防除南方亚麻田杂草的除草剂筛选

本文概述了9种除草剂对南方亚麻田杂草的田间防治效果,通过田间试验表明,二甲四氯钠、敌草胺、异丙甲草胺、精异丙甲草胺4种除草剂对亚麻田杂草的防除效果理想,速效株防效分别为82.05%,79.49%,82.05%,82.05%;5个月后的株防效在68%以上,鲜重防效在41%以上,且对亚麻无药害,药剂持效期长达半年,可在南方亚麻田杂草防除中推广应用。     

几种除草剂对兰州百合田杂草的防除效果及其安全性评价

为明确几种除草剂对兰州百合田杂草的防除效果及其安全性, 采用土壤处理和茎叶喷雾处理的方法, 开展了5种土壤处理除草剂和13种茎叶喷雾处理除草剂在推荐剂量下防治百合田杂草的田间药效试验和对兰州百合的安全性评价。土壤处理试验结果表明:药后60 d, 5种除草剂对兰州百合田杂草具有较好的防除效果, 且对兰州百合安全。对阔叶杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别达83.23%和89.15%以上, 对禾本科杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为87.28%和89.58%以上。其中, 50%异丙隆WP 1 350 g/hm2(有效成分用量, 下同)和240 g/L乙氧氟草醚EC 180 g/hm2的防效最好, 表现出很好的除草活性。茎叶喷雾试验结果表明:15%硝磺草酮OD 150 g/hm2、30%苯唑草酮SE 27 g/hm2、15%噻吩磺隆WP 33.75 g/hm2、56%2甲4氯钠SPX 840 g/hm2、24%氨氯吡啶酸AS 108 g/hm2、30%二氯吡啶酸AS 180 g/hm2和30%氨氯·二氯吡啶酸AS 150 g/hm2喷雾处理, 药后45 d, 这7种除草剂对兰州百合田阔叶杂草具较好的防除效果且对兰州百合安全, 株防效在77.99%～93.48%, 鲜重防效在81.62%～95.05%, 但对禾本科杂草基本无效。70%嗪草酮WP 735 g/hm2能有效防除兰州百合田杂草且对兰州百合安全性高, 对阔叶杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为96.95%和99.52%, 对禾本科杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为91.81%和95.21%。研究结果可为兰州百合田除草剂的合理选择和应用提供科学依据。     

五氟·双·二氯对水稻直播田一年生杂草的防效

通过田间试验,研究了27%五氟·双·二氯可分散油悬浮剂对水稻直播田一年生杂草的防除效果及其对水稻的安全性。该药剂有效成分用量243~405 g/hm~2处理,药后40 d,对稗草的株防效达88.07%~96.12%,鲜重防效89.06%~98.73%;对鳢肠的株防效均超过90%,鲜重防效87.15%~96.22%;对异型莎草的株防效为85.86%~94.56%,鲜重防效86.54%~96.75%。对总草也有88%以上的株防效和鲜重防效。上述药剂处理对水稻安全,对产量无不良影响。     

苄·戊·异丙隆防除直播稻田杂草的效果

50%苄.戊.异丙隆可湿性粉剂在水稻直播田播后苗前施用,可有效地防除稗草、千金子、异型莎草、鸭舌草、节节菜等禾本科杂草、莎草科杂草和阔叶杂草,用量1 500 g/hm2,施后45 d对各类杂草株防效、鲜重防效均高于对照药剂30%苄嘧.丙草胺1 500 g/hm2、1%口恶嗪草酮悬浮剂4 500 mL/hm2。50%苄.戊.异丙隆可湿性粉剂1 500 g/hm2防除水稻直播田杂草效果较好。     

