Influence of Water Deficit on Uptake and Distribution of Nitrogen in Soybeans Monitored by Soil Injected 15N

A pot experiment was carried out in a climatic chamber to study ¹⁵N‐uptake, translocation and recovery in soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] as affected by a 13 day interval of water deficits (wd) starting at flowering. Ten or 40 mg ¹⁵N (500 or 2000 p.p.m. ¹⁵N) was injected at 0.4 m depth into the soil 3 days after flowering (3 DAF). A dose of 10 mg ¹⁵N, resulted in a translocation of 50 and 80 % to the shoot at 7 and 13 DAF, respectively; thus the uptake of ¹⁵N into the plant organs was limited by the low remaining ¹⁵N in the soil after 7 DAF. Therefore, only results referring to the 40 mg ¹⁵N application are presented here. The daily ¹⁵N‐uptake of well‐water (ww) plants during the 10 days of investigations was about c. 2.5 mg ¹⁵N, it was significantly higher than under wd at 7 DAF and tended to be higher at 13 DAF. The reduction by wd was also evident by a lower recovery of ¹⁵N (55 % instead of 75 %) at 13 DAF. In almost all leaves and pods there was a trend to a lowered translocation (mg ¹⁵N per organ) under wd when compared with the ww plants at 7 and 13 DAF; lowering due to wd was strongest and significant in upper leaves and pods at 13 DAF, whereas translocation to stems was even slightly increased. Relative accumulation of ¹⁵N (mg g^?1 dry matter) in leaves, stems and pods increased from the bottom to the top indicating an higher sink activity of younger organs. Water deficits tended to lower this relative ¹⁵N‐accumulation in all leaves and pods at 7 and 13 DAF, and caused a significant reduction in upper leaves and pods at 7 DAF. Absolute and relative ¹⁵N‐accumulation in stems tended to be affected differently by wd, being unaffected or slightly decreased at 7 DAF, but increased at 13 DAF. These differential effects of wd are discussed.     

The Effect of Chilling Temperature on the Permeability of Membranes to K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ ions and on the Electric Potential of Leaves in the Seedlings of Maize (Zea mays L.)

The relations between the extent of injuries in seedlings caused by a few day-long exposures to chill (5°C) and the leakage of K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions from the leaves as well as the electric potential in seven maize hybrids, were investigated. The permeability of cells to ions was defined based on their absolute concentration in a water diffusate (C_t) and concentration expressed in relation to the total ion content in the leaves (IL index).
At lowered temperature the hybrids of higher resistance to chilling temperature were characterized by a lower value of the IL index for K⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions than the chill-sensitive hybrids. On the other hand, absolute concentration of the ions (C_t) Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ leaking from the leaves before chill exposure of the seedlings was positively and highly correlated with the extent of injuries in hybrids caused by 4 day-long exposures to chill. This observation is evidence that the chill injuries were predetermined through increased cell permeability to the mentioned ions at room temperature.
Changes in the electric potential of leaves in conditions of lowered temperature preceded the injuries of leaves, which became apparent after a longer period of exposure to chill. Thus, as the leakage of Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions occurs, changes in the electric potential may supply early information about the predisposition of the particular maize hybrids to chilling injuries. Leakage measurements of Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions from the leaves at room temperature may find application in the selection of chill-tolerant maize genotypes.     

不同养分组合对高粱吸收氮磷钾养分的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究不同蕉园土壤条件下不同养分及组合对高粱吸收氮磷钾养分的规律。研究表明：在OPT基础上,（1）不施N,极显著降低高粱对N的吸收,但提高了高粱对P的吸收,且极显著提高了高粱对K的吸收;不施P,严重降低高粱对P的吸收,却提高了高粱对K的吸收。（2）不施Mg、施S或施B均有助于提高高粱对P和K的吸收。（3）施Fe、施Mn或施Cu均有助于提高高粱对K的吸收。     

