was noted in all horses involved in the clinical trial, but the group that received PUFA had greater improvement in clinical signs (cough score improved 60%), lung function (respiratory effort decreased 48%), and BALF (neutrophils decreased from 23 to 9%) when compared to placebo (cough score improved 33%, respiratory effort decreased 27%, BALF neutrophils increased from 11 to 17%; P < .05).Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Feeding horses with RAO and IAD a PUFA supplement containing 1.5–3 g DHA for 2 months provides an additional benefit to low‐dust diet. 相似文献2. In experiment 1, replacing 75 μg cholecalciferol/kg with the same weight of 25‐HCC decreased significantly (P<0.01) the incidence of TD from 65 to 10%.
3. In experiment 2, the incidence of TD in the control group was lower, but feeding amounts of 25‐HCC up to 250 μg/kg had a linear effect on the incidence of TD that was significant at P=0.06. There was no effect or interactions with dietary addition of 250 mg ascorbic acid/kg. Dietary addition of 5 μg 1‐HCC/kg decreased TD incidence from 21 to 5%, though the effect was not significant (P>0.1).
4. TD incidence in experiment 3 was too low to determine an effect of 25‐HCC or 1,25‐DHCC on TD incidence, though in this, as in both other experiments, the severities of TD lesions were always lower with diets containing cholecalciferol metabolites.
5. Hypercalcaemia was not observed after feeding up to 250 μg 25‐HCC/kg in either experiments 2 or 3.
6. It is concluded that 25‐HCC may be an effective practical means of improving broiler leg health by alleviating the incidence and severity of TD. 相似文献
2. In the first week after trimming, when trimmed birds were compared with untrimmed controls, they were less active (sat and slept more), fed less, preened less and generally engaged in less beak‐related behaviour.
3. These differences waned sharply during week 2 and had disappeared by week 5. There were very few differences between hot‐ and cold‐cut birds.
4. There were also differences in production variables: trimmed birds grew more slowly during the week after trimming, their food intake was depressed for 3 weeks and food conversion efficiency improved for 2 weeks.
5. The only significant effect on feather scores was better plumage condition in the groups trimmed at 1 d and scored at 6 weeks.
6. To examine the anatomical effects 36 ISA Brown chicks trimmed by hot or cold cut at 1 d or 10 d of age were killed at 21 and 42 d after trimming, and their beaks were processed and examined histologically. In all trimmed groups healing was very rapid and no scar tissue was seen but, unlike the controls, the regrown tips contained no afferent nerves or sensory corpuscles.
7. Beak lengths immediately after trimming were 40% to 50% shorter than controls; the anatomical consequences of both methods were identical.
8. Overall, it was judged that the effects on behaviour and beak anatomy were much less severe than previously reported for birds trimmed at older ages. If birds do have to be trimmed then the procedure should be carried out in young birds: from the birds' standpoint 1 d appears to be the most suitable. 相似文献
Background
Systemic oxidative stress in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is poorly characterized.Objectives
The goal of this study was to investigate whether equine RAO is associated with systemic disturbances in the oxidant‐antioxidant equilibrium.Animals
Seven healthy horses and 7 horses with symptomatic RAO.Methods
A prospective study. Healthy and RAO‐affected horses were exposed to a 48‐hour challenge with moldy hay and straw to induce clinical exacerbation of RAO. Venous blood was collected and the activities of the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) in equine erythrocyte lysates were measured. The concentration of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARSs) was assessed both in erythrocyte lysates and in plasma.Results
A significant increase in the activities of GPx and SOD was detected in RAO‐affected horses compared with the control animals. There was no significant difference between groups in terms of the erythrocyte lysate activities of CAT, GR, or TBARs or the plasma concentration of TBARs.Conclusion and Clinical Importance
Our results support the hypothesis that RAO in horses is associated with systemic oxidative stress. Future studies are needed to assess whether horses suffering from RAO can benefit from antioxidant supplementation. 相似文献Background
Spec cPL is the most sensitive and specific test for diagnosing pancreatitis in dogs. Its results have not been compared to those of the 1,2‐o‐dilauryl‐rac‐glycero‐3‐glutaric acid‐(6′‐methylresorufin) ester (DGGR) lipase assay or those of abdominal ultrasonography.Objectives
To investigate agreement of Spec cPL with DGGR lipase activity and pancreatic ultrasonography in dogs with suspected pancreatitis.Animals
One hundred and forty‐two dogs.Methods
DGGR lipase activity (reference range, 24–108 U/L) and Spec cPL were measured using the same sample. The time interval between ultrasonography and lipase determinations was <24 hours. The agreement of the 2 lipase assays at different cutoffs and the agreement between pancreatic ultrasonography and the 2 tests were assessed using Cohen''s kappa coefficient (κ).Results
DGGR lipase (>108, >216 U/L) and Spec cPL (>200 μg/L) had κ values of 0.79 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69–0.9) and 0.70 (CI, 0.58–0.82). DGGR lipase (>108, >216 U/L) and Spec cPL (>400 μg/L) had κ values of 0.55 (CI, 0.43–0.67) and κ of 0.80 (CI, 0.71–0.9). An ultrasonographic diagnosis of pancreatitis and DGGR lipase (>108, >216 U/L) had κ values of 0.29 (CI, 0.14–0.44) and 0.35 (CI, 0.18–0.52). Ultrasonographically diagnosed pancreatitis and Spec cPL (>200, >400 μg/L) had κ values of 0.25 (CI, 0.08–0.41) and 0.27 (CI, 0.09–0.45).Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Although both lipase assays showed high agreement, agreement between ultrasonography and lipase assays results was only fair. Because lipase results are deemed more accurate, ultrasonography results should be interpreted carefully. 相似文献2. The basal diet contained 500 g wheat and 100 g rye/kg of diet. The basal diet was supplemented with either 65 g soya oil/kg or 60 g blended animal fat and 5 g soya oil/kg.
