梨属植物等位酶遗传多样性研究

利用超薄平板微型聚丙烯酰胺凝胶的等电聚焦电泳技术,对286份梨材料进行了等位酶遗传变异分析。在8个酶系中共检测到19个清晰位点和82个等位基因,19个位点均为多态位点,位点最大等位基因数为6,体现出梨丰富的遗传种质多样性;不同的居群具有特有等位基因;通过82个等位基因可以将286份材料完全区分开,表明等位酶基因型指纹可用作梨品种区分与鉴定的依据。     

海南两个自然保护区野生荔枝遗传多样性研究

采用常规聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对海南吊罗山和霸王岭两个国家级自然保护区野生荔枝等位酶遗传多样性进行了研究。13个酶系统、18个酶位点的检测结果表明,两个自然保护区野生荔枝具有较低的居群间遗传变异水平和较高的居群内遗传变异。吊罗山保护区野生荔枝的遗传多样性参数为:P=61.1%,A=2.05,He=0.27。霸王岭居群野生荔枝的遗传多样性参数为:P=61.1%,A=2.05,He=0.28。两个群体的遗传分化极小,GST=0.047.居群间遗传一致度较高I=0.977。共检测到7个稀有等位基因。两个自然保护区的野生荔枝均有各自特有的稀有等位基因,都应采取措施予以保护。     

Regional patterns of microsatellite diversity in Ethiopian tetraploid wheat accessions

This study was conducted to assess regional patterns of diversity of Ethiopian tetraploid wheat accessions and to identify areas of diversity that can be used as source of new germplasm for developing high yielding and stable varieties. A collection of 133 Ethiopian tetraploid wheat accessions and eight introduced cultivars was analysed using 29 wheat microsatellite markers. A total of 383 alleles were detected with an average value of 13.14 alleles per locus. Relatively more alleles were observed in the B genome than in the A genome. Gene diversity indices ranged from 0.08 to 0.95, with a mean value of 0.72. Accessions collected from the same region were pooled and the number of alleles and gene diversity were calculated over the 29 simple sequence repeats for each region. Higher numbers of alleles were detected in the Shewa region (8.72), followed by Tigray (5.86) and Hararghe (5.76). The highest average gene diversity value was found in Shewa (0.65), followed by Gondar (0.64). No significant correlation was observed between geographic distance and genetic distance. Out of 383 different alleles detected, 93 (24.4%) were observed to be region‐specific. Region‐specific alleles were found across all chromosomes except for Xgwm752, Xgwm155 and Xgwm148. Genetic similarity coefficients were estimated for all the possible 55 pairs of regional comparisons and they ranged from 0.16 to 0.52, with a mean value of 0.50. All provinces were differentiated in the UPGMA cluster diagram.     

257份菊芋种质资源表型性状的遗传多样性

为有效利用我国菊芋种质资源的遗传多样性,分析了257份菊芋种质资源,表明12个数量性状的变异系数(CV)在6%～50%之间,平均为24.75%,单株块茎重的变异系数最大(50%),生育期的变异系数最小(6%),多样性指数(H')分布在1.24～1.53之间,平均为1.44,单株块茎数的多样性指数最高(1.53),叶宽的多样性指数最低(1.24);8个质量性状的多样性指数在0.85～1.08之间,平均为0.98,以块茎习性最大,块茎整齐度最小,大部分性状表现出丰富的遗传多样性; 257份菊芋资源的隶属函数均值介于0.12～0.58之间,其中JA1095材料最高(0.58),其花数和单株块茎重具有明显优势。菊芋资源12个数量性状的相关性分析表明,茎粗、叶长、花和花盘大小可作为今后选育高产菊芋品种的指导目标性状;主成分分析结果表明,7个主成分因子的累计贡献率达66.794%,其中花数量、单株块茎数量、块茎毛根量、块茎表皮光滑程度4个性状是构成菊芋种植表型差异的主要因素;以20个性状为基础的聚类分析将257份种质材料分为5类,其中,第I类和第II类占总资源量的85%。本研究结果为菊芋种质资源的利用及品种选育等提供了重要参考。     

