Evaluation of the status of capsicum viruses in the main growing regions of Turkey

The incidence, severity and distribution of six viruses infecting capsicum were determined in the main growing areas of Turkey during the 2004 growing season. The surveys covered 50 randomly selected capsicum fields from four different areas in south-east Anatolia and the eastern Mediterranean region. 515 samples were individually collected and tested by DAS-ELISA for Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV), Alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus (AMV), Potato X potexvirus (PVX), Potato Y potyvirus (PVY), Pepper mild mottle tobamovirus (PMMoV) and Tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV). 64.8% of ELISA-tested capsicum samples (334 out of 515) were infected by one (41.7%) or more (23.1%) viruses. PVY was the most widespread (26.4%), followed by PVX (25.8%), AMV (25.2%), TEV (23%), PMMoV (9.1%) and CMV (8.3%). Surprisingly high AMV infection was found in three areas (Kahramanmaraş, Şanlıurfa and Gaziantep) where AMV is reported for the first time in this study. However, AMV was not detected in Hatay. PMMoV is another new virus, in all the tested areas.     

百合病毒病的发生与症状类型

百合病毒病症状类型可归纳为7种类型,轻花叶型(Mm),重花叶型(Sm),矮化型(Stu),丛簇矮化型(Rstu)。黄化矮化型(Ys),扁茎簇叶型(Fsbl),花变叶型(Phy),其中轻花叶型和重花叶型发生普遍,花变叶型出现较少。病害发生的轻重与种球种龄有关,种龄越大,发病越重。前茬种植百合的地块较种植小麦的地块发病重,低洼积水地发病重。不同百合品种对病毒病的抗性有差异。     

Identification of the sex pheromone of the cotton bollworm,Heliothis armigera,in Israel

The composition of the female sex pheromone ofHeliothis armigera in Israel has been identified, with four main compounds detected: Z-9-hexadecenal (3%), Z-11-hexadecenal (87%), hexadecanal (4%), and hexadecanol (6%). The first two aldehydes are the essential components of the sex pheromone ofH. armigera.     

Ecological analyses of the intestinal helminth communities of the wolf, Canis lupus, in Spain

This work describes the ecological characteristics of the intestinal helminth communities of 50 wolves (Canis lupus L.) from Spain. The species found were classified into three groups according to prevalence, intensity and intestinal distribution. Taenia hydatigena Pallas, 1766 and Uncinaria stenocephala (Railliet, 1884) are the core species of the community. Taenia multiceps (Leske, 1780) is a secondary species. The rest of the species, Alaria alata (Goeze, 1782), Taenia serialis (Gervais, 1847). Taenia pisiformis (Bloch, 1780), Dipylidium caninum (Linnaeus, 1758), Mesocestoides sp. aff. litteratus, Toxocara canis (Werner, 1782), Toxascaris leonina (von Linstow, 1902), Ancylostoma caninum (Ercolani, 1859) and Trichuris vulpis (Froelich, 1789), behave as satellite species. The linear intestinal distribution of all helminth species was analysed. The location of most species can be considered predictable, especially for core and secondary species. The analysis of interspecific relationships between infracommunities shows that negative associations are more numerous than positive associations. The role of A. caninum in the community is compared with that of U. stenocephala.     

Preliminary evaluation of the status of olive-infecting viruses in Syria

Field surveys of 80 commercial groves were made in autumn 2003 in six major Syrian olive-growing regions. A total of 300 olive samples, representative of the main cultivars grown in the country, were collected. As ascertained by dsRNA analysis, 54 out of 125 samples (about 43%) showed visible bands in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All samples were tested by RT-PCR for the presence of the following viruses: Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Olive latent ringspot virus (OLRSV), Olive latent virus 1 (OLV-1), Olive latent virus 2 (OLV-2), Olive leaf yellowing-associated virus (OLYaV) and Strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV). All these viruses, singly or in mixed infection, were detected in about 51% of the samples. CMV was the most prevalent (22.7%), followed by CLRV (15%), OLYaV (14.3%) and OLRSV (11.5%). Less represented were the remaining four viruses. Infection rates ranged from 44% in Dara'a region to 67% in Latakia and Hama.     

