Conversion of traditional village gardens and new economic strategies of rural households in the area of Bogor,Indonesia

Multistoried village gardens in the vicinity of Bogor (West Java, Indonesia) have long been essential multi-purpose production systems for low-income households. However they are being subjected to important conversion processes linked to socio-economic changes presently found in overcrowded semi-urban zones. Determining factors in their development are a high population increase and the rise of a market economy. Some gardens tend to specialize in commercial growing of fruits or of export crops, others are colonized by houses and associated home-gardens. Traditional gardens gradually lose their earlier ecological and economic features but also become a major asset for the modernization of village economy and society. In addition they bring socio-professional changes to villagers and play a determining role in the search for a new balance in the relationship between cities and villages.     

The structure of four home gardens in the Petén,Guatemala

Forest-covered home gardens around the tropical world vary in their structure, but serve to supply food and other products for direct family consumption or marketing. Little quantitative data exist defining home garden structure. Thus, this study was undertaken to examine the variation in home garden structures in response to market or household needs and the subsequent variation in light interception and productivity.Four home gardens were studied in the Department of the Petén, in northern Guatemala. Areal extent and height of canopies were mapped in transects through four gardens representing a range of site water regimes and market orientation. Light intensities incident on the ground were measured along each transect to assess light use. Results showed structural complexity, with full canopy closure in the one or more layers within the canopy for most gardens. The garden architectures made efficient use of light and space, with intersive management for food and fuel production. Farmers grew the crops for both cash and family subsistence. One home garden on a comparatively dry site with shallow soil seemed less structured, with only a single broken canopy layer, but with diverse species of plants.The results indicate that development of gardens in this area utilized existing trees, thinning them to leave the most useful, and inserting other desirable trees and shrubs in the understory and in open spaces. This strategy seemed to maximize light use, regardless of market orientation.This look at the structure and composition of four home gardens, in a forested area of current immigration, demonstrated (1) variety of organization and plant components, (2) different architecture for different soil/site conditions and market orientations, and (3) efficient use of available light through the arrangement of plants.     

河北省景天科(Crassulaceae)野生植物资源分析

为全面掌握河北省景天科野生植物资源现状,对该科植物区系及资源价值进行了研究。通过对河北省景天科野生植物种质资源信息进行分类研究发现,该科野生植物共10属22种,其中药用植物10种、食用植物5种、观赏植物4种;提出可通过开展繁殖和栽培技术研究、选育优良品种、重视资源的综合利用及建立种质资源库和中药材生产基地等各种举措的实施,实现河北省景天科野生植物种质资源的可持续利用。     

浙江省国家重点野生保护植物保护现状及其对策

对浙江省国家重点保护野生植物就地保护现状及评价进行了研究,目前全省8个国家或省级野生植物和森林生态系统类型自然保护区已就地保护38种国家重点保护植物,占浙江省国家重点保护野生植物总种数(50种)的76%;提出了适度扩区、建立保护点、迁地保护和加大宣传力度等方面保护对策建议     

野生植物类型自然保护区保护成效评估

野生植物类型自然保护区是以野生植物物种种群及其自然生境为主要保护对象的自然保护区。保护成效评估是基于保护对象对自然保护区进行的,开展野生植物类型自然保护区保护成效评估,对保护野生植物资源、提高自然保护区保护效率、改善自然保护区管理水平等有重要意义。从野生植物保护分级体系、保护有效性评价与成效评估等方面对自然保护区保护成效进行了论述,并为野生植物类型自然保护区的更好发展事业提出了建议,以期为自然保护区保护成效的评估提供理论依据。     

彩叶植物在北方园林中的适应性评价

随着人类对居住环境要求的不断提高,彩叶植物以其色彩艳丽,观赏期长,营造的园林景观稳定性强,色相变化明显等无可比拟的优越性在园林行业中占有相当大的优势。选取紫叶矮樱、紫叶李、紫叶碧桃、美人梅等九种彩叶植物对其生态适应性和景观效果进行了分析评价。     