老芒麦种子人工加速老化条件的筛选比较

以4份不同发芽水平的老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus Linn.)种子作为试验材料,研究比较老化温度(39、41、43℃和45℃)和老化时间(1、2、3、4、5、6、7 d)处理对种子发芽率的影响,筛选确定老芒麦种子进行人工加速老化测定的适宜条件,并建立标准化的测定程序。结果表明:随着老化温度升高,Lot1、Lot2和Lot3样品种子发芽率均下降,且各处理间均差异显著(p<0.05),只有Lot 3在45℃条件下老化后发芽率下降的比例最低;Lot 4样品种子老化后发芽率较低,且45℃处理与其他各处理间均差异显著(p<0.05)。随着老化时间延长,Lot 1和Lot 2老芒麦种子老化发芽率不断降低,老化1、2 d处理与其他各处理发芽率间差异显著(p<0.05);Lot 3和Lot 4老芒麦种子老化至第4天后发芽率出现峰值。老化温度与老化时间互作效应与种子发芽率和休眠程度有关,且对老芒麦种子老化发芽率具有极显著(p<0.01)的影响。老芒麦种子人工加速老化处理的适宜条件为温度45℃老化2 d。     

新疆、甘肃黍稷资源的遗传多样性与群体遗传结构研究

新疆、甘肃是我国古代丝绸之路的必经之地,同时也是黍稷的主要种植区。研究该地区黍稷种质资源的遗传多样性和群体遗传结构,对于开展黍稷起源进化研究,明确黍稷传播路径具有重要的意义。本研究利用103对SSR标记对来自新疆、甘肃的216份黍稷资源进行了遗传多样性分析,共检测到299个等位基因,平均每个位点产生2.9个等位基因,平均Shannon’s指数为0.7360,平均观测杂合度为0.6298,平均期望杂合度为0.5497,多态性信息含量指数为0.0688～0.7786,均值0.4714,具有中度多态性。216份黍稷资源的近交系数为0.5870,遗传分化系数为0.0383,遗传分化程度很小。甘肃资源的等位基因数、Shannon-Weaver多样性指数、Nei’s期望杂合度和PIC值分别为2.8252、0.7347、0.4501和0.4674,其遗传参数值均大于新疆资源,表明甘肃种质资源的遗传多样性较新疆更丰富。基于遗传距离的聚类分析将216份黍稷资源分为5个类群,类群I～IV共包含7份黍稷资源,与别的资源遗传关系较远; 96%的资源集中于类群V,在遗传距离为0.38处,类群V又分为4个亚群,亚群A和亚群D主要包含甘肃资源,亚群B和亚群C主要包含新疆资源,表明新疆与甘肃资源有明显分离和相互渗透现象。聚类分析与群体遗传结构分析结果相似,均与生态地理分布相关。     

The impact of participatory plant breeding (PPB) on landrace diversity: A case study for high-altitude rice in Nepal

Participatory plant breeding (PPB) methods were used to develop two farmer-accepted, cold-tolerant rice varieties in Nepal — Machhapuchhre-3 (M-3) and Machhapuchhre-9 (M-9). Both were derived from the cross Fuji 102/Chhomrong Dhan. Following the introduction of these varieties, the changes in the rice landraces and varieties that farmers grew were studied in ten villages. In seven of them for which data were analysed for both 1996 and 1999, adopting farmers grew 18 landraces and four modern varieties of which three, M-3, M-9 and Lumle-2, were the products of PPB. These three varieties covered 10% of the total rice area and 33% of the rice area of the adopting farmers in the seven study villages in the 1999 survey. The adoption of the PPB varieties impacted most on the more commonly grown landraces. With the exception of two villages, the varietal richness among adopting farmers was either static or increased, and there was an overall increase in allelic diversity. However, in future, the increasing adoption of M-3 and M-9 could result in significant reductions in varietal richness, although, allelic diversity may not be greatly reduced. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A genetic diversity analysis of wild Lespedeza populations based on morphological characters, allozyme and RAPD methods

Genetic variability within and among 14 Chinese natural populations of Lespedeza Michx. Used mainly for wildlife food and cover and for erosion control was evaluated on the basis of morphological characteristics, allozyme markers and random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). All methods disclosed a high degree of allelic heterogeneity among samples, also revealing a high degree of gene diversity. Genetic variation among populations was higher for RAPD than for enzyme loci. Correlation between morphological, allozyme and RAPD distance matrices were calculated by Mantel’ tests. There was a little disparity between the three level's distances on population relationships. However, there is a weak significant correlation (P < 0.001) between morphology and allozyme distances as well as morphology and RAPD distances, and the test of this correlation is very high.     

