生物修复技术在水产养殖中的应用

生物修复技术是一项环境改善技术,具有操作简单、成本低、无二次污染的特点。文章阐述了生物修复技术的概念,简要介绍了生物修复技术在水产养殖中的应用,指出了该项技术尚存在的不足之处并提出了相应对策。     

浅海养殖环境生物修复技术研究现状及发展趋势

通过对我国目前海水养殖产生的主要环境问题及其生物修复技术的分析,阐述了应用单一的水生生物体对养殖水环境进行生物修复的不足,提出生态工程养殖将成为今后改善海水养殖环境、提高水产品质量的一个重要模式。     

河流底泥的重金属污染现状及治理进展

介绍了我国河流底泥重金属污染的现状。结合土壤、污泥的重金属污染修复技术,综述了国内外河流底泥的重金属污染治理进展。分析了物理修复、化学修复、生物修复技术的优缺点。将物理、化学和生物修复技术有机集成,实现经济、有效生态清淤与处置,将是河流底泥污染异位修复的发展方向。     

基于河流生态系统健康的生态修复技术研究进展

随着人类对河流大规模开发利用,河流生态系统遭受严重破坏。近年来,生态修复引起了社会广泛关注,也取得了显著的进步。本文从河流生态系统特性和所受胁迫出发,介绍了河流健康概念和评价方法,回顾了国内外河流生态修复相关研究发展历程,归纳了河流生态修复的理念,并以河流健康因素为基础,总结了水量、连通性、水质、水生生物4个方面的生态修复技术及其实践案例,最后根据当前研究的不足,提出了河流生态修复的3个研究方向,以期为未来的修复实践提供参考和指导。     

分子技术在微生物修复研究中的应用及进展

从自然界中分离得到的微生物种群已经越来越频繁的被人类利用于生物修复工程之中,而分子微生物学技术的产生和发展,为用于修复环境污染的功能菌的研究提供了更便利、更准确的方法,本文概述了近几年国内外专家学者运用PCR扩增、DGGE等技术研究新型菌的进展,相信随着分子技术的不断推进,人类的生物修复策略会以加倍速度增益于地球村。     

凤眼莲对污染水环境的生态修复作用

凤眼莲是重要的污染水体修复水生植物．在修复污染水体过程中根际微生物等植物修复功能性微生物发挥了重要作用。本文介绍了植物修复功能性微生物在凤眼莲生态修复中的作用并展望了凤眼莲的应用前景。指出．植物修复功能性微生物是凤眼莲进行有效生态修复的重要组成部分．进一步加强植物修复功能性策生物研究是今后凤眼莲生态修复工作取得进展的重要因素;对凤眼莲进行生物调控是解决凤眼莲生物入侵这一不利因素的有效途径;凤眼莲的克藻作用在富营养化水域生态修复中将发挥越来越重要的作用。     

大型藻类在综合海水养殖系统中的生物修复作用

减少水产养殖自身对环境的负面影响是维持水产业持续健康发展的关键所在。大型藻类生物滤器可以有效地吸收、利用养殖环境中多余的营养物质，从而减轻养殖废水对环境的影响，并提高养殖系统的经济输出，被广泛应用于鱼、虾和贝类等的综合养殖系统中，是控制水体富营养化、增进食品安全和对污染水体进行生物修复的有效措施之一。本研究概述了大型藻类生物滤器用于养殖废水生物修复和环境控制的原理、依据、研究现状、修复效果以及应用大型藻类生物滤器产生的效益和存在的问题。     

污染养殖水域环境的生物修复技术Ⅲ污染淡水养殖水域环境的生物修复技术

从营养物污染、药物污染、底泥富集污染等方面介绍了我国淡水养殖存在的自身污染问题,从微生物修复、水生植物修复和水生动物修复等3个方面总结了主要生物修复技术,从微生物的有效性、生物入侵、二次污染和水生植物的数量等方面提出生物修复时应注意的问题.     