不同灌溉次数和灌溉量对冬小麦氮素吸收转移的影响

通过6个灌溉处理的田间试验,研究了不同灌溉次数和灌溉量对麦田60 cm土层土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)淋失以及冬小麦各个生育阶段氮素吸收转移的影响.试验结果显示,水分条件影响土壤NO3--N的含量和分布,土壤NO3--N含量随着灌水次数和灌水量的增多而降低,而且集中分布在20～40 cm土层.冬小麦植株在返青期不灌水处理积累的氮素最高,拔节期后显著低于其他灌水处理(P<0.05),开花-成熟期,灌1水、2水和3水处理植株积累氮高于灌4水和5水处理.花后叶中氮向穗部的转移率为82%左右,且随着灌溉量的增大而升高,茎中氮的转移率偏低,平均75%.成熟期,花后叶茎(未考虑根)及花后植株同化氮素对穗部的贡献率分别为34%,32%,34%,植株总氮在穗部的分配比之间无显著差异,灌3水处理氮素吸收效率最高.上述结果表明,灌水量促进土壤NO3--N向下淋溶,使土壤60 cm以上NO3--N含量降低,不利于作物吸收.适度干旱有利于冬小麦植株氮素的积累和吸收利用效率的提高.花后营养器官氮向穗部的转移率叶>茎,穗中氮约66%来源于营养器官的转移,34%来源于花后同化氮量.权衡水分利用效率和氮素吸收利用率,灌2水或3水是华北地区较好的灌溉选择.     

Effect of Phosphorus and Nitrogen Fertilization on Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) Nitrogen Uptake and Yield

Little is known about the effect of combined phosphorus and nitrogen (P‐N) fertilization on the N requirement of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of varying levels of P and N, as well as the interaction P × N, on the N uptake, yield and N apparent utilization efficiency under field conditions. Split‐plot design experiments were conducted in the mid‐western Pampas in Argentina. Four levels of N (0, 46, 92 and 138 kg N ha^?1) and three levels of P (0, 12 and 40 kg P ha^?1) were applied to two Typic Hapludolls over two growing seasons (1997–98 and 1998–99). N uptake and soil N‐NO₃ contents were determined at the V₇, R₅ and R₉ growth stages. The sunflower yield ranged from 2.5 to 5.0 Mg ha^?1. The total N requirement was around 45 kg N Mg^?1 grain, and this result suggests that it is not necessary to use different N requirements (parameter b) for fertilized crops when a yield response is expected. To achieve a 100 % yield maximum a N supply (soil plus fertilizer) of 181 kg N ha^?1 at P₄₀ was needed. However, at P₀, the highest yield was about 80 % of the maximum yield with a N supply (soil plus fertilizer) of 164 kg N ha^?1. P application increased the apparent use efficiency of the supplied N.     

Pb2+胁迫下Ca2+对板蓝根幼苗生理特性的影响

以板蓝根为材料,研究了Pb2+胁迫下Ca2+对板蓝根幼苗POD、SOD活性、根系活力及蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明:在Pb2+处理下,板蓝根幼苗POD、SOD活性及蛋白质含量随Pb2+浓度升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,根系活力显著下降;在Ca2+处理下,浓度为80、160mg/L时,板蓝根幼苗POD、SOD活性、根系活力及蛋白质含量显著升高,浓度为320mg/L时,则显著低于对照,有明显抑制作用;Ca2+、Pb2+混合处理,80、160mg/LCa2+显著提高了Pb2+胁迫下POD、SOD活性、根系活力及蛋白质含量,具有缓解Pb2+毒害的作用,Ca2+为320mg/L时,与Pb2+起协同胁迫作用,增强对板蓝根幼苗的毒害效应。     

Agronomic Performance of Hexaploid Wheat Lines Derived from Direct Crosses between Wheat and Aegilops squarrosa1)

Direct introgression of genes from diploid Aegilops squarrosa L into hexaploid wheat (Tnticum aestivumL.) is an efficient way of developing stable, hexaploid lines with unique, useful genes. 39 such lines derived front direct crosses to determine the effects of Ac. squarrosa germplasm were field-tested on productivity. Whereas some lines were agronomically inferior to the recurrent parent, others periormed at an equall or better level. In addition to the larget traits (Hessian-fly and leaf-rust resistance), other traits, including soilborne-mosaic-virus resistance and protein concentration, were improved.     