八大公山国家重点保护野生植物繁殖特性

以八大公山国家级自然保护区35种国家重点保护野生植物为研究对象,对植物的科属、保护级别(I级、II级)、生活型(乔木、灌木、草本)、自然条件下繁殖属性(有性繁殖、无性繁殖)以及种子传播方式(脊椎动物传播、蚂蚁传播、鸟类传播、风传播)进行分类。结果表明:八大公山国家级自然保护区的35种国家重点保护植物隶属于22科27属,有国家I级保护植物6种,国家II级保护植物29种,乔木为28种,占80%,灌木与草本较少;自然条件下,35种保护野生植物均为有性繁殖,其中金毛狗为有性孢子繁殖,其余为种子繁殖;种子(孢子)传播方式中脊椎动物传播为18种,鸟类传播为14种,风传播为3种,分别占总物种数目的 51.43%、40.00%和8.57%。可见,八大公山国家自然保护区脊椎动物和鸟类的减少导致植物繁殖扩散困难可能是国家重点保护野生植物数量进一步减少的重要原因之一。     

浙江省特有野生珍贵植物濒危原因及保护对策

根据5 a的实地调查和综合前人研究成果,浙江省特有野生珍贵植物共有14科16属17种。对资源种类、分布、濒危原因和价值等进行了分析,提出了该类植物资源的保护对策。     

吉林省地方野生植物受威胁及优先保护等级评价方法的探讨

依据吉林省野生植物种类及分布特点,建立了新的＂地方野生植物受威胁及优先保护等级定量评价体系＂,与按照国家现行＂野生植物受威胁及优先保护等级评价方法＂的评价结果进行比较分析,结果表明：本评价体系适合吉林省的实际情况,受威胁等级评价结果能全面反映出野生植物的现存状态,优先保护等级评价结果更加符合科学意义及经济价值上的保护目标。     

我国野生植物产业化发展中的问题及对策

我国野生植物资源丰富,野生植物产业化发展具有重要的经济和社会意义。对野生植物产业化概念作了概述,对我国野生植物产业化发展中存在的问题进行了总结,并提出了我国野生植物产业化发展的对策建议。     

Compatibility and complementarity of indigenous and scientific knowledge of wild plants in the highlands of southwest Saudi Arabia

This study presents a survey of wild plants commonly used by local inhabitants in the highlands of southwest Saudi Arabia. Based upon literature review, direct observation of local inhabitants, and questionnaire interviews, 36 plant species were assessed and given scores according to their use. The gaps between scientific and indigenous knowl- edge on the use of plants were estimated using a ＂compatibility ratio＂. The score values were estimated based on seven different use categories of ecosystem services, including food, forage, medicine, wood, beekeeping, research, and education. Additional structural categories include source of materials, shade, hedges, ornamental plantings, and soil stabilization. There are discrepancies between indigenous knowledge （IK） and scien- tific knowledge （SK） but in most cases, SK of the species supports the IK and plant users preference. The results also provide information that challenges assumptions about the consistency of IK with SK. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the cultural context and uses of wild plants. Biodiversity-based knowledge holds promise for contributing to sustainable use of wild plant resources and related traditions. The success of such endeavours depends on the compatibility and complementarity of indigenous and scientific knowledge.     

壶瓶山国家级自然保护区野生观赏木本植物资源及其开发利用

对湖南省壶瓶山野生观赏木本植物调查研究结果表明,该区共有野生木本观赏植物81科180属432种,其中乔木273种、灌木111种、木质藤本48种。分析研究了该区野生观赏植物区系特征,按类别列举了各类重要的观赏树种,同时提出了12个重要观赏树种。并对野生植物资源利用的前景提出了建议和探讨。     

南京老山地区地被植物资源调查与应用

对南京老山地区的野生地被植物种质资源进行了野外调查和室内鉴定,结果表明:南京老山地区分布的较为重要的野生地被植物种质资源共计112种,分属于60科98属。并提出了近期值得推广应用的若干种类。     

