水稻对铵态氮和硝态氮吸收特性的研究

 采用水培方法, 研究了水稻不同生育期对铵、硝态氮的吸收特性。水稻虽为较强的喜铵作物,累积吸收的铵态氮多于硝态氮,但并不完全依赖于铵态氮。在铵、硝态氮等量共存条件下,水稻对铵、硝态氮的相对吸收量表现出明显的阶段性。从移栽到分蘖终期的营养生长期,吸收的铵态氮多于硝态氮,占营养生长期吸氮总量的68.9%;铵态氮营养主导作用在分蘖期表现得更为明显。从拔节到成熟的生殖生长期,两者的吸收比例在1左右,趋于稳定,可以同等有效地吸收铵态氮和硝态氮。在施肥实践中,应充分考虑水稻不同生育阶段吸收铵态氮、硝态氮的营养特点,合理调控土壤中铵、硝态氮比例,以满足水稻不同生育期对各种氮源的需求。     

覆膜穴播方式对旱地小麦田土壤硝态氮和铵态氮积累的影响

为明确全膜覆土穴播栽培方式下旱地小麦土壤氮素的转化规律,采用比色法测定了全膜覆土穴播、传统地膜穴播和露地穴播冬、春小麦苗期、拔节期和收获期土壤硝态氮和铵态氮的含量。结果表明,在一次性基施氮肥后的第3年,0~60cm土层硝态氮累积量随土层深度的增加呈逐渐降低趋势,硝态氮大部分累积在土壤中下层(80~160cm)。随着春(冬)小麦的生长发育,各处理土壤硝态氮含量均呈"S"型变化,在120~160cm土层会出现一高峰值。相比露地穴播,全膜覆土穴播和传统地膜穴播能更好地利用0~80cm土层硝态氮。铵态氮含量在耕层土壤中较高,且随着土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低。全膜覆土穴播和传统地膜穴播减少了春(冬)小麦各生育时期0~60cm土层的铵态氮含量。     

不同施氮方式对玉米田土壤无机氮动态变化的影响

研究不同施氮方式对玉米田土壤水分动态变化和土壤无机氮变化特征的影响。结果表明,玉米生育期不同施氮方式下,0~100 cm土壤水分变化趋势相似,非雨季0~20 cm土壤含水量施肥处理比不施肥(CK)低2~4个百分点,雨季由于降雨的补给各处理各层土壤水分无明显变化。施氮显著增加了0~100 cm土层无机氮含量。习惯施肥处理土壤硝态氮含量受降雨影响较大,表现出向土壤深层迁移的趋势;缓控释肥、优化施肥和优化施肥+秸秆还田处理可降低土壤硝态氮的残留。0~40 cm土壤铵态氮含量受基肥和追肥影响较大,41~100 cm土壤铵态氮含量为3~5 mg/kg,变化幅度较小,趋于稳定。合理的氮肥用量及施氮方式,可有效减少土壤硝态氮的残留,减轻浅层地下水硝态氮污染的风险。     

砂页岩发育的砖红壤上氮和钾素垂直运移特征初步研究

为探讨砂页岩发育的砖红壤中N、K垂直运移特征,本试验设置施肥和不施肥处理,利用田间大型土壤渗滤装置,抽取在20、60、100和200 cm土层处的土壤溶液,并对其硝态氮、铵态氮、K+浓度变化做连续研究。结果表明：（1）施肥可加剧砂页岩发育的砖红壤中铵态氮、硝态氮和K+的垂直运移,但对硝态氮在土层中垂直运移的深度影响不大;（2）施肥后,在砂页岩为母质的土壤上,硝态氮运移可到200 cm处,需时105 d,铵态氮可运移到60 cm处,需时49~76 d,K+可运移到20 cm处,需时12~17 d。     

聚丙烯酰胺对胶园肥穴养分垂直分布的影响

以普通肥料为对照,将聚丙烯酰胺与普通肥料混合施用,研究了聚丙烯酰胺对胶园肥穴养分垂直分布的影响。结果表明:与普通肥料相比,聚丙烯酰胺混施可增加胶园肥穴0~40 cm土层中硝态氮、铵态氮、速效钾含量,且硝态氮、速效钾含量处理间差异显著,同时可降低肥穴40~100 cm土层中硝态氮、铵态氮、速效钾含量;另外,混施处理肥穴0~20 cm土层速效磷含量与普通肥料处理差异不显著。可见,聚丙烯酰胺与普通肥料混施可增加0~40 cm橡胶树根层土壤养分含量,有利于橡胶树根系对养分的吸收,减少养分淋失。     

减施氮肥对稻田土壤剖面养分分布特征的影响

为探讨减施氮肥对养分在剖面垂直的分布与迁移的影响,采用大田试验,探讨了减施氮肥对稻田剖面养分累积和分布的影响.结果表明:3个处理下土壤剖面养分累积的趋势是:有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷含量随土层深度的增加而降低,而全钾及速效钾含量则随土层深度的增加而提高.T3(80％的习惯施氮量)处理中除耕层的有效氮、速效磷及速效钾含量较T2(习惯施氮量)处理降低外,土壤其它各层有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效氮、速效磷以及速效钾含量均较T2处理有所增加.T3处理有机质的增加主要集中在0～60 cm土层中,氮素主要集中在0～40 cm土层中,钾素则主要集中在0～20 cm土层中,土壤中各层的磷素在两个施肥处理中无显著差异,说明T3处理增加的养分主要集中在作物能吸收的范围内,这意味着对土壤培肥和作物生产更有利.     