黑果枸杞果实多糖对小白鼠运动能力影响及量效研究

从黑果枸杞果实中提取多糖,研究黑果枸杞果实多糖的抗疲劳作用及其最佳用量,以昆明系小白鼠为实验受体,分高、中、低3个剂量组进行喂养,分别从小白鼠体重(Body Weights,BW)、游泳时间(Swimming Time,ST)、血清和肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(Blood/Liver Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)、血清和肝脏丙二醛(Blood/Liver MDA)、肝糖原和肌糖原(Blood/Liver Glycogen)、血清尿素氮(Blood Urea Nitrogen,BUN)、血乳酸(Blood Lactic Acid,BLA)等10个指标进行研究。结果表明:多糖浓度为10～50 mg/(kg·d)时能够明显增加小白鼠游泳时间(P<0.01),增加血清和肝匀浆SOD活性(P<0.01),降低血清和肝匀浆MDA含量(P<0.01),增加肝糖原和肌糖原含量(P<0.05),减少血清BUN和BLA含量(P<0.01,P<0.05)。     

几种天然蛋白原料水解物的除草活性初步研究

以鱼粉、肉骨粉、豆粕、菜籽粕及芡粉等几种天然蛋白原料为底物,以碱性蛋白酶为水解酶制备出天然蛋白原料的水解物,用培养皿生物分析法检测不同蛋白原料水解物在不同浓度(0.5、1、2、5 mg/mL)条件下对杂草野菊种子的生根抑制活性。结果表明:不同蛋白原料制备出的水解物对野菊种子萌发根系生长均有抑制作用,并且随着浓度增加其抑制活性增强,不同蛋白原料水解物的除草活性有显著性差异,其除草活性顺序为:鱼粉水解物>肉骨粉水解物>豆粕水解物>菜籽粕水解物>芡粉水解物,水解物的根抑制活性与原料的蛋白含量及其水解物的多肽含量成正相关性,作者推测,天然蛋白水解物中的多肽可能是植物种子萌发时根系生长抑制活性物质,但这种根抑制活性究竟是由于特异性多肽的化感作用还是植物种子萌发时对高氮胁迫反应有待进一步研究。     

沙冬青茎甲醇提取物对小菜蛾幼虫生长发育抑制作用研究

室内测定了沙冬青茎甲醇提取物对小菜蛾幼虫生长发育的抑制作用。研究结果表明,其提取物对小菜蛾幼虫相对生长率(RGR)、近似消化率(AD)、食物利用率(ECI)和食物转化率(ECD)虽在一段时间内连续发生变化,但最高浓度为0.2g/mL时,这4项指标始终低于其他处理。沙冬青茎甲醇提取物对小菜蛾幼虫历期的影响不明显,但使蛹期延长,幼虫死亡率升高,且提取物浓度越高,这些作用效果越明显。     

WRF模式在天山地区模拟能力的敏感性评估

为探寻天山地区气候模拟WRF(weather research and forecasting)模式中最优参数化方案组合,针对云微物理方案(MIC)、积云对流方案(CS)、行星边界层/近地面层方案(PBL/SLS)、陆面过程方案(LSM)以及长短波辐射方案(LSW)设计了6组季节尺度物理参数化方案敏感性试验,模拟时间设为2014-11-28-2015-12-01。利用地面气象站观测数据和GPM(global precipitation measurement)卫星降水数据(R≥0.6),对模式模拟的日最高、最低气温及降水进行验证。结果表明:WRF模式对气温的模拟效果较好,且对日最高气温(0.8相似文献   

Responses of the olfactory receptor neurons of the corn stalk borer Sesamia nonagrioides to components of the pheromone blend and their inhibition by a trifluoromethyl ketone analogue of the main component

Two types of olfactory hairs and three types of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) have been characterized on the antennae of male Sesamia nonagrioides Lef for the first time. Type A sensilla housed a cell which fired large spikes in response to (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:Ac), the major component of the sex pheromone, and a second cell firing smaller spikes in response to (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), a minor component of the pheromone blend. Type B sensilla housed one cell firing large spikes to Z11-16:Ac and a cell firing smaller spikes to another minor component of the pheromone blend, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl alcohol (Z11-16:OH). No cell responding to dodecyl acetate, another minor component of the natural extract, was found. Fluorinated ketones were tested as inhibitors of the cell responses to pheromone compounds. The fluorinated derivatives tested, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl trifluoromethyl ketone (Z11-16:TFMK), n-hexadecyl trifluoromethyl ketone (16:TFMK), (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl trifluoromethyl ketone (Z9,E11-14:TFMK), 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-one (OTFP), (Z)-11-tetradecenyl trifluoromethyl ketone (Z11-11:TFMK) and 1,1-difluoro-(Z)-11-hexadecenyl methyl ketone (Z11-16:DFMK), had no or only weak excitatory effects. However, the neuron responses to the pheromone compounds were significantly decreased in the presence of a constant stimulation with Z11-16:TFMK and the effect was reversible. The latencies of the responses to the acetate and aldehyde cells were significantly increased. The effects were not specific, since Z11-16:TFMK also inhibited the responses of the ORNs of Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. Correspondingly, Z9,E11-14:TFMK, an analogue of the main component of the pheromone of this latter insect, inhibited responses of S nonagrioides ORNs. Implications of these results on the utilization of Z11-16:TFMK as a communication disruptant are discussed.     

