Comparative study of the discriminating capacity and effectiveness of AFLP, STMS and EST markers in assessing genetic relationships among evergreen azaleas

The application of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), sequence tagged microsatellite site (STMS) and expressed sequence tag (EST) markers to study the genetic relationships in an evergreen azalea gene pool was investigated. STMS and EST markers revealed a higher genetic distance detection capacity than AFLPs, which, nevertheless, were the most efficient marker system due to their highest polymorphism detection capacity. Similarity matrices showed weak, yet significant, correlations when Mantel's test was applied. To assess the usefulness of the overall information provided by these marker data for establishing phylogenetic relationships and horticultural classification, cluster analysis was performed. The joint AFLP, STMS and EST data were demonstrated to be remarkably effective for group discrimination and phylogenetic studies. The use of these polymerase chain reaction marker systems is discussed in terms of the choice of appropriate marker techniques for different aspects of evergreen azalea germplasm evaluation.     

Development of two multiplex PCR assays targeting improvement of bread-making and noodle qualities in common wheat

Wheat quality properties are genetically determined by the compositions of high and low molecular weight glutenin subunits, grain hardness, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and starch viscosity. Two multiplex PCR assays were developed and validated using 70 cultivars and advanced lines from Chinese autumn‐sown wheat regions. Multiplex PCR I includes molecular markers for genes/loci ω‐secalin, Glu‐B1‐2a (By8), Glu‐D1‐1d (Dx5), Glu‐A3d, Glu‐B3 (for non‐1B·1R type) and Pinb‐D1b targeting improved gluten parameters and pan bread quality. Multiplex PCR II comprises markers for genes/loci Ppo‐A1, Ppo‐D1 and Wx‐B1b targeting improved noodle quality. The results were consistent with those achieved by SDS‐PAGE and RP‐HPLC, indicating that the two multiplex assays were highly effective, with good repeatability and low costs enabling their use in wheat breeding programmes. In total, nine alleles (subunits) at locus Glu‐B1, four at Glu‐D1 and five at Glu‐A3 locus were identified, and the alleles (subunits) Glu‐B1b (7 + 8), Glu‐B1c (7 + 9), Glu‐D1a (2 + 12), Glu‐D1d (5 + 10), Glu‐A3a, Glu‐A3c and Glu‐A3d were most frequently present in the cultivars and lines tested. The 1B·1R translocation was present in 28 (40.0%) lines, whereas the Wx‐B1 null allele for better noodle quality was present in only seven (10.0%) cultivars and advanced lines, and 37 (52.9%) lines had Pinb‐D1b associated with hard grains. The allele Ppo‐A1b on chromosome 2AL associated with lower PPO activity was present in 38 (54.3%) genotypes, whereas the less effective allele Ppo‐D1a on chromosome 2DL, also associated with low PPO activity was present in 45 (64.3%) of genotypes. These two multiplex PCR assays should be effective in marker assisted selection targeting improved pan bread‐making and noodle qualities.     

应用多元PCR鉴定水体中大肠杆菌的毒素基因

根据已发表的大肠杆菌毒素基因序列,针对大肠杆菌的8种毒素基因设计特异引物并进行多元PCR扩增,验证多元PCR技术的可靠性及其在水环境中大肠杆菌毒素基因检测的实用性。     

Identification of S-alleles in almond using multiplex PCR

The S-genotypes of eight almond (Prunus dulcis Miller (D.A. Webb)) cultivars from different geographical origins and of nine new selections from the CEBAS-CSIC (Murcia, Spain) breeding program were determined using single and multiplex PCR with different sets of specific oligonucleotide primers. The results of PCR using the AS1II- and AmyC5R-specific primers showed amplification in a single reaction of 10 different self-incompatibility alleles and of the self-compatibility allele S _f. However, the amplified fragments of the S _f allele were of similar sizes to those amplified from the S ₃ self-incompatibility allele. For this reason, a specific PCR primer CEBASf was designed from the intron sequence of S _f. A multiplex-PCR reaction using the AS1II, CEBASf and AmyC5R primers permitted unequivocal identification of the 10 self-incompatibility alleles and of the self-compatibility allele. Multiplex PCR opens the possibility to identify new S-alleles using different sets of primers. The applications of these PCR markers in the almond-breeding programs are discussed.     

棉花多重 PCR 技术及其对杂交棉纯度鉴定的初步研究

选取在湘杂棉系列品种间表现出多态性稳定的部分SSR引物,基于其扩增片段大小的不同来组合引物,进行棉花多重PCR扩增.结果表明,在与单-PCR扩增相同反应条件下,仅根据扩增片段大小不同的原则,可使80%的两重PCR组合获得正常扩增.利用两重PCR组合正常扩增的引物进行三重、四重PCR反应时,均可获得正常扩增的产物,在此基...     