徐州市景天科野生观赏植物资源园林开发价值评价

选取徐州市9种景天科野生观赏植物资源作为研究对象,对其园林开发利用前景给予综合评价。采用层次分析法(AHP)作为评价方法,建立了包括植物观赏价值、开发潜力和适应能力3个约束层和11个因子的评价体系。评价值排序为:八宝景天、佛甲草为第1等级资源,垂盆草、景天三七等4种景天为第2等级资源,珠芽景天、瓦松等3种景天为第3等级资源。     

森林游憩价值评价之CVM、TCM比较研究

综述了森林游憩价值评价中有代表性的条件价值法（CVM）和旅行费用法（TCM）的原理、评价过程。通过对比，分析二者的异同点，同时提出整合应用建议。     

Tourist behavior and conservation awareness on eating wild edible plants in mountainous protected areas: a case study in Northwest China

Protected areas in tourist hot spots are under increasing pressure from growing commercial tourism and wild plants utilization. However, few studies of tourists’ behaviors and attitudes towards eating wild edible plants in protected areas have been conducted. This study presents the results of an investigation conducted on 202 tourists and 334 households in the Qinling Mountains in China to examine relationships between harvest/eating wild edible plants and the tourism experience. According to the results, there is a high demand for wild edible plants by tourists and local people because of traditions and the desire for green food. Tourists with a higher level of education, maturity, or environmental awareness eat wild edible plants to a lesser extent. However, higher income may encourage greater utilization of wildland resources. Analytical results indicate significant inconsistency between tourists’ perceptions of wildland resource conservation and their actual behavior. Besides, the respondents perceive a low level of environmental responsibility in spite of their stated environmental awareness. This study highlights the need to fulfill ecological responsibility when tourism occurs in protected areas to achieve species conservation and sustainability.     

西双版纳夹竹桃科野生观赏植物资源及其在园林中应用

通过对西双版纳地区夹竹桃科植物标本的调查和野外考察,西双版纳夹竹桃科野生观赏植物资源十分丰富,共有62种之多。讨论和分析了它们的观赏特性、生长环境、园林用途。最后对夹竹桃科野生植物资源的合理开发和保护提出了几点建议和意见。     

The role of nontimber tree products in household food procurement strategies: profile of a Sri Lankan village

Reliance on nontimber forest products from homegardens and forests in a Sri Lankan village is presented. Land and tree tenure in this village adjacent to the Sinharaja Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Reserve have shifted dramatically because of changing priorities in forest management recently shifting from utilization toward complete forest protection. Local residents must adapt to a new set of social circumstances. Household demographics, access to land, and income from nontimber forest products (NTFPs) and external employment are examined as pertinent to household food acquisition. Linear correlations show significant associations between income generated from the sale of agricultural produce and nontimber forest products and the amount of money allocated to food purchases. Fifty-five edible plant species were found in homegardens. Four forest tree species provide food regularly. Case studies are essential in increasing the natural resource manager's awareness about the role of agroforestry in protected areas management and his or her understnading of promoting protection without compromising subsistence needs.     

梅花山华南虎散养繁殖与半野化研究

通过引进2雄1雌3只亚成体华南虎,提供适宜的散放生境条件,开展散养繁殖管理和野生行为习性恢复驯养,实现种虎间的配对和交配繁殖,提高了种虎繁殖成活率,有效地恢复了种虎野生行为习性,为促进华南虎的种群保护与发展提供参考。     

海口主要公园香花植物资源调查与分析

香花植物在园林景观中满足了人们视觉感官与嗅觉感官的双重要求,有着独特的应用价值。本文对海口市5所大型综合性公园的香花植物进行调查,为推动其在海口市园林景观中的应用提供参考。研究发现,所调查的公园有香花植物45种（含1变种,2栽培品种）,隶属于29科39属,以乡土植物为主,木本植物居多;多集中于夏季开花,花色以白色为主;花香从微香型到浓香型,以芳香型为主;主要有闻香主景式、点缀配景式两种配置形式。另外,香花植物种类偏少、种植面积小、花色单调等问题突出,针对以上问题提出相应对策。