Susceptibility of the spider Theridion impressum to 17 pesticides

Susceptibility of immature individuals of the spider Theridion impressum to 17 pesticides (6 insecticides, 4 acaricides, 4 fungicides and 3 herbicides) was tested in the laboratory. The pesticides were applied at recommended rates in a Potter tower. Mortality was evaluated for 4 subsequent days. Broad-spectrum insecticides, cypermethrin+chlorpyrofos (Nurelle), -cypermethrin (Vaztak), and deltamethrin (Decis), were toxic to spiders. Selective insecticides, pirimicarb (Pirimor), Bacillus thuringiensis (Novodor), and triazamate (Aztec), were harmless. All tested acaricides, pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic), flufenoxuron (Cascade), -fluvalinate+thiometon (Mavrik), and bifenthrin (Talstar) showed high toxicity. Of the fungicides, dithianon (Delan), benomyl (Fundazol), iprodione (Rovral), and dodine (Syllit), only dithianon was slightly harmful, while the remaining fungicides were harmful. All herbicides, metazachlor (Butisan), clomazone (Command), and clopyralid (Lontrel), were harmless to T. impressum. Three selective insecticides, 3 fungicides and 3 herbicides are recommended for use in plant protection.     

华南籼稻稻瘟病菌致病型单基因鉴别寄主筛选

采用35个单基因鉴别寄主、12个日本清泽鉴别寄主共47个具有已知基因的鉴别寄主,对147个籼稻稻瘟病菌株进行致病型鉴别研究.147个菌株被划分为28个不同的致病类型.优势致病型为I-04、I-02和I-01,这3个致病型的菌株数占参试菌株的74.8%,而且与其他致病型比较,它们的致病谱较广.研究结果表明,F80-1(Pi-k)、IRBL7(Pi-kp)、IRBL16(Pi-sh(1))、IRBL21(Pi-7(t))、IRBL3(Pi-i)、IRBL9(Pi-z)、IRBL19(Pi-3)、IRBL10(Pi-z5)、IRBL11(Pi-zt)、IRBL18(Pi-1)、IRBL10(Pi-2)、F128-1(Pi-ta2)、F145-2(Pi-b)和IRBL22(Pi-9(t))等14个单基因鉴别寄主对以广东为主的华南籼稻区稻瘟病菌具有较好的鉴别能力,其中尤以F80-1(Pi-k)、IRBL7(Pi-kp)、IRBL16(Pi-sh(1))、IRBL21(Pi-7(t))、IRBL3(Pi-i)、IRBL9(Pi-z)、IRBL19(Pi-3)和IRBL10(Pi-z5)等8个单基因鉴别寄主的鉴别能力最强,IRBL11(Pi-zt)、IRBL18(Pi-1)、IRBL10(Pi-2)、F128-1(Pi-ta2)、F145-2(Pi-b)和IRBL22(Pi-9(t))等6个单基因鉴别寄主可鉴别抗性反应表现型较相似的致病型,并可用于细分致病型.3个优势致病型I-04、I-02和I-01对F80-1(Pi-k)等上述8个单基因鉴别寄主的抗性反应表现型依次为RRSRSSSMR、SSSSSSSS和SSRSSSSR.     

Field evaluation and economics of insecticides against the major pests of okra

Abstract

Bio‐efficacy of 15 insecticides was evaluated against the pest complex of okra in the semi‐arid region of Rajasthan during July‐October, 1984. Five sprays given at intervals of 15 days throughout the crop period indicated that fenvalerate (0.02%) was most effective, followed by permethrin (0.02%), cypermethrin (0.02%), carbaryl (0.10%), monocrotophos (0.04%) and dimethoate (0.03%), against leafhoppers, aphids and fruit borer. The maximm yield of marketable fruits was obtained with fenvalerate, followed by cypermethrin, carbaryl, monocrotophos and dimethoate treatments. Highest net‐profit of Rs. 4890.00 was also recorded with fenvalerate treatment, followed by Rs. 4430.00 with carbaryl, Rs. 4148.00 with permethrin, Rs. 3977.00 with monocrotophos and Rs. 3053.00 with dimethoate treatments. A higher benfit cost ratio was found with carbaryl (1:9.78), followed by dimethoate (1:7.85), monocrotophos (1:5.18), methyl demeton (1:5.07), fenvalerate (1:3.43) and permethrin (1:2.41). These insecticides can also be used against insect pests of other vegetable crops of the season.     