几种除草剂对烟草田杂草的防除效果

为了评价几种除草剂对烟草田杂草的防除效果及对烟草的安全性,在浏阳市烟草基地开展了田间试验。结果表明,供试的除草剂对烟草安全性较好。土壤处理剂中,80%异■·异丙甲乳油、50%仲灵·异■松乳油、45%甲戊·异丙甲乳油这3种复配除草剂对烟草田杂草的防治效果较好,在药后30 d对杂草的株防效为89.20%～93.92%,药后60 d对杂草的株防效为83.38%～88.53%,鲜重防效为86.53%～90.36%,均要显著优于常规对照药剂960 g/L精异丙甲草胺。行间定向喷雾茎叶处理剂中,250 g/L氟磺胺草醚AS+10%精喹禾灵EC、10%乙羧氟草醚EC+10%精喹禾灵EC、200 g/L敌草快AS+10%精喹禾灵EC等3种复配除草剂的防效较好,药后10 d对烟草田杂草的株防效为94.98%～95.75%,药后20 d对烟草田杂草的株防效为93.86%～96.03%,鲜重防效为94.98%～96.41%,均要显著优于烟草田常规使用药剂25%砜嘧磺隆WG+10%精喹禾灵EC。在供试除草剂中,除二甲戊灵对烟草生长表现轻微抑制作用外,其余除草剂对烟草农艺性状均表现为一定的促进作用,但效果不显著...     

草甘膦应用于耐除草剂大豆玉米带状复合种植田的效果

以草甘膦钾盐为供试除草剂,设计其不同用量以及与不同助剂配套的处理,以当地常规除草剂为药剂对照,在内蒙古大豆玉米带状复合种植田开展了化学除草试验,调查草甘膦不同处理对试验田种植的耐除草剂转基因作物的安全性,以及对田间主要杂草的防效。结果表明,各施药处理以对照药剂硝·烟·莠去津+松·喹·氟磺胺对作物的药害最大,药后7 d在大豆、玉米上的药害分别达3级、1级;草甘膦处理对作物的药害较轻,低剂量处理区未见药害,高剂量处理区药后7 d在大豆上产生2级药害,药后15 d降至1级,药后30 d药害消失,作物恢复正常生长。草甘膦钾盐低剂量+甲基化植物油助剂处理对田间主要杂草藜、反枝苋、稗的整体防效最高,药后45 d的株防效为94.12%～95.40%,鲜重防效为94.71%～98.83%,相应处理区玉米、大豆的产量也较高。     

稻杰防除直播水稻田杂草的应用技术研究

稻杰有效成分22.5g/hm2喷雾法防除直播水稻田稗草、节节菜、陌上菜、丁香蓼和水莎草,药后50d防效达99.0%;有效成分37.5g/hm2药土法防除稗草、陌上菜、丁香蓼和水莎草,药后50d防效达83.2%。稻杰与苄嘧磺隆混用可提高对杂草的防除效果。稻杰喷雾法和药土法施药对直播水稻都安全。     

5%精喹禾灵微乳剂防除大豆田禾本科杂草田间药效试验

田间试验表明,5%精喹禾灵微乳剂70～90mL/667m2能有效防除大豆田一年生禾本科杂草,药后30d对金狗尾草、马唐、稗草的株防效和鲜重防效均在95%以上。在推荐剂量下,对大豆生长安全,并且增产显著。     

双氯磺草胺在东北地区春大豆田的应用效果

为明确双氯磺草胺土壤封闭与茎叶处理对东北地区春大豆田阔叶杂草的防除效果和对作物的安全性。采用随机区组设计, 连续2年开展田间试验。结果表明:25.2~76.5 g/hm2有效成分剂量下84%双氯磺草胺水分散粒剂用于大豆田进行土壤封闭处理, 施药后60 d, 对东北地区常见阔叶杂草藜、本氏蓼、苍耳、苘麻、水棘针的株防效和鲜重防效都在90.0%以上, 对龙葵的株防效和鲜重防效都在87.0%以上。对阔叶杂草的总株防效为93.3%~99.0%, 总鲜重防效为94.7%~99.4%。25.2~63.0 g/hm2有效成分剂量下84%双氯磺草胺水分散粒剂茎叶喷雾处理, 施药后30 d, 对本氏蓼、苍耳、苘麻的株防效和鲜重防效都在93.0%以上, 对水棘针的株防效和鲜重防效都高于82.0%, 对藜、龙葵的株防效为59.8%~85.5%, 鲜重防效为62.5%~90.9%。对阔叶杂草总的株防效为80.1%~93.2%, 总的鲜重防效为82.2%~95.9%, 施药后初期, 大豆叶片有受害症状, 后期新生叶片正常。双氯磺草胺土壤封闭和茎叶喷雾施药方式都能有效控制东北地区春大豆田的阔叶杂草, 但依据大豆产量分析, 84%双氯磺草胺水分散粒剂有效剂量25.2~76.5 g/hm2 4个土壤封闭处理区大豆产量与人工除草相比差异不显著。本试验为大豆田苗后除草剂选择提供了新思路, 茎叶喷雾施药方式适宜的剂量为84%双氯磺草胺水分散粒剂 31.5~37.8 g/hm2;土壤封闭施药方式具有更好的除草效果, 适宜的施药剂量为84%双氯磺草胺水分散粒剂25.2~50.4 g/hm2。     

