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Kei Kondo Yoshiki Wakasone Kazuaki Iijima Kazutoshi Ohyama 《Pest management science》2019,75(6):1594-1605
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Weiying Jiang Yuzhou Luo Jeremy L Conkle Juying Li Jay Gan 《Pest management science》2016,72(7):1411-1420
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丁草胺和西草净复配制剂的气相色谱分析法 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文采用气相色谱法分析了丁草胺和西草净的复配制剂,在５％ＯＶ－１７填充柱上,以正二十三烷为内标物,用ＦＩＤ检测器进行检测,本方法得到丁草胺和西草净的变异系数分别为０．１５％,０．５２％,平均回收率分别为９９．５３％和９９．２９％,线性相关系数分别为０．９９９３和０．９９９６,结果可靠,操作简单,快速。 相似文献
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Herbicides are still used to control weeds on hard surfaces, including municipal, private and industrial sites. Used under unfavourable conditions, especially when rain occurs shortly after application, herbicides may run off to surface waters. Such losses of herbicides from hard surfaces are estimated to be much higher than for herbicides used in arable fields. In this study, three kinds of hard surface were evaluated: asphalt, concrete surface and gravel (fine and coarse). Three herbicides were applied: glyphosate, diuron and diflufenican. Adsorption isotherms of diuron and diflufenican to the three surfaces were determined. At different times after treatment with the herbicides, rainfall was simulated by use of a rain-droplet spray nozzle, and the run-off was collected for analysis. After this run-off event, the materials were immersed in water to measure desorption which, together with the compound in the run-off, gave a measure of the dislodgable residues. The apolar herbicides diuron and especially diflufenican adsorbed strongly to asphalt. The polar herbicide glyphosate lost 75% in run-off from asphalt but was adsorbed strongly to soil and concrete pavement. 相似文献
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A novel bacterial strain FJ1117YT was isolated from an enrichment culture with the herbicide simetryn. The isolate was capable of degrading the herbicide supplied as the sole sulfur source in an aquatic batch culture. The strain FJ1117YT was identified as that belonging to Rhodococcus sp. on the basis of comparative morphology, physiological characteristics and comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The biodegradation pathway of simetryn was established by isolating the methylsulfinyl analogue as the first metabolite and by identification of the methylsulfonyl intermediate and the hydroxy analogue by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and/or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. The results indicate that the methylthio group was progressively oxidised and hydrolysed by the strain FJ1117YT. The same strain is also able to metabolise other methylthio-s-triazines such as ametryn, desmetryn, dimethametryn and prometryn through similar pathways. 相似文献
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Bioconcentration kinetics of three major paddy-field herbicides, butachlor, thiobencarb and chlomethoxyfen were investigated by accumulation and elimination measurements in laboratory experiments with black silver carp (Aristichthys nobilis). The biological half-lives of the three herbicides on exposure at high and low concentrations were 11·6 and 23·1 days for butachlor, 13·9 and 17·3 days for thiobencarb and 5·6 and 4·5 h for chlomethoxyfen, respectively. One- and two-compartment models were used to elucidate the bioconcentration kinetics. Data from a short-term, 14-day expiry experiment were used to estimate the parameters in the models by non-linear regression analysis, and the bioconcentration factors (BCF) in the steady state were calculated from those parameters. The BCF in the steady state have the descending order thiobencarb > chlomethoxyfen > butachlor at high concentration, and butachlor > thiobencarb > chlomethoxyfen at low concentration. One-compartment model for butachlor and thiobencarb and a two-compartment model for chlomethoxyfen are useful to predict the BCF on prolonged exposure and, further, to assess the influence of these pollutants. © 1997 SCI. 相似文献
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用微量称重法可以方便地测定作物叶片的流失点 (POR)和最大稳定持留量(Rm) ,用浸渍法和喷雾法测定的 Rm 结果不同。引用润湿方程的概念来分析影响 Rm 的规律 ,浸渍法测定的 Rm 与粘附张力有关 ,当接触角大于 90°,叶片表面不粘附液体 ,Rm 趋于零。用喷雾法测定作物叶片 Rm,结果显示与药液的粘附功 [γ× (COSθ+1) ]有关 ,即使接触角大于 90°时 ,由于粘附功大于零 ,Rm 值也大于零。对于水稻这样难润湿的作物叶片 ,清水中添加表面活性剂可以提高 Rm;反之 ,对于棉花、黄瓜这样的作物叶片 ,添加表面活性剂反而会降低 Rm。 相似文献