城市水环境治理生物修复技术

河湖富营养化和河道黑臭是我国城市水环境普遍现象.生物修复技术是20世纪90年代迅速发展的一项污染治理工程技术.利用该项技术原理,通过水体底泥生物氧化、水体生物修复、水环境生态恢复等技术,可对城市水环境进行有效治理,但必须根据城市水环境的实际情况,选择合适的生物修复组合技术.     

海洋石油污染生物修复技术研究进展

石油污染已成为海洋环境污染较为普遍的现象。我国近海油类含量超过一二类海水水质标准的海域面积已达到5.6万km2。石油烃类污染物的毒性及其对生物的累积效应,导致环境质量下降、海洋生态系统失衡,对渔业环境和旅游资源造成巨大经济损失、对人类健康具有很大的潜在危害。本文概述了目前常用的海洋污染治理方法以及生物修复技术原理,着重介绍了微生物在海洋石油污染修复中的作用与应用研究进展。     

虾池环境生物修复作用菌生长影响因子的研究

采用吖啶橙荧光染色计数法和吸光度法,测定了不同温度、盐度、初始PH、溶解氧、接种量及不同培养基配方对虾池环境生物修复作用菌生长的影响。结果表明,大部分作用茵在16-40℃、盐度0-40、PH6.6-9.0的范围内有氧或微氧条件下均可生长,能适应一般虾池的环境条件,培养基中磷酸盐是必不可少的。在28-34℃、盐度20-30、PH7.4-8.2的有氧条件下生长最好,可作为大规模生产时的培养条件。为增加菌体产量和活力,可适当增加接种量,提高蛋白胨和酶母膏的浓度至2216E配方浓度的五倍,培养时间以18-20h为宜。     

我国赤潮频发现象分析与海藻栽培生物修复作用

In this paper, the history, main events and present status of red tide (HAB, harmful algal blooms) along China coast in recent years were reviewed and presented. It showed that the HAB's frequency and scale, number of HAB spec ies, percentage of toxic HAB events and the degree of damages to marine environment and economy have sharply increased in China since 1960's. Eutrophication was key factor for high occurrence of red tide. In this paper, main causes of frequent HAB occurrence along China coast was discussed. Many factors might influence the occurrence of red tide, which included weather, climate, coastal current, tidal current, water temperature, salinity, hydrodynamic and nutrient conditions, trace metals and the variation of biological environment. Numerous evidences from all over the world revealed the linkage between the increases in nutrient loading and the occurrences of high biomass blooms. Eutrophication was one of the important causes that involved in high occurrence of HAB. The main sources of nutrients potentially stimulating HABs included terrestrial runoff, aquaculture selfpollution, atmospheric deposition, sea projects and other pollution events in the ocean. Studies showed that the input from land contaminations and the selfpollution of marine aquaculture accelerated eutrophication in coastal waters and were also important impact factors on red tide. Researches suggested that nutrient composition could affect the species composition of phytoplankton as well as the development of some HABs. The changes in nutrient supply ratios, primarily N∶P, often resulted in shifts in red tide species composition. The correlation between cysts and formation of HAB was discussed from the viewpoi nt of transformation of cyst and vegetative cell, the effects of trace elements and other organic substances on the occurrence of HAB were presented also. It indicated that the nutrient control could be an effective way to reduce the risk of red tide occurrence. Seaweed would play an important role for decreasing marine eutrophication. Among the different methods of red tide controlling studied, seaweed biomass has received much attention due to the cost saving, low sensitivity to environmental and impurity factors, the possible contaminant recovery from the biomaterial and its elevated adsorption capacity. Cultivated seaweeds have very high rates of productivity higher than that of seaweed in its natural habits and grow well in water bodies with higher nitrogen and other nutrients. Seaweeds are able to absorb large quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon dioxide, produce large quanti ties of oxygen, and have excellent effect on decreasing eutrophication. Large amounts of C, N and P are accumulated into seaweed tissues as they accumulate considerable biomass over a period of months or years depending on the cultivation season. When seaweeds are harvested, nutrients are removed from the sea area. An investigation was carried out for inorganic nitrogen and inorganic phosphorus concentration at Lusi Coast, Qidong County, Jiangsu Province in China, where there were about 270 hm2 for Porphyra yezoensis cultivation with eutrophic sea water in recent years. While during Porphyra yezoensis cultivation, from Sep 2003 to May 2004, the concentration of ammonium nitrogen declined form 0.511-0.778 mg·L^-1 to 0.006-0.057 mg·L^-1, nitrite nitrogen concentration declined from 0.010-0.040 mg·L^-1 to 0.001-0.009 mg·L^-1, and nitrate nitrogen concentration declined from 0.466-0.549 mg·L^-1 to 0.286-0.0568 mg·L^-1, the average concentration of inorganic phosphorus declined from 0.024 mg·L^-1 to 0.019 mg·L^-1. Furthermore, during five hours, the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in the seawater declined form 220.88 μmol·L^-1 to 8.59 μmol·L^-1 by cultivated Gracilaria lemanaiformis, and the concentration of ammonium nitrogen declined form 213.84 μmol·L^-1 to zero by cultivated Enteromorpha clathrata. Other bioremediation mechanisms of seaweed inhibiting the red tide microalgae such as nutrients competition and allelopathic effects were also discussed.     