六种除草剂对玉米田间恶性杂草印加孔雀草的防除效果

为筛选能有效防除玉米田中印加孔雀草Tagetes minuta的除草剂，通过田间试验测定氨氯吡啶酸、乙羧氟草醚、氯氟吡氧乙酸、烟嘧磺隆、辛酰溴苯腈和草甘膦异丙胺盐6种除草剂对印加孔雀草的株防效和鲜重防效。结果表明，根据施药后杂草的药害症状，在6种除草剂中，印加孔雀草对氨氯吡啶酸、乙羧氟草醚以及氯氟吡氧乙酸这3种药剂较敏感；综合株防效结果及生态安全，在玉米田中防除印加孔雀草时优先选用低剂量草甘膦异丙胺盐、低剂量氨氯吡啶酸以及中剂量辛酰溴苯腈，即有效成分分别为900、 1 050和 370 g (a.i.)/hm²；综合鲜重防效结果及生态安全，在玉米田中防除印加孔雀草时优先选用中剂量辛酰溴苯腈、低剂量草甘膦异丙胺盐、低剂量氨氯吡啶酸以及中剂量乙羧氟草醚，即有效成分分别为370、 900、 1 050和90 g (a.i.)/hm²。综合所有防效结果及生态安全，900 g (a.i.)/hm²草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂、 370 g (a.i.)/hm²辛酰溴苯腈乳油和1 050 g (a.i.)/hm²氨氯吡啶酸水剂对印加孔雀草的防除效果最好，鲜重防效依次为91.08%、 93.30%和90.92%。同种除草剂不同剂量的株防效之间及鲜重防效之间差异不显著。     

除草剂混配防除新疆南疆地区冬麦田杂草的药剂试验

10％苯磺隆WP 15 ～22.5 g a.i./hm2和5％唑啉草酯+炔草酸EC30 ～60 g a.i./hm2对冬小麦生长安全.其中,10％苯磺隆WP15 g a.i./hm2与5％唑啉草酯+炔草酸EC 45～ 60 g a.i./hm2对新疆南疆地区冬麦田阔叶杂草和禾本科杂草有较好的防除效果.采用二次稀释的方法,在冬小麦拔节前用药.     

抗除草剂大豆356043对几种除草剂的耐受性评价

在温室隔离条件下,采用室内生物测定的方法,喷施靶标除草剂草甘膦、苯磺隆以及大豆田常用茎叶处理除草剂精喹禾灵、乳氟禾草灵和土壤处理除草剂乙草胺,研究了抗除草剂大豆356043对上述除草剂的耐受性差异。结果表明,大豆356043对靶标除草剂草甘膦和苯磺隆有较高的耐受性,安全使用剂量分别为922.5~2460.0、10.1~29.6 g a.i./hm2。而受体大豆Jack和常规品种科丰6号在草甘膦922.5 g a.i./hm2处理时全部死亡,在苯磺隆10.1 g a.i./hm2处理下出现明显药害症状。大豆356043对大豆田常用除草剂精喹禾灵、乳氟禾草灵和乙草胺也具有较高的耐受性,其对常规除草剂的耐受性与Jack和科丰6号无显著性差异。     

Asulam mixtures for weed control in flax

Five field experiments were conducted from 1972 to 1975 to evaluate weed control in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) using post-emergence treatments of asulam [methyl (4-aminobenzenesulphonyl) carbamatel alone and in combination with other herbicides. The ¹⁴C-asulam absorption by leaf segments and roots of glasshouse grown wild oats (Avena fatua L.) was also investigated. Asulam at 1.12 kg/ha gave good wild oat control and acceptable control of green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.). However, wild oat control was poorer when asulam was combined with other herbicides: on a 3-year average, as compared with asulam alone at equal rates, the asulam+MCPA mixture resulted in a greater antagonism and a significant 6% reduction in flax seed yield, whereas the asulam+bromoxynil/MCPA mixture gave the least antagonistic effect, improved broadleaf weed control and increased yield by 13%. In mixtures, the potassium salt of MCPA was more compatible with asulam for weed control than the amine form. Both leaf segments and roots of wild oats absorbed and distributed less ¹⁴C-asulam from solutions containing MCPA than from those containing bromoxynil or bromoxynil/MCPA.     

