水稻对铵态氮和硝态氮吸收特性的研究

 采用水培方法, 研究了水稻不同生育期对铵、硝态氮的吸收特性。水稻虽为较强的喜铵作物,累积吸收的铵态氮多于硝态氮,但并不完全依赖于铵态氮。在铵、硝态氮等量共存条件下,水稻对铵、硝态氮的相对吸收量表现出明显的阶段性。从移栽到分蘖终期的营养生长期,吸收的铵态氮多于硝态氮,占营养生长期吸氮总量的68.9%;铵态氮营养主导作用在分蘖期表现得更为明显。从拔节到成熟的生殖生长期,两者的吸收比例在1左右,趋于稳定,可以同等有效地吸收铵态氮和硝态氮。在施肥实践中,应充分考虑水稻不同生育阶段吸收铵态氮、硝态氮的营养特点,合理调控土壤中铵、硝态氮比例,以满足水稻不同生育期对各种氮源的需求。     

覆膜穴播方式对旱地小麦田土壤硝态氮和铵态氮积累的影响

为明确全膜覆土穴播栽培方式下旱地小麦土壤氮素的转化规律,采用比色法测定了全膜覆土穴播、传统地膜穴播和露地穴播冬、春小麦苗期、拔节期和收获期土壤硝态氮和铵态氮的含量。结果表明,在一次性基施氮肥后的第3年,0~60cm土层硝态氮累积量随土层深度的增加呈逐渐降低趋势,硝态氮大部分累积在土壤中下层(80~160cm)。随着春(冬)小麦的生长发育,各处理土壤硝态氮含量均呈"S"型变化,在120~160cm土层会出现一高峰值。相比露地穴播,全膜覆土穴播和传统地膜穴播能更好地利用0~80cm土层硝态氮。铵态氮含量在耕层土壤中较高,且随着土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低。全膜覆土穴播和传统地膜穴播减少了春(冬)小麦各生育时期0~60cm土层的铵态氮含量。     

砂页岩发育的砖红壤上氮和钾素垂直运移特征初步研究

为探讨砂页岩发育的砖红壤中N、K垂直运移特征,本试验设置施肥和不施肥处理,利用田间大型土壤渗滤装置,抽取在20、60、100和200 cm土层处的土壤溶液,并对其硝态氮、铵态氮、K+浓度变化做连续研究。结果表明：（1）施肥可加剧砂页岩发育的砖红壤中铵态氮、硝态氮和K+的垂直运移,但对硝态氮在土层中垂直运移的深度影响不大;（2）施肥后,在砂页岩为母质的土壤上,硝态氮运移可到200 cm处,需时105 d,铵态氮可运移到60 cm处,需时49~76 d,K+可运移到20 cm处,需时12~17 d。     

不同施氮方式对玉米田土壤无机氮动态变化的影响

研究不同施氮方式对玉米田土壤水分动态变化和土壤无机氮变化特征的影响。结果表明,玉米生育期不同施氮方式下,0~100 cm土壤水分变化趋势相似,非雨季0~20 cm土壤含水量施肥处理比不施肥(CK)低2~4个百分点,雨季由于降雨的补给各处理各层土壤水分无明显变化。施氮显著增加了0~100 cm土层无机氮含量。习惯施肥处理土壤硝态氮含量受降雨影响较大,表现出向土壤深层迁移的趋势;缓控释肥、优化施肥和优化施肥+秸秆还田处理可降低土壤硝态氮的残留。0~40 cm土壤铵态氮含量受基肥和追肥影响较大,41~100 cm土壤铵态氮含量为3~5 mg/kg,变化幅度较小,趋于稳定。合理的氮肥用量及施氮方式,可有效减少土壤硝态氮的残留,减轻浅层地下水硝态氮污染的风险。     

聚丙烯酰胺对胶园肥穴养分垂直分布的影响

以普通肥料为对照,将聚丙烯酰胺与普通肥料混合施用,研究了聚丙烯酰胺对胶园肥穴养分垂直分布的影响。结果表明:与普通肥料相比,聚丙烯酰胺混施可增加胶园肥穴0~40 cm土层中硝态氮、铵态氮、速效钾含量,且硝态氮、速效钾含量处理间差异显著,同时可降低肥穴40~100 cm土层中硝态氮、铵态氮、速效钾含量;另外,混施处理肥穴0~20 cm土层速效磷含量与普通肥料处理差异不显著。可见,聚丙烯酰胺与普通肥料混施可增加0~40 cm橡胶树根层土壤养分含量,有利于橡胶树根系对养分的吸收,减少养分淋失。     

减施氮肥对稻田土壤剖面养分分布特征的影响

为探讨减施氮肥对养分在剖面垂直的分布与迁移的影响,采用大田试验,探讨了减施氮肥对稻田剖面养分累积和分布的影响.结果表明:3个处理下土壤剖面养分累积的趋势是:有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷含量随土层深度的增加而降低,而全钾及速效钾含量则随土层深度的增加而提高.T3(80％的习惯施氮量)处理中除耕层的有效氮、速效磷及速效钾含量较T2(习惯施氮量)处理降低外,土壤其它各层有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效氮、速效磷以及速效钾含量均较T2处理有所增加.T3处理有机质的增加主要集中在0～60 cm土层中,氮素主要集中在0～40 cm土层中,钾素则主要集中在0～20 cm土层中,土壤中各层的磷素在两个施肥处理中无显著差异,说明T3处理增加的养分主要集中在作物能吸收的范围内,这意味着对土壤培肥和作物生产更有利.     