Application of microsatellite markers to distinguish inter-varietal chromosome substitution lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wheat microsatellites (WMS) were used to test the authenticity of inter-varietal chromosome substitution lines developed using the varieties ‘Cappelle-Desprez’ and ‘Bezostaya 1’. The results demonstrated that the majority of the lines were correct. Microsatellites, with their abundance of polymorphic markers randomly distributed over the entire wheat genome, provided ideal tools for establishing the authenticity of cytogenetically developed genetic stocks of wheat. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小琴丝竹和凤尾竹LEA3基因的克隆及分析

中国竹类植物资源丰富,栽培历史悠久,是集生态、经济和社会价值于一身的园林植物。本研究以小琴丝竹和凤尾竹为材料提取叶片总DNA,通过PCR扩增技术克隆得到2种竹类植物LEA3基因,其中小琴丝竹LEA3基因全长810 bp,编码区序列编码188个氨基酸,GC含量为67.9%;凤尾竹LEA3基因全长分别为810 bp和834 bp,编码区序列分别编码188个氨基酸和195个氨基酸,GC含量为67.72%和68.53%。通过DNAMAN等生物软件分析发现,小琴丝竹和凤尾竹LEA3基因与其他禾本科LEA3基因同源性均在77%以上,同源性较高,且编码蛋白均属于稳定的亲水蛋白;此外,小琴丝竹和凤尾竹LEA3基因均包含一个完整的开放阅读框,其编码的氨基酸均含有6个由11个氨基酸组成的保守基元序列,本研究不仅为分析其他竹类植物的脱水耐受性机制提供基础数据,同时也为竹类植物及其他农作物抗旱育种提供了科学依据。     

The influence of cytokinins and ionic strength of Anderson's medium on shoot establishment and proliferation of evergreen azalea

Shoot-tip explants of evergreen azalea cv. Fuchsia grown on Anderson's medium and containing different cytokinins produced the highest proliferation rate on a medium containing thidiazuron (TDZ). TDZ concentrations ranging from 0.23 to 2.3 M resulted in both good bud-break rate (4 to 5) and shoot quality (> 0.5 cm in length). Adding 2.3 M zeatin to Anderson's medium containing 0.23 or 2.3 M TDZ increased the number of axillary shoots/explant. However, increasing the zeatin concentration to 4.6 M resulted in a reduced shoot proliferation rate. A medium containing 1.15 M TDZ and 2.3 M zeatin resulted in an 18-fold increase for 'Fuchsia' and a 9-fold increase for 'Hino Crimson' after 6 weeks of culture. It was found that explants grown on a half-strength Anderson's medium with 87.6 mM sucrose generally had better shoot proliferation rate and shoot quality than at higher ionic strength.     

抗除草剂棉花LLCOTTON25的多重PCR检测方法

为了建立1种抗除草剂棉花LLCOTTON25多重PCR检测方法,根据抗除草剂棉花LLCOTTON25分子特征,同时选择棉花内源参照基因(SADI)、花椰菜花叶病毒启动子(P-Ca MV 35S)、根癌农杆菌终止子(T-NOS)和目的基因(bar)4个基因作为多重PCR(Polymerase chain reaction)检测基因,参照国家相关标准中的特异性引物序列,通过对反应条件的优化以及方法特异性和灵敏度测试,建立了可同时检测除内源基因外的3种外源目的基因的多重PCR检测体系。利用已知样品对本体系验证,抗除草剂棉花LLCOTTON25能被同时检出SADI、P-Ca MV 35S、T-NOS、bar等4个基因,而其他样品均不能被同时检出这4个基因。结果表明此体系可运用于抗除草剂棉花LLCOTTON25检测。     

Development of a multiplex PCR method for simultaneous detection of diagnostic DNA markers of five disease and pest resistance genes in potato

Multiplex PCR is practically a reasonable choice for molecular marker-assisted selection in potato breeding. We had developed and were using a multiplex PCR method for selection of resistance genes to cyst nematode (H1), Potato virus X (Rx1) and late blight (R1 and R2). Since then, more reliable and tightly linked markers for H1 and R2, and a new marker for resistance to Potato virus Y (Ry _chc ) were developed. In this article, all these superior markers, including a positive marker to eliminate PCR-failed samples, were incorporated into one multiplex PCR assay. Using the newly developed multiplex PCR technique, five plants potentially harboring all five resistance genes were selected from 96 hybrid plants approximately 5 h after DNA extraction, which is a third of the operation time compared with separate PCR reactions for each marker.     