喹草酮与辛酰溴苯腈复配应用于小麦田的除草效果及对小麦的安全性

为明确新型除草剂喹草酮应用于小麦田的除草效果及对小麦的安全性,在温室内采用共毒系数法对喹草酮与辛酰溴苯腈联合作用进行测定,并验证喹草酮与辛酰溴苯腈两者混用以及与双氟磺草胺三者混用时对小麦田杂草的防效,以及对小麦的安全性。温室试验结果表明,喹草酮对阿拉伯婆婆纳Veronica persica防效优,试验剂量下全部死亡,对播娘蒿Descurainia sophia和麦家公Lithospermum arvense的GR₅₀分别为12.67 g (a.i.)/hm²和152.99 g (a.i.)/hm²;辛酰溴苯腈对播娘蒿和麦家公防效优,其GR₅₀分别为26.22 g (a.i.)/hm²和13.36 g (a.i.)/hm²,对阿拉伯婆婆纳防效略差,GR₅₀为85.12 g (a.i.)/hm²。喹草酮与辛酰溴苯腈按有效成分用量1∶1～1∶2.5配比时,阿拉伯婆婆纳全部死亡,对播娘蒿的共毒系数在140.34～202....     

九种除草剂对玉米田杂草的防除效果及其安全性评价

为明确9种常用除草剂对玉米田杂草的防除效果及其安全性。在福建省甜玉米制种田,采用茎叶喷雾法开展了9种除草剂在推荐剂量下的田间药效试验,并测定了除草剂对甜玉米及其后茬花椰菜和萝卜的安全性。结果表明,施药后25 d,9种除草剂的杂草株防效和鲜重防效均在92%以上;施药后50 d,27%烟 ? 硝 ? 莠去津可分散油悬浮剂[有效成分(下同) 810 g/hm2 ] 和25%硝磺 ? 莠去津可分散油悬浮剂 (750 g/hm2 ) 处理的杂草防除效果最好,以20%氯氟吡氧乙酸乳油 (180 g/hm2 ) 处理的杂草防除效果最差,杂草覆盖表现为重度。供试的9种除草剂对甜玉米生长安全,无明显药害症状,且部分药剂有明显的增产效果,其中以25%硝磺 ? 莠去津可分散油悬浮剂、20%烟嘧 ? 辛酰溴苯腈可分散油悬浮剂 (300 g/hm2 )、80%莠去津可湿性粉剂 (1 440 g/hm2 ) 和27%烟 ? 硝 ? 莠去津可分散油悬浮剂处理的玉米产量较高,与对照相比,增产率分别为21.03%、19.26%、18.74%和16.84%。10%硝磺草酮悬浮剂 (150 g/hm2 )、27%烟 ? 硝 ? 莠去津可分散油悬浮剂、33.5%硝磺 ? 异丙草胺 ? 莠去津悬浮剂 (1 005 g/hm2 ) 和30%苯唑草酮悬浮剂 (27 g/hm2 ) 处理对后茬花椰菜和萝卜均有较好的增产效果,增产率分别为18.05%和13.68%、3.37%和12.67%、15.45%和11.06%、8.21%和11.67%,但40 g/L烟嘧磺隆可分散油悬浮剂 (60 g/hm2 ) 对后茬花椰菜和萝卜的生长有抑制作用,与清水对照相比,分别减产9.74%和3.57%。研究结果可为甜玉米田杂草防除有效药剂的合理选择和应用提供科学依据。     