Ca2＋对过量Ee2＋胁迫下水稻保护酶活性及膜脂过氧化的影响

采用水培法研究了不同浓度Ca2 在过量Fe2 胁迫下对水稻生长、保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性及脂质过氧化的影响。结果表明，Fe2 供应正常时，100—300mg kg^-1Ca2 的水培液能不同程度地促进水稻生长，提高SOD、POD活性，而对CAT的影响不大，高钙(400mg kg^-1)供应则会加剧脂质过氧化。在过量Fe2 胁迫下，100-300mgkg^-1Ca2 能较好地促进Azucena的地上部及根系的干物质积累量，对IR64的干物质积累量则以300mgkg^-1Ca2 供应为最佳。适量的Ca2 供应能提高植物体内SOD、POD和CAT的活性或使之保持在较高水平上，并使MDA含量维持在较低水平。Ca2 能较好地提高粳稻Azucena对过量Fe2 胁迫的耐性。表明适合浓度Ca2 供应提高水稻耐铁毒能力的原因之一，在于增强了植株活性氧清除能力和对生物膜结构的稳定作用。     

不同形态氮素对燕麦营养生长和磷素利用的影响

本试验采用溶液培养和砂基培养的方法,研究了NO3ˉ-N和NH4+-N两种不同形态氮素对燕麦营养生长、氮代谢、根际pH及磷素利用的影响。结果表明, 在NO3ˉ-N和 NH4+-N同时存在的条件下,燕麦生长明显优于单一NH4+-N或NO3ˉ-N处理,且植株生长量特别是根系生长量随着NO3ˉ-N在氮源中比例的提高而增加。燕麦吸收NO3ˉ-N 和NH4+-N对     

An Evaluation of Fertilizer and Soil Nitrogen Uptake by Wheat

Nitrogen utilization and uptake patterns of wheat was studied using ¹⁵N labelled fertilizer at four rates of application. Plants harvested at maximum tillering and at flowering indicated that plant N levels stabilized with time. Fertilizer N uptake and utilization of added fertilizer increased with time. However, uptake of soil N was not affected by rates of fertilizer at early stages. Increases were observed only at higher rates at the later harvest.     

小麦/玉米/大豆三熟套作体系中小麦根系分泌特性及氮素吸收研究

为探讨小麦/玉米/大豆多熟套作体系下小麦根系分泌物的分泌特性及其对根系生长环境和植株氮素吸收的影响,2006-2008年连续两个生长季采用田间定位试验,研究了小麦-大豆、小麦-甘薯、小麦/玉米/大豆和小麦/玉米/甘薯4种种植模式下小麦根系分泌物的数量与种类、小麦根系生长、土壤水分、土壤氮含量及植株吸氮量的变化特性。结果表明,与小麦-大豆和小麦-甘薯两种净作模式及小麦/玉米/甘薯套作模式相比,小麦/玉米/大豆套作降低了开花期和成熟期小麦生长区的土壤湿度、pH值及NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N的含量,提高了小麦植株地上部总吸氮量、根系活力、根干重及土壤总氮含量,并且,开花期小麦根系分泌有机酸总量和可溶性糖含量增加,表现为套作>净作,大豆茬口>甘薯茬口,边行>中行,其中以小麦边行处理的分泌量最高。拔节期根系分泌的有机酸,净作处理以乙酸含量较高,占总量的47.8%~51.6%,套作处理以柠檬酸含量较高,占总量的31.7%~55.1%;开花期根系分泌的有机酸,净作和套作处理均以乙酸含量较高,占总量的33.3%~78.3%。小麦/玉米/大豆套作对小麦根系分泌有机酸和可溶性糖有促进作用,从而改善了根系生长环境,提高了小麦对氮素的吸收。     

Effects during Period of Siliqua Developing of KH2PO4 and MgSO4 Application on Nitrogen Transportation in Pods of Oilseed Rape(Brassica napus L.)

An experiment was conducted in field experiment plot to investigate nitrogen transportation from hulls of pods in different periods at early stage of siliqua developing and effect of KH₂PO₄ and MgSO₄ application on it using ¹⁵N-urea.
More than 80 % of ¹⁵N applied on the surface of pods at lower terminal during flowering was recovered from all pods one month after flowering, most of them were still in the hulls of labelled pods, 17-27 % of ^l5N applied was transported into seeds, a small amount was transported to pods at upper terminal, a little amount was found in pods at branch. More ^l5N applied in middle period of flowering was transported to pods at upper terminal and branch than those applied in early period of flowering. It should be further investigated to conclude how will be going on transportation of nitrogen from hulls as preceding of siliqua developing towards maturity of seeds and its difference between ¹⁵N applied in more different periods.
Application of KH₂PO₄ and MgSO₄ with ¹⁵N-urea of surface of pods promoted transportation of ¹⁵N into seeds from hulls, effect of MgSO₄ was more notable.     