Genetic diversity and taxonomic relationships within the genus Lens as revealed by allozyme polymorphism

Summary A survey of allozyme polymorphism at 11 loci was carried out on 439 accessions from the genus Lens. This comprised 153 Lens culinaris subsp. orientalis, 35 L. odemensis, 117 L. ervoides, 32 L. nigricans, 2 of a differentiated cytotype of L. nigricans and 100 landrace accessions of the cultivated lentil (L. culinaris subsp. culinaris), from 10 different countries. The aim of the survey was to determine intra-specific genetic diversity and species relationships, based on phylogenetic and phenetic analyses, particularly regarding the position of L. odemensis and the differentiated cytotype of L. nigricans. Diversity was described by three statistics. The level of diversity in the cultivated taxon was lower than in any of the wild species according to two of these statistics, the percentage of polymorphic loci and mean number of alleles per locus. For the third measure (Nei's mean genetic diversity) it was only greater than L. ervoides. Genetic diversity statistics of the wild species indicated differences in the nature of between-population genetic diversity within the different taxa. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that L. odemensis and L. ervoides evolved from a common ancestor, and L. culinaris subsp. orientalis subsequently evolved from L. odemensis. Phenetic analysis, however, places L. odemensis closer to L. culinaris subsp. orientalis than to L. ervoides. Nei's mean genetic distance of L. odemensis from both L. culinaris subsp. culinaris (0.204) and L. culinaris subsp. orientalis (0.110) was greater than the distance between them (0.062). This evidence is not conclusive in determining whether L. odemensis should retain its specific status. Further crossability studies should be carried out on a range of genotypes to assess the potential for gene flow. The evidence presented shows the differentiated cytotype of L. nigricans to be quite distinct from other L. nigricans accessions, both phenetically and phylogenetically. This indicates that the differentiated cytotype of L. nigricans may constitute a new taxon. Discriminant function analysis reveals that isozymes may be useful in validating species classification.     

Genetic diversity for RAPD markers between cultivated and wild accessions of Coffea arabica

Summary Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers have been successfully employed to analyse the genetic diversity among cultivated and subspontaneous accessions of Coffea arabica. The narrow genetic base of commercial cultivars was confirmed. On the other hand, a relatively large genetic diversity was observed within the germplasm collection demonstrating the importance of collecting missions. Results suggested an East-West differentiation in Ethiopia, the primary centre of diversification of C. arabica. The large heterosis effect reported in intergroup hybrids could be related to such genetic differentiation. RAPD method appeared to be effective in resolving genetic variations and in grouping germplasm in C. arabica.     

贵州茶树遗传资源的多样性和创新利用

贵州茶树遗传资源丰富，茶树品种地域特征明显。本文全面介绍了贵州茶树资源创新利用的现状，指出保护茶树遗传资源的多样性，积极开展茶树资源的创新与利用研究，实现贵州茶业可持续发展。     

Genetic diversity for agronomic and fiber traits in day-neutral accessions derived from primitive cotton germplasm

Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL) is an important crop that is cultivated in warm climates through-out the world. Agronomic performance and fiber quality must continually be improved if cotton is to maintain economic viability. Primitive ancestors of cotton contain diversity for trait improvement; however, many of these accessions have a short-day flowering response (photoperiodic) and are not readily useable in breeding programs. In this study, 114 day-neutral derived primitive germplasm lines were evaluated in field trials for two years. Agronomic and fiber trait data were collected and analyzed. Variance components, genotypic values, and genotypic correlations were calculated. Genotypic effects for all traits studied made significant contributions to the phenotypic variation indicating genetic diversity among these lines. The predicted genotypic values showed a wide range of variation for agronomic and fiber traits. Weak genotypic correlations were found between yield and 2.5% span length and fiber strength, two important fiber traits. Although these day-neutral derived accessions had lower lint percentage, they had improved fiber length, strength, micronaire, and comparable yields with two commercial cultivars. Thus, these day-neutral derived accessions are sources of genetic variation that when used in breeding programs offer the potential to improve important traits and expand genetic diversity.Contribution of the USDA-ARS in cooperation with the Mississippi Agric. and Forestry Exp. Stn. Mention of trademark, proprietary product, or vendor does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by USDA, ARS and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products or vendors that may also be suitable.     

Evaluation of the genetic diversity among elite tea (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis) accessions using RAPD markers

The diversity of 27 superior tea (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis) accessions from Korea, Japan and Taiwan was examined with RAPD-PCR (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Polymerase Chain Reaction) markers. Out of the 50 primers screened, 17 primers generated 58 polymorphic and reproducible bands. A minimum of 3 primers was sufficient to distinguish all the 27 accessions studied. The Shannon's index used to partition diversity into inter- and intra-group, revealed that 71 percent of variability resided within groups and 29 percent between groups. Diversity was greatest within the Korean group followed by Taiwan and Japan. The relatively high diversity observed in Korea might reflect the larger genetic base of its plantations while the low diversity in Japan could be explained by the long and intensive tea selection programme in this country. A dendrogram based on the UPGMA-link method using Jaccard's distances and multivariate Factorial correspondence analysis clustered the tea accessions into two main groups, regrouping the Taiwan cultivars on the one side and the Korean and Japanese accessions on the other side. This suggests that the Taiwan tea studied here may have a different origin from that of Korea and Japan. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