75%环嗪酮水分散粒剂防除森林防火道杂草的效果

用75%环嗪酮水分散粒剂防除森林防火道杂草,株防效和鲜重防效随着药剂浓度的提高而提高。75%环嗪酮水分散粒剂1 800 g a.i./hm2对森林防火道杂草15 d和30 d的总株防效分别为94.86%和96.46%,优于同浓度的50%草甘膦可溶性粉剂。75%环嗪酮水分散粒剂防除森林防火道杂草宜选择在杂草生长旺盛期,兑水定向喷雾,推荐用量为2 025～2 250 g a.i./hm2。     

10%精喹禾灵乳油对甘草田杂草防除效果及安全性

为研究豆科作物除草剂精喹禾灵对人工栽培的甘草田主要杂草的防除效果以及对甘草的安全性,在调查田间杂草种类及基数的基础上,对三年生甘草种植田进行了不同剂量10%精喹禾灵EC喷施处理。结果表明,甘草田间杂草共62种,隶属于19科43属。相对多度在30%以上的优势杂草有2种,相对多度在10%～30%内的优势杂草有8种,其中菊科杂草苣荬菜对甘草植株的危害最为严重,其相对多度达35.95%,田间频率为97%,田间密度为11.85%。禾本科杂草在危害严重的杂草中所占种类最多。施用10%精喹禾灵EC有效剂量75.0 g/hm~2时,对田间禾本科杂草的总体防效最佳,但甘草植株有药害产生,出现叶卷曲及叶片烧伤现象,甘草生长期延长。综合试验结果,推荐10%精喹禾灵EC施用量为65.0～70.0 g/hm~2,在该范围内除草效果最佳且对甘草安全。     

Selectivity of foramsulfuron + thiencarbazone‐methyl and classic herbicides in sensitive and non‐sensitive sugar beet genotypes

A new herbicide for sugar beet cultivation using the ALS‐inhibiting active ingredients foramsulfuron and thiencarbazone‐methyl is under approval in the EU member states. Sugar beet genotypes that are non‐sensitive to this herbicide are currently under development. Selectivity of the ALS‐inhibiting herbicide and yield response of the non‐sensitive genotypes might be relevant to meet the requirements for variety registration. To evaluate these issues, six field trials were conducted in Germany in 2013 and 2014. Classic herbicides and the ALS‐inhibitor herbicide were applied in dosages of up to fourfold the authorised (or applied for) application rates. The ALS‐inhibitor herbicide did not cause any significant phytotoxicity and had no effect on leaf area index at a single, double or fourfold dosage. By contrast, classic herbicides had significant negative effects at the single dosage. At fourfold dosage, they caused 41% phytotoxicity and reduced leaf area index by 35%. The relative yield difference between ALS‐inhibitor and classic herbicide treatments was 8.6% and 17.4% of white sugar yield at double and fourfold dosage respectively. The ALS‐inhibitor herbicide thus showed higher selectivity than the classic herbicides. In the registration process, the resulting yield advantage could balance a possible yield penalty of non‐sensitive genotypes. The introduction of a new system for weed control could improve application flexibility and control of troublesome weeds in sugar beet.     

Interaction between glyphosate and various herbicides for broadleaved weed control

The effects of several herbicides for broadleaved weed control on glyphosate (n-phosphonomethyl glycine) phytotoxicity to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wild oats (Avena fatua L.) were studied in the greenhouse. In tank mixtures, dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid) and bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxy benzonitrile) reduced the phytotoxicity of threshold rates of glyphosate on all three species. With increasing rates of the herbicides for broadleaved weed control relative to a fixed rate of glyphosate, there was a general trend towards increased antagonism. Increasing glyphosate rates above the threshold level in mixtures containing a fixed rate of herbicides for broadleaved weed control overcame the antagonism. Both the inert and active ingredients of 2,4-D amine and ester appeared to be involved in the antagonism. There was no reduction in glyphosate phytotoxicity on the annual grasses when 2,4-D or bromoxynil were sprayed sequentially at various times in relation to glyphosate. When droplets of bromoxynil and glyphosate were placed side by side on a leaf, glyphosate phytotoxicity was not reduced, whereas when the two herbicides were mixed and applied as one droplet, considerable reduction in glyphosate phytotoxicity occurred. These results suggest that the reduction in glyphosate phytotoxicity caused by tank mixing with herbicides such as 2,4-D, bromoxynil and dicamba may be due to a physical or chemical incompatability within the tank mixture rather than to a biological interaction in the plant.