Viruses in the northern potato-producing regions of Saudi Arabia

Agar double diffusion tests and, later, ELISAs were used to detect viruses associated with potato in 242 samples collected in 16 trips to Tabuk and Hail, northern regions of Saudi Arabia, in four consecutive growing seasons (autumn 1989, spring and autumn 1990 and spring 1991). Eleven different viruses were detected in Tabuk and 12 in Hail. The viruses detected in Tabuk were alfalfa mosaic (AMV), cucumber mosaic (CMV), tobacco mosaic (TMV), potato leaf roll (PLRV), tomato spotted wilt (TSWV), tobacco ringspot (TRSV) and potato A, M, S, X and Y. The same viruses, plus potato yellow dwarf (PYDV), were detected in Hail. AMV was most frequently and CMV least frequently detected in Tabuk, whereas in Hail the most and least common were PVA and PLRV respectively.     

新疆人口-资源-环境关系的可持续发展研究

新疆是我国土地面积最大的省区,位于我国西北部,地处亚欧大陆中心,历来是我国的西北屏障,举世闻名的"丝绸之路"横贯新疆,地理位置得天独厚。新疆的开发对于我国经济的可持续发展有着非常重要的战略意义。研究新疆的生态经济系统,对于新疆的社会经济发展,生态环境保护具有重要意义。以能值分析理论为基础,通过选取新疆社会、经济、生态等原始指标,运用能值分析的方法,对新疆1996-2005年的能值投入率(EIR)、净能值产出率(NEYR)、环境负载率(ELR)、能值-货币比率(EDR)、能值使用强度(ED)和基于能值分析的可持续发展指数(ESI)等9项指标的系统研究,以及与其他国家和部分地区的有关指标进行比较研究得出:要实现新疆的可持续发展,需重视经济发展的作用,通过进口低能值、高能量的产品而输出高能值的产品和服务,达到能源利用高效率和系统的强势竞争力;新疆可持续发展指数(ESI)的波动下降与新疆经济的快速增长有关。因此,要实现新疆的可持续发展,重视经济增长和控制其对环境系统的压力,保持可持续发展指数的平缓降低尤为重要,建立以循环经济为主导的发展战略。     

Some remarks on the prevalence and species composition of hare coccidia

In the period between autumn 1983 and winter 1985, 33 digestive tracts and 317 coprological samples of hares were examined. The prevalence of individual coccidian species was reported on the basis of the examination of both the digestive tracts and coprological samples. The following coccidian species were found: Eimeria babatica (with 26.4% prevalence in the season 1983/1984 and 31.1% in 1984/1985), E. europaea (21.2% and 30.3%), E. hungarica (6.5% and 7.6%), E. leporis (24.2% and 45.4%), E. macrosculpta (1.3% and 2.5%), E. robertsoni (36.8% and 29.4%), E. sculpta (6.9% and 13.4%), E. semisculpta (15.6% and 10.0%), and E. townsendi (67.1% and 74.8%), respectively. The species E. babatica, E. macrosculpta, and E. sculpta were recorded in Czechoslovakia for the first time. The oocyst morphology and location of coccidia in the digestive tracts of hares were studied.     

新疆山地鸟类和哺乳类多样性及其区系特征

新疆各类陆栖脊椎动物近 70 0种 ,占中国这一类动物种数的 32 %,其中鸟兽资源尤其丰富 ,计有 42 5种鸟类和 1 5 5种兽类 (哺乳类 ) ,占中国鸟兽种数的 31 %。本文主要以新疆三大山区———阿尔泰山、天山、昆仑 -阿尔金山地区鸟类和哺乳类动物的多样性及区系分布作综合性介绍和分析。根据实地考察和以往文献资料 ,新疆阿尔泰山区记录在 1 2 4种鸟类 ,其中古北界北方型鸟类 5 1种 (占 41 .1 %) ,中亚型鸟类 31种 (占 2 5 .0 %) ,广布种鸟类 2 7种 (占 2 1 .8%) ,其他类型1 5种 (占 1 2 .1 %) ,显出以北方型泰加林鸟类为主的鸟类区系特征 ;分布的 5 0种兽类 ,区系上以古北界北方泰加林为主 ,即北方型兽类占该山区种数的 5 2 %。天山山区记录的鸟类大约2 81种 ,北方型种类占绝对优势 ,即北方型 1 0 6种 (占 37.72 %) ,北方广布型 76种 (占 2 7.0 4 %) ,中亚型 39种 (占 1 3.88%) ,高地型 1 8种 (占 6.41 %) ,广布型 33种 (占 1 1 .74%) ,东北型 9种 (占 3.2 1 %)。兽类分布有 62种 ,北方型兽类区系占优势 ,有 30种 (占 48.40 %) ,广布型 1 2种 (占 1 9.40 %) ,中亚型 1 1种 (占 1 7.70 %) ,特有种 9种 (占 1 4.5 0 %)。昆仑—阿尔金山地区 96种鸟类中 ,中亚类型成份占 2 8.1 %,高地型成分占 2 6%,北方型成?     

