黄连木叶单宁化学组成及其利用研究

人黄连木叶获得的提取物，经葡聚糖凝ｅｐｈａｄｅｘＬＨ－２０分离得到的各种含单宁级分，用硫酸水解，水解液经纸层析检测，表明含有没食子酸和Ｄ－葡萄糖，证实黄连木叶宁是Ｂａｎｇ单宁，用ＵＶ光谱测得黄连木叶提取物含有游离和结合的没食子酸，一为２９．２０％。这种单宁经纯化后，用它代替工业单宁酸制备三甲氧苄氨嘧啶（简称ＴＭＰ）抗菌增效的中间体（三甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯和三甲基苯酰肼），初步获得成功。     

最近国外单宁酸、没食子酸应用研究动态

最近国外单宁酸、没食子酸应用研究动态近来，世界许多国家对单宁酸、没食子酸的应用做了大量研究工作，现扼要概述如下。１．食品抗氧化剂（１）用食品级单宁酸代替ＳＯ２作葡萄酒抗氧化剂，并用气相色谱分析其中的香味组分，证明单宁酸是很好的葡萄酒防腐剂。（２）用没...     

应重视发展我省五倍子生产

1 五倍子生产现状及发展意义五倍子是倍子蚜虫寄生在盐肤木和青肤杨等复叶组织内而生成的疣状虫瘿,依寄主不同而通常有肚倍、角倍、倍花三大类。五倍子的主要成分为单宁酸,含量约为60％～70％,是生产单宁酸、焦性没食子酸、药用鞣酸的主要原料。其抽提物被广泛应用于医药、化工、国防、科研等方面,有着极其显著的经济阶值。五倍子生产和应用在我国已有悠久历史。这一传统的土特产在国际市场上有很高的声誉,通称“中国五倍子单宁酸”,在国内亦有广阔的市场。但是由于它对生境条件要求比较苛刻,从而限制了自身的发展和产量,市场上供不应求的紧张局面始终存在。据资料介绍,目前国内五倍子年需求量约     

青橄榄叶的化学成分研究

对橄榄科橄榄属青橄榄树叶子的化学成分进行了研究。从乙酸乙酯萃取部位分得8个化合物。经理化及光谱方法鉴定分别为：没食子酸乙酯（Ⅰ）、东莨菪素（Ⅱ）、没食子酸（Ⅲ）、穗花杉双黄酮（Ⅳ）、肌醇（Ⅴ）、槲皮素（Ⅵ）、卢一谷甾醇（Ⅶ）、4，5-去氢诃子裂酸三乙酯（Ⅷ）。其中化合物Ⅷ为新化合物，化合物Ⅴ、Ⅵ为首次从该属植物中得到，化合物Ⅳ、Ⅶ为首次从该植物中得到。     

单宁酸制备没食子酸丙酯的工艺研究

采用单宁酸为原料,通过酯交换法制备没食子酸丙酯,探讨反应过程中催化剂、反应温度、反应时间等因素在合成过程中的影响。实验研究证明:以单宁酸和正丙醇为起始原料,合成过程选择浓硫酸为催化剂,其单宁酸∶正丙醇∶浓硫酸的质量比为1∶2∶0.2,反应时间为10 h,为较优的反应条件,产率为52.32%。产品经红外光谱、高效液相色谱、熔点检测,符合没食子酸丙酯的质量标准。     

角倍单宁酸和没食子酸含量的比较及影响因子分析

采用皮粉法和高效液相色谱法分别测定了我国五倍子主产区14个产地角倍的单宁酸和没食子酸含量,分析角倍单宁酸和没食子酸含量与倍子性状及环境因子间的相关性。结果表明:14个产地角倍的单宁酸含量为61.59% 68.30%,平均含量64.49%;没食子酸含量为70.35% 77.61%,平均含量73.92%;倍壁厚度为1.55 2.01 mm,倍子密度为0.16 0.33 g·mL^-1。方差分析表明不同产地角倍的单宁酸含量、没食子酸含量、倍壁厚度和倍子密度差异显著。相关分析结果:单宁酸含量与没食子酸含量呈显著正相关,单宁酸和没食子酸含量分别与4—8月的月均温呈显著负相关,而与倍壁厚度、倍子密度及经纬度、海拔、湿度等环境因子相关性不显著,表明温度是影响倍子质量的主要环境因子。聚类分析将14个产地的角倍分为3类,分别代表了优良、中等和一般的类群。     

塔拉粉一步法制备焦性没食子酸的研究

以塔拉粉（Ｔａｒａｐｏｗｄｅｒ）为原料，采用一步法制备焦性没食子酸．研究表明，合理的反应条件为：塔拉粉与水的配比为１∶３，氧化钙用量为１５％～２５％，反应温度为２００℃，反应时间为３ｈ．产品用二甲苯提纯，其质量达到试剂标准，焦性没食子酸含量为９９．０％（ＨＰＬＣ法）．每生产１ｔ焦性没食子酸需塔拉粉７．７ｔ（气干）．     

’96林业部科技成果推广项目(六)

AS—AQ法生产牛皮箱纸板面浆技术牛皮箱纸板面浆是牛皮箱纸板挂面的重要材料，目前我国每年生产20多万吨牛皮箱纸板，约需挂面浆8万多吨。传统的面浆都是采用硫酸法生产，得率约为41％～43％（落叶松）。本成果以落叶松或其它针叶材为原料，采用AS—AQ法生产牛皮箱板纸面浆，浆得率可提高到55％，强度可达1号牛皮浆指标，用以牛皮箱纸板挂面，可生产符合GB13204—91标准中B级牛皮箱纸板。拟在金山屯林业局造纸厂、柴河纸板厂和带岭林业局纸板厂等建立生产线进行推广。完成单位：东北林业大学焦性没食子酸新工艺采用没食子酸为原料，经…     

肚倍种植实用技术

肚倍Kaburagia rhusicola Takagi作为一种重要原料,可加工单宁酸、没食子酸和焦性没食子酸,这些产品是医药、石油、冶炼、染料（纺织）、化工、制革、食品等工业的重要原料和试剂,在环境保护和军工等部门均有重要作用。肚倍系同翅目Homoptera、     

土耳其桔子化学成分及抑菌活性的研究

对土耳其掊子的抑菌活性成分进行研究。采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱、制备薄层色谱、HPLC,对土耳其掊子中的化学成分进行分离,通过理化性质和光谱数据鉴定其结构,采用抑菌试验对土耳其槽子不同提取部位和单体化合物进行抑菌活性筛选。分离得到7个化合物,分别鉴定为：没食子酸（Ⅰ）、间-二没食子酸（Ⅱ）、对-二没食子酸（Ⅲ）、没食子酸甲酯（Ⅳ）、没食子酸乙酯（Ⅴ）、1,2,3,6-四-O-没食子酰基-β-D-葡萄糖（Ⅵ）和1,2,3,4,6-五-O-没食子酰基-β-D-葡萄糖（Ⅶ）。土耳其桔子乙酸乙酯部位含主要抑菌活性成分,其中化合物Ⅲ和Ⅴ均为首次从该桔子中分离得到。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.