菜籽生物柴油修复原油污染海滩的实验研究

通过实验研究了菜籽生物柴油促进原油污染海滩的生物修复效果,并探讨了不同形态氮源下生物柴油对生物修复的促进作用.结果表明,生物柴油投加量为海水的2.5%(v/v)时效果最好,24 d内原油去除率可达到72%;混合性氮源较单一形式的氮源能更好地促进微生物的生长和对原油的代谢,24 d内原油的去除率可达到80%.     

微藻对重金属污染的生物修复研究现状与展望

重金属对水体的污染已成为一个全球性的环境问题,尤以发展中国家为重.重金属污染物进入水体,不仅影响了水生生态环境,还给人类生活健康带来了极大危害.环境污染中所指的重金属主要包括Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr和类金属As等生物毒性显著的元素及Mn、Mo、Ni、Cu、Co、Sn等元素.     

养殖池塘污染底泥生物修复的室内比较实验

在实验室模拟生态条件下,运用投放复合微生物、微生物合酶菌液、添加营养促生剂、水底界面曝气等不同方法对养殖池塘污染底泥进行生物-生态修复;检测底泥及上覆水在不同生物修复技术作用下溶氧、氨氮、硝态氮、CODcr、TOC、底泥生物降解能力(G值)、异养细菌数量和反硫化细菌数量等指标的动态变化,据此评价不同修复技术的生态效应。结果表明,4种不同的生物生态方法均对污染底泥产生了一定的修复作用,其中以VB997底泥营养促生剂组的综合修复效果最为理想,在为期60 d的实验中,底表水CODcr消除率达70.00%,底泥生物降解能力(G值)从12.00 kg/(kg.h)提高至45.60 kg/(kg.h),底泥表面形成1.80~2.20 cm灰白色氧化层。曝气组溶氧充足,底层DO一直保持在7.00mg/L以上,底表水CODcr消除率达69.25%,G值从14.30 kg/(kg.h)升高到34.20 kg/(kg.h)。实验同时表明,几种生物制剂和营养促生剂的添加能导致上覆水硝态氮和氨态氮含量的升高,促进浮游藻类的阶段性滋生。[中国水产科学,2006,13(1):140-145]     

Water quality,Vibrio density and growth of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in an integrated biofloc system with red seaweed Gracilaria birdiae (Greville)