Monitoring the appearance and possibility for prevention of the apple sawfly in Croatia

The apple sawfly Hoplocampa testudinea Klug has recently become a widespread pest in Croatian apple orchards. It causes severe damage in the blooming period due to the fact that infested fruit fall off.This article shows results collected over three years of field research on trap catches of sawflies, the period of laying eggs, the appearance of larvae and detection of damage. In the climate of northwestern Croatia, adult sawfly appear in April during the blooming period of the early apple variety of Idared.By monitoring temperatures from January 1, adults were detected when the thermal constant reached 210 day-degrees. Our observations showed that the larvae emerged when the sum of thermal constants reached ca. 110 day-degrees.The investigation of effective control strategies with insecticides showed high efficacy of thiametoxam (Actara), imidacloprid (Confidor), thiacloprid (Calypso) and betacyfluthrin + oxydemeton-methyl (Enduro) and lower efficacy of phosalone (Zolone), chlorpyrifos-methyl (Reldan), and lambda cyhalothrin (Karate).     

大蓟地上组织化学成分及其抗真菌活性

为筛选新型植物源杀菌剂,对大蓟Cirsium japonicum地上组织的化学成分及其抑菌活性进行了系统研究。采用甲醇提取,液-液萃取分离、硅胶柱层析及凝胶层析等技术从乙酸乙酯相中分离得到13个化合物。利用质谱和核磁共振等波谱技术确定其结构分别为ciryneol D ( 1 )、12β, 20 (S)-二羟基达玛烷-24-烯-3-酮 ( 2 )、3β-羟基-9 (11),12-齐墩果二烯 ( 3 )、蒲公英甾醇 ( 4 )、3β-羟基豆甾-5-烯-7-酮 ( 5 )、3β-羟基-12 (13)-烯-齐墩果烷-11-酮 ( 6 )、对香豆酸 ( 7 )、(3-甲氧基酰氨基-4-甲基苯)-氨基甲酸甲酯 ( 8 )、对羟基苯甲酸酯 ( 9 )、4,4′-甲氧羰基氨基二苯甲烷 ( 10 )、槲皮苷 ( 11 )、山柰酚-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷 ( 12 ) 和柯伊利素-7-O-2′-O-6′-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 ( 13 ),其中,化合物 2 、 3 、 6 、 8 、 10 、 12 和 13 均为首次从大蓟中分离得到。生物测定结果表明:ciryneol D ( 1 ) 对多种真菌菌丝生长表现出明显抑制作用,其中对苹果腐烂病原菌Valsa mali的抑制效果最好,EC₅₀值为23.2 μg/mL,对玉米弯孢病菌Curvularia lunata、苹果炭疽病菌Colletotrichum gloesporioides及番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea的孢子萌发也具有明显的抑制作用,EC₅₀值分别为27.5、26.4和81.9 μg/mL。     

Contribution to the knowledge of the families apionidae and nanophyidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) from Turkey, with new records

Data are presented on the occurrence of 43 species of the family Apionidae and two species of the family Nanophyidae in Turkey based on the material obtained mainly by beating stone-fruit trees in NE Turkey. The identity and information about the three species of Apionidae —Squamapion sp.cf.bifarium (Balfour-Browne),Protapion sp.cf.ruficrus (Germar),Catapion sp.cf.seniculus (Kirby) — must be revised. The faunistic data in the present paper on almost all species add to prior knowledge on their distribution in Turkey.Hypophyes aphyllae (Peyerímhoff),Ceratapion kasbekianum (Gerstaecker),Squamapion ottonis (Wagner),S. samarense (Faust),S. phocopus (Eppelsheim),Taeniapion rufulum (Wencker),Pseudoprotapion astragali (Paykull),P. ergenense (Becker),Stenopterapion intermedium (Eppelsheim) andOxystoma fausti (Desbrochers) are reported for the first time in the Turkish fauna. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 8, 2001.