3. Endo‐xylanase added to the soya oil diet did not affect weight gain, but there was a numerical improvement in food conversion efficiency which was not statistically significant. When the endo‐xylanase preparation was added to the blended animal fat diet, both weight gain and food utilisation were improved by 9.5% and 6.0%, respectively (P< 0.05).
4. Digestibilities of organic matter, crude fat, crude fibre and NFE were not significantly affected by adding endo‐xylanase to the soya oil diet. However, when endo‐xylanase was included in the blended animal fat diet, digestibility of organic matter, crude fat, crude fibre and NFE were improved (P<0–05). The improvement in fat digestibility was the most pronounced, amounting to 9–4%. Nitrogen retention and metabolisable energy content were improved significantly by the addition of an endo‐xylanase to the animal fat diet (P< 0.05), by 6.6% and 6.5% respectively.
5. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the effects on chick performance and nutrient digestibility of a dietary endo‐xylanase in a wheat‐ and rye‐based diet are influenced to a considerable degree by the type of fat in the diet. 相似文献
2. The experimental diets, containing two concentrations (50 or 100 g/kg) of high‐ or low‐glucosinolate rapeseed meal and a diet, devoid of rapeseed meal, all supplemented with 0.3 mg I/kg were given to laying hens for 6 weeks before oral administration of 125I daily for 11d.
3. The percentage of 125I transferred to egg yolk was significantly reduced by the inclusion of high‐glucosinolate rapeseed meal but not by low‐glucosinolate meal.
4. Determination of the total iodine content of egg yolk indicated that there was some reduction in the transfer of dietary iodine to eggs even with the low glucosinolate rapeseed meal. 相似文献
Background
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and intestinal small cell lymphoma (ISCL) are common diseases in cats. The prevalence of alterations in the serum concentrations of fat soluble vitamins, such as vitamin D, in cats with IBD and ISCL is unknown.Hypothesis/Objectives
The objective of this study was to measure serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations in cats with IBD or ISCL. Serum 25(OH)D also was measured in healthy cats, and in hospitalized ill cats with nongastrointestinal diseases.Animals
Eighty‐four cats were included in the study: 23 in the healthy group, 41 in the hospitalized ill group, and 20 in the IBD/ISCL group.Methods
Retrospective study. Serum samples for vitamin D analysis were frozen at −20°C until serum 25(OH)D was measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Results
Although there was overlap in serum 25(OH)D concentrations among the 3 groups, serum 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly lower in the cats with IBD or ISCL compared to healthy cats (P < .0001) and hospitalized ill cats (P = .014). In the IBD/ISCL group, there was a significant moderate positive correlation between serum albumin and 25(OH)D concentrations (r = 0.58, P = .018).Conclusion and Clinical Importance
The median serum concentration of 25(OH)D was significantly lower in cats with IBD/ISCL than in healthy cats and in hospitalized ill cats. Additional studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of hypovitaminosis D in cats with gastrointestinal diseases, to define the best management strategy to treat this complication, and to investigate its potential prognostic implications. 相似文献Background
Immune‐mediated polyarthopathy (IMPA) is common in dogs, and is monitored by serial arthrocenteses.Hypothesis/Objectives
Plasma C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and CXCL8 (interleukin‐8) would serve as noninvasive markers of joint inflammation in IMPA.Animals
Nine client‐owned dogs with idiopathic IMPA; 6 healthy controls.Methods
Prospective study. Plasma CRP, IL‐6, and CXCL8 were measured by ELISA at baseline, 2, and 4 weeks during treatment with prednisone at 50 mg/m2/day. Arthrocenteses, the canine brief pain inventory (CBPI), and accelerometry collars were used to assess joint inflammation, lameness, and mobility at all 3 time points.Results
C‐reactive protein concentrations were higher in IMPA dogs (median 91.1 μg/mL, range 76.7–195.0) compared with controls (median <6.3 μg/mL, <6.3–13.7; P = .0035), and were significantly lower at week 2 (10.6 μg/mL, <6.3–48.8) and week 4 (<6.3 μg/mL, <6.3–24.4; P < .001).C‐reactive protein was correlated with median CBPI scores (r = 0.68; P = .0004), joint cellularity (r = 0.49, P = .011), and mobility by accelerometry (r = −0.42, P = .048). Plasma IL‐6 concentrations were also higher in IMPA dogs (median 45.9 pg/mL), compared with controls (median <15.7 pg/mL; P = .0008). IL‐6 was lower in IMPA dogs by week 4 (<15.7 pg/mL; P = .0099), and was modestly correlated with CBPI scores (r = 0.47, P = .023). CXCL8 did not differ significantly between IMPA and healthy dogs.Conclusions