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ALBERT J. FISCHER DAVID P. CHEETHAM FRANCESCO VIDOTTO RAFAEL DE PRADO 《Weed Biology and Management》2004,4(4):206-212
Bispyribac-sodium {sodium 2,6-bis[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)oxy] benzoate} has recently been introduced to California where it effectively controls Echinochloa spp. in rice ( Oryza sativa L.). However, biotypes of early watergrass ( Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch) and late watergrass ( E. phyllopogon (Stapf ) Koss.) have evolved resistance to this herbicide. In 2001 and 2002, greenhouse and field experiments evaluated interactions between thiobencarb { S -[(4-chlorophenyl) methyl] diethylcarbamothioate} and bispyribac-sodium on resistant (R) and susceptible (S) late watergrass in California rice. Synergism was assessed using Colby's test and regression analysis. In the greenhouse, thiobencarb at 4480 and 5333 g ai ha−1 synergistically reduced bispyribac-sodium GR50 values on the R and S biotypes by 50–70% without increasing toxicity to rice. Synergism was also observed on S late watergrass in the field when 10 g ai ha−1 bispyribac-sodium was mixed with 1120–2240 g ai ha−1 thiobencarb. These effects could be related to interactions between thiocarbamates and enzymes in Phase I reactions of herbicide metabolism. This synergism results in better control at lower rates allowing a reduction in weed control costs, the herbicide load on the environment and a lower selection pressure towards resistant weed biotypes. 相似文献
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Organoclays were assayed as matrices in which to associate herbicides, with the aim of decreasing product losses that could give rise to water contamination from agricultural activities. Fenuron was selected as model of a very mobile and highly water-soluble herbicide. Two different organoclays of high (A-HDT) and low (H-C18) reversible fenuron sorption were selected. Herbicide-organoclay complexes were prepared from the two organoclays and with two different fenuron contents (20 and 40 g AI kg-1) and two different mixing times, so as to form a series of weak and strong complexes. The release of fenuron from those complexes into water and water/soil suspensions gave values of T50 (time to release 50% of the fenuron content) ranging from 0.3 min to 2400 h. The total fenuron released in these closed systems ranged from 48 to 80% of the fenuron in the complex. The organoclay type (high or low sorptivity) had the greatest influence on fenuron release, followed by the strong or weak complex, suggesting that herbicide-organoclay interactions are the main factors controlling release. Soil column leaching experiments showed fenuron-organoclay complexes to be effective in reducing the peak herbicide concentration in the leachate to a half (6 microns) or a quarter (3 microns) of that obtained from the free technical compound (12 microns). Herbicide lost through leaching was reduced from 78% for the free technical fenuron to 50-30%, depending on the organoclay used as carrier and the strength of the complex. Bioassay with ryegrass showed that the weak fenuron/H-C18 complex (40 g AI kg-1) gave the same herbicidal activity as technical fenuron. The potential suitability of low-sorptive organoclays for conferring slow-release properties on the fenuron complex has been demonstrated. 相似文献
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The herbicide thiobencarb is suspected of causing delayed phytotoxicity syndrome (DPS) in rice plants. While the ultimate agent appears to be its dechlorinated product (deschlorothiobencarb), the influence of organic carbon on the formation of deschlorothiobencarb in California rice field soils has not been investigated. Thus, two different soils were compared for their ability to reductively dechlorinate thiobencarb with carbon augmentation: one from the eastern Sacramento Valley, which has historically displayed DPS, and one from the western Sacramento Valley, which has not. Rice straw was homogenized into samples of each soil to produce 0, 0.33 or 2% organic carbon augmentation. During 90-days of anoxic incubation, substantial deschlorothiobencarb production was measured in both soil types. However, only the thiobencarb degradation rate in the eastern valley soil was positively correlated with carbon content. Thus, other characteristics of DPS-resistant soils may limit deschlorothiobencarb formation. 相似文献