An indoor trial was conducted for 42 days to evaluate water quality, Vibrio density and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei in an integrated biofloc system (IBS) with Gracilaria birdiae. Four treatments were used, each in triplicate: Control (monoculture shrimp); IBS 2.5 (L. vannamei and 2.5 kg wet weight seaweed m^?3); IBS 5.0 (L. vannamei and 5.0 kg wet weight seaweed m^?3) and IBS 7.5 (L. vannamei and 7.5 wet weight seaweed m^?3). Shrimp individuals (0.34 ± 0.01 g) were stocked at a density of 500 shrimp m^?3. No water exchange was carried out during the experimental period. Molasses was added once a day as an organic carbon source to maintain the C:N ratio at 12:1. The IBS significantly decreased (P < 0.05) dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) ranging from 19% to 34% (3.12–3.83 mg L^?1), NO₃‐N ranging from 19% to 38% (2.40–3.16 mg L^?1), Vibrio density ranging from by 8–83% (0.40–2.20 log 10³ colony‐forming units mL^?1), and FCR ranging from by 20–30% (1.20–1.37), as compared to the control (4.73 mg L^?1, 3.93 mg L^?1, 2.40 log 10³ colony‐forming units mL^?1, and 1.74 respectively). Moreover, the IBS significantly increased (P < 0.05) crude protein in whole body shrimp, ranging from 8% to 13% (13.2–13.7% wet weight basis); as well as final weight, ranging from 25% to 32% (3.90–4.12 g), weekly growth ranging from 25% to 34% (0.59–0.63 g), and shrimp yield by 22–39% (1.72–1.96 kg m^?3), as compared to control (12.1% wet weight basis, 3.12 g, 0.47 g, and 1.41 kg m^?3 respectively). It can thus be concluded that cultivating Gracilaria birdiae in an IBS with L. vannamei can contribute to DIN and NO₃‐N removal, lower Vibrio density, increased crude protein in whole body shrimp, higher growth and yield parameters in shrimp culture.     

海洋沉积物中反硝化细菌的分离及去除硝酸盐氮的模拟试验

本研究从长江口沉积物中筛选分离出了海洋反硝化细菌,模拟了该细菌对不同浓度水平硝酸盐氮的去除效率。研究结果表明,分离出的海洋反硝化细菌能有效去除海水中硝酸盐氮,在硝酸盐氮初始浓度为1mg/L,1d内硝酸盐氮去除率就达到了70%;在100mg/L硝酸盐氮模拟试验中,约在一周内能将90%硝酸盐氮去除。试验证实反硝化细菌的生长与水体中硝酸盐氮浓度有一定的相关关系,一旦生物修复过程完成,反硝化细菌就会大量死亡,水体重新恢复到清澈透明状况。     

沙蚕在海洋滩涂生境修复中的应用与展望

近年来,大量废弃物正在污染近岸水域,水域富营养化加速,滩涂生态脆弱性日益明显,寻找适宜的修复滩涂的途径迫在眉睫。沙蚕为海洋底栖多毛类动物的优势类群和多样性最为丰富的科。本文介绍了常见沙蚕的分类地位、生态习性、生物学和生态学特点以及在滩涂修复中的地位,着重阐述了沙蚕增养殖技术研究及其发展现状、沙蚕修复生境的机制、实践效果与种类选择,展望了沙蚕修复海洋滩涂生境的前景。     

Bioremediation and reuse of shrimp aquaculture effluents to farm whiteleg shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei : a first approach

Shrimp aquaculture effluents were bioremediated in a two‐phase system (System A) using the black clam Chione fluctifraga and the benthic microalgae Navicula sp., and then reused to farm whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. In the experimental design, Systems B and C had an identical structure as System A, but no clams or microalgae were added. System B received the same shrimp effluents while System C received only estuarine water. Shrimp raw effluents had a poor water quality. System A improved the water quality by decreasing the concentrations of total nitrogen, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrites, nitrates, phosphates, total suspended solids (TSS) and organic suspended solids (OSS). System B also decreased the concentration of TAN, TSS and OSS via sedimentation, but the effect was less pronounced than that observed in System A. Shrimp reared in the bioremediated effluents (System A) had better production (3166 kg ha^?1) and higher survival (89.2%) than those reared in effluents from Systems B (2610 kg ha^?1, 75.1%) and C (2874 kg ha^?1, 82.1%). It is concluded that the bioremediation system was moderately efficient and the bioremediated effluents were suitable to farm L. vannamei.