施氮水平对芥菜生长及土壤硝态氮残留的影响

利用田间小区试验,研究不同氮用量水平(0、112.5、225、337.5kg/hm2)对芥菜生长、养分吸收利用、品质以及土壤硝态氮残留、累积的影响。结果表明,施氮显著增加芥菜产量、促进芥菜植株对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收,且随氮用量增加,芥菜产量和养分吸收量呈增加趋势。芥菜植株氮肥利用率随氮用量增加而降低。施氮明显提高芥菜地上部可溶性糖、维生素C含量及硝酸盐含量,但随氮肥用量的增加,芥菜可溶性糖含量显著降低,硝酸盐含量有增加趋势,维生素C含量没有显著变化。不同处理土壤硝态氮主要分布于0～40cm土层,随土层深度增加,硝态氮含量总体呈现下降趋势。施氮显著增加菜地土壤0～100cm土层硝态氮残留累积量,且硝态氮累积量随氮用量增加显著提高。从兼顾芥菜产量、氮肥有效利用及减轻氮对环境污染等角度考虑,芥菜以225kg/hm2的施氮量较为适宜。     

成龄胶园间作不同豆科作物对土壤养分的影响

以间作胶园的土壤为材料,以单作胶园土壤为对照,采用土壤常规分析方法分别测定其中的主要营养成分。结果表明,间作的9种豆科作物均不同程度的降低了胶园土壤的有机质、全氮(除间作凉薯和黎豆的土壤全氮含量略高于不间作土壤外)、全磷、速效磷含量及pH值,不同程度的增加了铵态氮、硝态氮、全钾及速效钾含量。说明成龄胶园间作豆科作物能改善土壤的硝态氮、铵态氮、全钾及速效钾含量,短时期内提高了土壤的供氮、供钾能力,但降低了土壤磷含量和土壤磷的供应能力。由此可见,在成龄胶园内进行间作,必须加强作物施肥,以实现土壤养分的收支平衡,维护土壤功能、保护土壤质量。     

不同施肥时期对春玉米土壤硝态氮含量变化的影响

以＂郑单958＂为材料,探究不同施氮处理下0～60 cm春玉米生育期间土壤硝态氮含量的变化,结果表明：0～40 cm土层,施氮增加了土壤硝态氮含量,且受施氮影响较大;20～40cm土层,与不施氮相比,施氮影响了玉米生育后期该层的土壤硝态氮含量;40～60 cm土层,土壤硝态氮含量变化不明显,趋于平稳,在吐丝期以后有所不同,施氮影响了灌浆阶段硝态氮的含量。其中以N 240 kg/hm2,1/5作口肥,2/5拔节中期追施,2/5大口期追施模式最佳,追施氮肥增加了玉米生育后期土壤的供氮能力,增产显著。该研究初步探明了不同施肥处理土壤硝态氮含量影响的变化规律,为玉米合理施肥,提高氮肥利用率提供依据。     

施氮量对半湿润区小麦-玉米轮作系统土壤氮的影响

为探讨不同施氮量对黄土高原半湿润地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统土壤氮动态变化的影响,2016-2018年采用田间试验,研究了不同氮肥用量下冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统作物不同生育时期0～200 cm土层土壤氮的动态变化。结果表明,不同氮肥处理间0～60 cm土层土壤全氮储量差异显著,两年试验后较试验前,施氮0 kg·hm~(-2)(N_0)、100 kg·hm~(-2)(N_(100))、200 kg·hm~(-2)(N_(200))、300 kg·hm~(-2)(N_(300))和400kg·hm~(-2)(N_(400))处理的土壤全氮增量分别为-180、-245、288、627和709 kg·hm~(-2)。不同氮肥处理间0～200 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量及其储量差异显著,土壤铵态氮含量无显著性差异。两年试验后较试验前,N_0和N_(100)处理0～200 cm土层土壤硝态氮储量明显降低,N_(200)处理变化不显著,3者均无明显硝态氮下移,而N_(300)和N_(400)处理0～200 cm土层土壤硝态氮储量显著增加,向深层土壤(100～200 cm)下移明显。每季作物施氮200 kg·hm~(-2)可以减少深层土壤硝酸盐累积量。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.