氮硫交互作用对小麦苗期生长和养分吸收的影响

通过基质盆栽冬小麦，研究了氮硫交互作用对小麦苗期生长及养分吸收的影响。研究结果表明，氮、硫对苗期小麦的生长都有一定影响，氮的增产效果远大于硫，当氮肥用量为200mg/盆时，小麦生物量的最大增产幅度89％；在低氮水平下，硫肥的增产效果最佳，最高可增产125。硫肥的施用可以提高苗期小麦植株体内硫的累积量，在氮素胁迫的情况下最为显著，可提高1倍以上；同时降低植株体内氮的累积，但降低幅度不大。氮素充足时，地上部与地下部生物量之比为2.4-3.9，氮素胁迫条件下，小麦的地上部和地下部的生物量相当，说明氮素养分不足时，小麦合成的有机物质更倾向于分配给根系，促进根系的生长，这可能是小麦抵抗胁迫环境条件的生理机制之一。     

花后营养调控对冬小麦灌浆期物质生产、氮素吸收及再运移的影响

花后营养调控已成为高产超高产冬小麦栽培中抗早衰,增加籽粒重的重要措施之一。为了验证花后不同养分调控策略对高产超高产冬小麦灌浆期物质生产,氮素吸收及再转移的影响,并为高产超高产冬小麦花后养分调控提供理论支撑,在大田试验中,研究了花后1次氮肥调控、4次氮肥调控、喷施磷酸二氢钾处理对小麦籽粒灌浆及氮素再运移的影响。结果表明,在高产栽培条件下,花后无调控处理（对照）的小麦籽粒产量为8.7 t/hm2。即使在高产条件,花后营养调控仍增加籽粒产量,其中花后4次氮肥、一次氮肥处理和花后喷施磷酸二氢钾分别较对照处理提高产量9.9%,8.9%和11.6%。与对照相比,花后营养调控增加了后期干物质与养分积累,促进花前干物质与养分的再转移,增加小麦千粒重,最终提高小麦籽粒产量。综合以上结果,在高产超高产条件,冬小麦花后的氮素管理有利于保证氮素充分供应,结合喷施磷酸二氢钾有助于延缓花后胁迫导致的早衰,改善灌浆过程,可以明显增加小麦籽粒产量。     

水分和氮肥运筹对小麦氮素吸收分配的影响

试验结果表明，两种灌溉方法下各处理之间的产量不存在显著差异，与两水处理相比，四水处理公顷穗数提高，但拔节水导致千粒重极显著降低。四水条件下小麦的氮素吸收量高于两水条件下的相应氮肥处理，而氮素生理效率降低。灌四水使氮素在小麦营养器官中的分配比例提高，两水灌溉更有利于氮素向子粒转运。各营养器官对子粒氮的贡献率依次为叶片＞茎秆＝颖壳＞叶鞘＞根系，其中叶片的氮素转移量最高，两水灌溉制度下，常规施肥量适宜于部分基施、部分于拔节期追施，而省肥用量可以考虑全部基施。     

The Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization on the Phosphorus Absorption by Sunflowers

Little is known about the effect of fertilization on the P uptake of sunflowers. A 4² factorial trial with 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha⁻¹ and 0, 15, 30, and 45 kg P ha⁻¹ was conducted over three years. The P content and concentration of leaves, stems and capitula were determined at three growth stages. High N levels increased the P content and concentration of all plant components in early growth stages only. High P levels increased the P content and concentration of all plant components sharply almost throughout. Plants seem to recover some lost growth towards the end of the season so that at physiological maturity there are no significant differences in P content among N levels. The translocation of P from the stems is very effective but P can accumulate in the leaves if a luxury quantity of P is present in the plants. In terms of seed yield a significant N × P interaction was found, indicating a sharp response to both N and P only in the presence of a sufficient quantity of the other element. The response of seed yield was in agreement with the P absorption by the plants.     

Effects of 15N Split-application on Soil and Fertiliser N Uptake of Barley, Oilseed Rape and Wheat in Different Cropping Systems