Plasma CRP and IL‐6 might be useful surrogate markers of synovial inflammation and disease activity in dogs with IMPA. 相似文献Background
Maximal aldosterone secretion in healthy dogs occurs 30 minutes postadrenocorticotropin (ACTH; 5 μg/kg IV) stimulation. The effect of trilostane and mitotane on aldosterone at that time is unknown.Objectives
To assess the effect of trilostane and mitotane in dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism on aldosterone secretory reserve. To determine if aldosterone concentration correlates with electrolyte concentrations.Animals
Serum collected from 79 client‐owned dogs and 33 stored samples.Methods
Client‐owned dogs had ACTH stimulation tests with cortisol concentrations measured at 0 and 60 minutes and aldosterone concentrations measured at 0, 30, and 60 minutes. Stored samples had aldosterone concentrations measured at 0 and 60 minutes. Ten historical clinically healthy controls were included. All had basal sodium and potassium concentrations measured.Results
The aldosterone concentrations in the mitotane‐ and trilostane‐treated dogs at 30 and 60 minutes post‐ACTH were significantly lower than in clinically healthy dogs; no significant difference was detected in aldosterone concentration between 30 and 60 minutes in treated dogs. However, a significantly higher percentage of dogs had decreased aldosterone secretory reserve detected at 30 minutes than at 60 minutes. At 30 minutes, decreased secretory reserve was detected in 49% and 78% of trilostane‐ and mitotane‐treated dogs, respectively. No correlation was detected between aldosterone and serum electrolyte concentrations.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Decreased aldosterone secretory reserve is common in trilostane‐ and mitotane‐treated dogs; it cannot be predicted by measurement of serum electrolyte concentrations. Aldosterone concentration at 30 minutes post‐ACTH stimulation identifies more dogs with decreased aldosterone secretory reserve than conventional testing at 60 minutes. 相似文献Background
The effects of trilostane on key hormones and electrolytes over 24 hours in dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) are unknown.Objectives
To determine the plasma concentration of cortisol, endogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), aldosterone, sodium, potassium, and ionized calcium concentrations, and plasma renin activity over a 24‐hour period after administration of trilostane to dogs with well‐controlled PDH.Animals
Nine dogs (mean age 9.3 ± 0.67 years, mean weight 31.9 ± 6.4 kg) with confirmed PDH.Methods
Prospective study. Thirty days after the first administration of trilostane, blood samples were taken at −30, 0 (baseline), 15, 30, 60, and 90 minutes, and 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 hours after administration of trilostane and plasma concentration of cortisol, endogenous ACTH, aldosterone, sodium, potassium, ionized calcium, and renin activity were determined.Results
Cortisol concentrations decreased significantly (P < .001) 2–4 hours after trilostane administration. From baseline, there was a significant (P < .001) increase in endogenous ACTH concentrations between hours 3–12, a significant increase (P < .001) in aldosterone concentration between hours 16–20, and a significant (P < .001) increase in renin activity between hours 6–20. Potassium concentration decreased significantly (P < .05) between hours 0.5–2.Conclusion and Clinical Importance
Treatment with trilostane did not cause clinically relevant alterations in plasma aldosterone and potassium concentration. Results suggest that in dogs with PDH, the optimal time point for an ACTH‐stimulation test to be performed is 2–4 hours after trilostane dosing. Future studies are necessary to establish interpretation criteria for a 2‐ to 4‐hour postpill ACTH‐stimulation test. 相似文献2. Activities were higher in birds in cages than in those on the floor, reflecting perhaps the stress of caging. Activities increased with age.
3. Activities were higher in pullets selected for higher production.
4. The type of housing had no effect on egg production, but age at first egg, egg weight and 40‐week body weight were found to be affected significantly. 相似文献