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Julien Boulange Dang Quoc Thuyet Piyanuch Jaikaew Hirozumi Watanabe 《Pest management science》2016,72(6):1178-1186
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KAIYUAN WAN RUHAI LI JUNFENG PAN LEILEI TANG FANG CHEN 《Weed Biology and Management》2012,12(1):12-21
In order to provide a scientific basis for developing integrated weed management strategies in rice paddy fields, this study investigated the influences of different types of fertilization on weed biodiversity. The experiment was conducted at Long‐term‐located Monitoring Station for Soil Fertility, Agricultural Science Academy, of Jiangxi Province, China. Five fertilization treatments were set: no fertilization (NOF), PK, NP, NK, and NPK. The results showed that the influence of different fertilization treatments on weed community traits followed the models PK > NOF > NK > NP > NPK for species richness, PK > NOF > NK > NP > NPK for species diversity, NPK > NP > NK > NOF > PK for community dominance, and PK > NOF > NK > NP > NPK for community evenness. Under NPK (i.e. balanced fertilization), the weed species diversity and richness and weed community evenness were the lowest. The principal component analysis showed that the weed community was divided into three groups: (i) NK and a part of NOF; (ii) NP and NPK; and (iii) PK and NOF. The correlation analysis indicated that the influence of each macro‐element on the weed community followed the model N > P > K. The organic content in the paddy soil might have played an equally important role with the amount of available N in determining the weed community's characteristics. Regarding the way by which N, P, and K influenced the weed community, the amount of available P and K mainly influenced the organic content, while the amount of available N influenced both the organic content and light transmittance within the canopy, thereby enhancing the capacity of rice to compete with weeds. 相似文献
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Katarzyna Czaja Katarzyna Góralczyk Paweł Struciński Agnieszka Hernik Wojciech Korcz Maria Minorczyk Monika Łyczewska Jan K Ludwicki 《Pest management science》2015,71(1):3-6
The introduction of new food safety regulations in the European Union has resulted in the withdrawal of many synthetic active substances used in plant protection products, in light of their potential or actual harmful effect on human and animal health, as well as on the environment. Alternatives to these compounds are being developed – naturally occurring pesticides, also referred to as biopesticides. The use of biopesticides in crop protection leads to decreased levels of pesticide residues in foods, and as a result to lower risk levels for the consumer. Biologically active agents defined as biopesticides are varied, and therefore application of the same environmental and consumer safety criteria to all of them is impossible. This presents serious complications in the approval of these pesticides as active plant protection products and in their registration. It needs to be stressed that, in the registration procedure of the European Union, biopesticides are subject to the same regulations as synthetic active substances. This situation has resulted in the need to introduce numerous new provisions in the legislation, as well as the preparation of new guidelines facilitating the registration of biopesticides. These activities aim to promote naturally originating pesticides. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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黑河下游河床渗漏试验研究 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
黑河下游受自然和人类活动的影响 ,植被遭到严重破坏 ,额济纳旗绿洲正在逐步萎缩 ,生态环境的恶化已经引起广泛的关注。脆弱的生态需水主要依靠少量河水和地下水维持着 ,由于地表水资源的短缺 ,提出采取工程措施减少下游河床沿途入渗的建议。对此 ,运用美国SOILMOISTUREEQUIPMENTCORP .制造的Model 2 80 0Guelph入渗仪 ,对黑河下游河床入渗能力进行了定点测量 ,发现黑河下游河床入渗能力 (Kfs)相当强。初步分析河床入渗对下游植被生态的影响 ,以及为减少河床渗漏而采取工程措施的可行性。 相似文献
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不同地下水位植物蒸腾耗水特性研究 总被引：20，自引：6，他引：20
在甘肃省民勤治沙站利用非称量测渗仪研究了梭梭、柠条等 10种沙区植物的蒸腾耗水特征。结果表明 ,各种植物 5a的总蒸腾量由大到小排列为 :沙枣、花棒、沙木蓼、柠条、梭梭、白皮沙拐枣 ;随植物年龄增长 ,蒸腾系数有上升的趋势 ,而蒸散系数有下降的趋势 ;在民勤沙区 6～ 9月是主要蒸腾季节 ,该时段的蒸腾量占全年蒸腾量的80 %～ 90 % ;植物的蒸腾量随年龄的增长而迅速增加 ,但增长幅度随物种不同而异。一般生长快的植物增长快 ,生长慢的植物增长慢。 相似文献
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根据实测资料,对波文比计算的蒸发蒸腾量和蒸渗仪实测的蒸发蒸腾量日变化进行比较及分析。结果表明,波文比所测蒸发蒸腾量与太阳净辐射的相关性比较好,薰渗仪所测值与太阳净辐射的相关性不明显。蒸发蒸腾量的日变化曲线呈单峰型,早晚小,中午大,夜间为负值。蒸渗仪受自身因素影响,变化比较敏感。两种方法计算平均值比较接近。波文比的计算值比蒸渗仪的测量值更能精确地反应短时段作物的蒸发蒸腾规律。 相似文献