施氮水平对芥菜生长及土壤硝态氮残留的影响

利用田间小区试验,研究不同氮用量水平(0、112.5、225、337.5kg/hm2)对芥菜生长、养分吸收利用、品质以及土壤硝态氮残留、累积的影响。结果表明,施氮显著增加芥菜产量、促进芥菜植株对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收,且随氮用量增加,芥菜产量和养分吸收量呈增加趋势。芥菜植株氮肥利用率随氮用量增加而降低。施氮明显提高芥菜地上部可溶性糖、维生素C含量及硝酸盐含量,但随氮肥用量的增加,芥菜可溶性糖含量显著降低,硝酸盐含量有增加趋势,维生素C含量没有显著变化。不同处理土壤硝态氮主要分布于0～40cm土层,随土层深度增加,硝态氮含量总体呈现下降趋势。施氮显著增加菜地土壤0～100cm土层硝态氮残留累积量,且硝态氮累积量随氮用量增加显著提高。从兼顾芥菜产量、氮肥有效利用及减轻氮对环境污染等角度考虑,芥菜以225kg/hm2的施氮量较为适宜。     

成龄胶园间作不同豆科作物对土壤养分的影响

以间作胶园的土壤为材料,以单作胶园土壤为对照,采用土壤常规分析方法分别测定其中的主要营养成分。结果表明,间作的9种豆科作物均不同程度的降低了胶园土壤的有机质、全氮(除间作凉薯和黎豆的土壤全氮含量略高于不间作土壤外)、全磷、速效磷含量及pH值,不同程度的增加了铵态氮、硝态氮、全钾及速效钾含量。说明成龄胶园间作豆科作物能改善土壤的硝态氮、铵态氮、全钾及速效钾含量,短时期内提高了土壤的供氮、供钾能力,但降低了土壤磷含量和土壤磷的供应能力。由此可见,在成龄胶园内进行间作,必须加强作物施肥,以实现土壤养分的收支平衡,维护土壤功能、保护土壤质量。     

不同施肥时期对春玉米土壤硝态氮含量变化的影响

以＂郑单958＂为材料,探究不同施氮处理下0～60 cm春玉米生育期间土壤硝态氮含量的变化,结果表明：0～40 cm土层,施氮增加了土壤硝态氮含量,且受施氮影响较大;20～40cm土层,与不施氮相比,施氮影响了玉米生育后期该层的土壤硝态氮含量;40～60 cm土层,土壤硝态氮含量变化不明显,趋于平稳,在吐丝期以后有所不同,施氮影响了灌浆阶段硝态氮的含量。其中以N 240 kg/hm2,1/5作口肥,2/5拔节中期追施,2/5大口期追施模式最佳,追施氮肥增加了玉米生育后期土壤的供氮能力,增产显著。该研究初步探明了不同施肥处理土壤硝态氮含量影响的变化规律,为玉米合理施肥,提高氮肥利用率提供依据。     

施氮量对半湿润区小麦-玉米轮作系统土壤氮的影响

为探讨不同施氮量对黄土高原半湿润地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统土壤氮动态变化的影响,2016-2018年采用田间试验,研究了不同氮肥用量下冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统作物不同生育时期0～200 cm土层土壤氮的动态变化。结果表明,不同氮肥处理间0～60 cm土层土壤全氮储量差异显著,两年试验后较试验前,施氮0 kg·hm~(-2)(N_0)、100 kg·hm~(-2)(N_(100))、200 kg·hm~(-2)(N_(200))、300 kg·hm~(-2)(N_(300))和400kg·hm~(-2)(N_(400))处理的土壤全氮增量分别为-180、-245、288、627和709 kg·hm~(-2)。不同氮肥处理间0～200 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量及其储量差异显著,土壤铵态氮含量无显著性差异。两年试验后较试验前,N_0和N_(100)处理0～200 cm土层土壤硝态氮储量明显降低,N_(200)处理变化不显著,3者均无明显硝态氮下移,而N_(300)和N_(400)处理0～200 cm土层土壤硝态氮储量显著增加,向深层土壤(100～200 cm)下移明显。每季作物施氮200 kg·hm~(-2)可以减少深层土壤硝酸盐累积量。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).