几种紫花苜蓿过氧化物同工酶遗传规律的研究

利用过氧化物同工酶对云南红壤区的几种紫花苜蓿杂交组合进行初步筛选,以期为该地区紫花苜蓿的引种驯化工作提供理论依据,从而获得有价值的杂交后代。对各杂交组合亲本及其后代的过氧化物酶酶谱表现分析结果表明,杂交过程中发生了过氧化物酶位点的遗传重组,从而在F1代产生了酶谱表现与亲本不同和相同的两类个体;亲本及其后代有3条共有酶带;亲本中,爱博、射手2个栽培种比野生种和AC-3的酶谱表现好;过氧化物酶的遗传背景差异较大的杂交组合有可能通过遗传物质的交流产生有利的性状重组,对其进行筛选,可获得有价值的育种材料。     

A Monosomic Analysis of Russian Wheat Aphid Resistance in the Common Wheat PI 294994

Chromosome 7D of PI 294994 was indicated as carrying a single dominant gene for resistance to the Russian wheat aphid. The symbol Dn5 is proposed to designate the gene.     

Conservation of diversity in bulk populations of barley (hordeum vulgare L.)

Summary A series of experiments was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of mass propagated heterogeneous populations (bulk populations) in preserving genetic and phenotypic diversity. Five genetically broad-based bulk populations of cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were employed. All of them were produced originally through mass hybridization that was facilitated by male sterility. Four of these populations had a common origin, but were subsequently propagated in different North American locations. Comparisons between early and advanced generations of these bulk populations revealed loss of variability in all populations for morphological and agronomic characters and very little to none for eight isozyme characters. Populations propagated in different locations differed in levels of residual diversity. The bulk populations were less variable than a random sample of parental accessions. The rapid loss of diversity in bulk populations was considered detrimental to genetic conservation.     

参与式植物育种与可持续利用生物多样性--以广西玉米为例

遗传多样性是植物育种的基础,但“遗传侵蚀”现象十分严重。以长期技术供给为主要任务而形成的自上而下的农业研究和推广与需求相脱节,它在新的农村经济社会条件下已不适应。通过对广西玉米育种机构研究人员、科研管理人员及县、乡(镇)、村有关指导农业生产的管理干部和技术员进行访谈,对玉米种植的社区农户进行了深入的调查。运用系统科学的方法对广西玉米遗传多样性降低的影响因素进行分析得出结论和对策,同时通过《玉米种质遗传多样性与农民参与式育种研究》项目在广西实施为案例,进行调查和分析,以促进新的研究理念的形成。     

Allozyme variation and conservation genetics of common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) in Yunnan, China

In order to reveal levels and distribution of genetic variation within Oryza rufipogon Griff. of Yunnan, China, where one of the centers of genetic diversity for Asian cultivated rice O. sativa L. is located, allozyme variation encoded by 22 loci was electrophoretically analyzed in 149 individuals of all three existing populations as well as five from other regions (Guangxi, Hainan and Jiangxi provinces) of China. As compared to the level of genetic diversity (the mean A = 1.2, P = 24.1%, Ho = 0.045 and He = 0.079) for the populations from other regions, a rather low genetic diversity (the mean A = 1.1, P = 7.6%, Ho = 0.007 and He = 0.011) was found in Yunnan, which may originate from marginal nature of these populations, recent reduction of populations and consequent drift. The result suggests that the current center of genetic diversity for O. rufipogon fail to agree with that for cultivated rice in China. The genetic differentiation for all the eight populations(F_ST = 0.254) was slightly lower than that for three populations from Yunnan (F_ST = 0.302), indicating a fairly high genetic differentiation in the region. Finally, a conservation plan for sampling/preserving fewer populations but more individuals from each population for the species was given, and an appropriate strategy for conserving the three surviving populations from Yunnan was proposed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Allozyme Variability in the Tepary Bean, Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray

The tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) is the object of renewed interest because it possesses some interesting agronomic attributes such as tolerance to drought and salinity. In order to gain a better understanding of the organisation of its genetic diversity, we have examined patterns of diversity for nine polymorphic enzyme systems representing 12 loci, in a sample of 55 wild and 8 cultivated accessions. Several geographic patterns were identified, including an East-West differentiation, (across the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains), a North-South differentiation, and a localized differentiation. Wild teparies displayed a higher number of polymorphic loci, as well as a higher number of alleles per polymorphic locus compared to cultivars, consistent with previous observations indicating a reduction of phaseolin diversity on domestication. No clearcut separation with respect to isozyme differentiation was observed between P. acutifolius var. tenuifolius and var. acutifolius, further questioning the validity of this taxonomic separation based on leaflet shape.