In intensive farming systems, farmers split up and apply the N fertilization to winter cereals and oilseed rape (OSR) at several dates to meet the need of the crop more precisely. Our objective was to determine how prior fertilizer N application as slurry and/or mineral N affects contributions of fertilizer‐ and soil‐derived N to N uptake of barley (1997), oilseed rape (OSR; 1998) and wheat (1999). In addition, residual fertilizer N effects were observed in the subsequent crop. Since autumn 1991, slurry (none, slurry in autumn, in spring, in autumn plus in spring) and mineral N fertilizer (0, 12 and 24 g N m⁻²) were applied annually. Each year, the treatments were located on the same plots. In 1997–1999, the splitting rates of the mineral N fertilization were labelled with ¹⁵N. Non‐fertilizer N uptake was estimated from the total N uptake and the fertilizer ¹⁵N uptake. All three crops utilized the splitting rates differently depending on the time of application. Uptake of N derived from the first N rate applied at the beginning of spring growth was poorer than that from the second splitting rate applied at stem elongation (cereals) or third splitting rate applied at ear emergence or bud formation (all three crops). In contrast, N applied later in the growing season was taken up more quickly, resulting in higher fertilizer N‐use efficiency. Mineral N fertilization of 24 g N m⁻² increased significantly non‐fertilizer N uptake of barley and OSR at most of the sampling dates during the growing season. In cereals, slurry changed the contribution of non‐fertilizer N to the grain N content only if applied in spring, while OSR utilized more autumn slurry N. In OSR and wheat, only small residual effects occurred. The results indicate that 7 years of varying N fertilization did not change the contribution of soil N to crop N uptake.     

外源Mg2+对荞麦耐盐性的影响

以盐敏感荞麦品种TQ-0808为试验材料,在100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下进行不同浓度的外源Mg2+处理,探讨外源Mg2+对荞麦耐盐生理特性的效应。结果表明,40 mmol/L外源Mg2+处理能显著降低NaCl胁迫下荞麦叶片质膜透性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,明显增加NaCl胁迫下荞麦叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和净光合速率,使NaCl胁迫下荞麦叶片SOD活性接近对照水平,荞麦叶片净光合速率达到对照水平。说明适当浓度的外源Mg2+处理可明显改善盐胁迫下荞麦幼苗的生理特性,对盐胁迫具有较好的缓解作用;而外源Mg2+浓度过高可能会加剧胁迫。     

甘蔗Ca~(2+)/H~+反向运转体基因的克隆与表达分析

CAX(Ca~(2+)/H~+antiporter)是植物细胞膜Ca~(2+)主动运输体系的一个大类。本研究以高粱的CAX1基因(GenBank登录号为XM_002441593)为探针,利用电子克隆并结合RT-PCR技术,获得甘蔗CAX1基因的1条cDNA序列,命名为Sc CAX1(GenBank登录号为KT799799)。生物信息学分析显示,ScCAX1基因全长784 bp,包含1个645 bp的开放阅读框,编码1个214个氨基酸的蛋白质。ScCAX1蛋白被定位于叶绿体类囊体膜,为稳定的疏水性蛋白,不存在信号肽。蛋白二级结构元件多为α-螺旋,具有1个Na_Ca_ex superfamily。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,甘蔗ScCAX1基因的表达具有组织特异性,在各组织中均表达,但在茎中表达量最低,叶中的表达量最高。在PEG、NaCl、SA、ABA和Me JA胁迫过程中,ScCAX1基因的表达均受到调控。其中ABA、SA和PEG胁迫下表达量上调,均在胁迫24 h达到最大值。SA胁迫24 h的表达量为对照的5.47倍,而ABA胁迫24 h的表达量为对照的3.5倍。NaCl胁迫6 h的表达量达最大值,为对照的2.14倍。推测ScCAX1基因能够响应逆境胁迫,其表达可能与甘蔗的抗盐、抗渗透胁迫性状有关。     

灌溉处理对冬小麦氮的吸收转移特性的影响

以强筋小麦烟农21号和中筋小麦鲁麦21为材料。研究了灌溉处理对小麦植株及籽粒氮的积累、运转特性的影响,以期为优质小麦的高产优质栽培提供理论依据。结果表明：在冬小麦各营养器官中,小麦花前氮积累量以叶鞘中最高,其次是其他叶、茎、颖壳和穗轴,旗叶最低。成熟期小麦各器官氮素分配以茎中积累量较高。叶鞘花前氮转移效率以及转移氮对籽粒氮的贡献率最高。适当灌水拔节水与开花水有利于强筋小麦烟农21号氮素的积累与转移,有利于小麦面团品质的改善。面团形成时间．稳定时间延长。随着灌溉次数的增加,中筋小麦鲁麦21的各营养器官的花前氮积累量。转移氮对籽粒氮的贡献率逐渐增加,但其沉降值,面团形成时间,稳定时间处理间无显著差异。强筋小麦烟农21号氮素的吸收．转运能力明显优于中筋小麦鲁麦21。