Diversity analysis and species identification in Lens using PCR generated markers

Using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis we assessed the genetic relationships between 16 accessions and cultivars of lentil (Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris) in the Australian lentil breeding program. All lines exhibited polymorphism with a maximum dissimilarity value of 0.36. This indicated a limited degree of genetic variation. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers based on the flanking regions of the 5S rRNA gene from Pisum sativum amplified the non-translated spacer (NTS) region from within the 5S rRNA gene of Lens. Three distinct amplification banding patterns differentiated between restricted genomic DNA of Lens spp. L. culinaris ssp. culinaris and L. culinaris ssp. orientalis shared similar markers of two distinctly different NTS sizes. L. nigricans and L. odemensis shared the same amplification pattern of a single sized NTS region. However, L. ervoides contained two separate sizes of NTS, distinct from other Lens species. In an effort to widen the genetic base of cultivated lentil, these species-specific molecular markers may be used to follow potential introgression between species. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小麦Glu-D3和Glu-B3位点LMW-GS基因特异引物设计与PCR扩增

用CTAB法提取小麦基因组DNA，根据GenBank中公布的已知LMW-GS基因序列，设计并合成染色体位点特异PCR引物1～7；利用特殊小麦材料——六倍体普通小麦阿勃二体、1A、1B和1D缺体，四倍体小麦及二倍体的一粒小麦和节节麦的基因组DNA为模版，在优化的PCR体系下进行特异性扩增和引物验证。结果表明：引物3和引物4为小麦谷蛋白Glu-D     

利用多重PCR技术同时检测6种棉花转化体的方法研究

【目的】建立1种转基因棉花多重聚合酶链式反应(Polymerase chain reaction,PCR)检测方法。【方法】试验选择6种转基因棉花作为多重PCR检测对象,通过引物终浓度配比和引物退火温度的两要素全组合优化多重PCR反应体系,并分析方法灵敏度。【结果】多重PCR较优的MON1445、GHB614、MON15985、MON88913、LLCOTTON25、MON531引物终浓度为0.25、0.30、0.25、0.16、0.30、0.20μmol·L-1,较优引物退火温度为56℃,方法灵敏度为66个拷贝棉花基因组。利用盲样对上述体系的验证结果显示,所有盲样扩增条带与其含有的转基因转化体完全一致。【结论】本研究建立的体系可用于6种棉花转化体的快速检测。     

Appearance of albino seedlings and ptDNA inheritance in interspecific hybrids of azalea

PCR-RFLP analysis was conducted to clarify the relationship between the leaf color of progenies and their ptDNA inheritance in interspecific three-way crosses, (Rhododendron kiusianum × R. eriocarpum) × R. japonicum f. flavum. All albino progenies contained maternal ptDNA, whereas green and pale-green progenies contained paternal ptDNA. Sectorial chimeric progenies, of which the leaf and shoot color was turned from green to albino during the culture, contained both maternal and paternal ptDNA in green segments and maternal ptDNA in albino segments. These results suggest that albino progenies are caused by the incompatibility between plastome from F₁ hybrids of R. kiusianum × R. eriocarpum and nuclear genome from R. japonicum f. flavum. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

猪等孢球虫PCR诊断方法的建立

参照GenBank收录的Isospora suis 18SrRNA基因全序列（U97523）,利用引物分析软件Oligo 6.57和Primer Premier 5.0设计了一对引物（上游引物：5'-tcctgcgagtactcatatgc-3';下游引物：5'-gttcagctacgcataccttg-3'）,首次扩增出猪等孢球虫分离株的18SrRNA基因序列,结合GenBank上登录的相关原虫序列,用DNAstar4.0软件比较其同源性,经Clustalx1.81序列比对,Paup4.0、Treeview3.0、Phylip种系发育关系软件分析后,证实该分离株为猪等孢球虫,并且河南不同地区之间的猪等孢球虫没有明显遗传差异     

菌落聚合酶链反应检测支气管败血波氏杆菌

根据支气管败血波氏杆菌(Bordetella bronchiseptica) 鞭毛蛋白基因的上游序列设计1对引物Fla1和Fla2,采用菌落PCR方法扩增目的基因片段来检测支气管败血波氏杆菌。利用该方法成功的从8株支气管败血波氏杆菌中扩增出237 bp左右的特异性目的片段。特异性试验表明,该方法对大肠埃希菌、胸膜肺炎放线杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、猪链球菌和副猪嗜血杆菌均无交叉性反应。灵敏性试验表明,将单个菌落稀释105倍利用此菌落PCR仍能扩增到相应的目的片段。结果表明建立的菌落PCR方法对支气管败血波氏杆菌的检测敏感性高、特异性强,可用于Bb感染的诊断和流行病学调查。     

Multiplex PCR genotyping for five bacterial blight resistance genes applied to marker‐assisted selection in rice (Oryza sativa)

Bacterial blight (BB) is the most economically damaging disease of rice in Asia and other parts of the world. In this study, a multiplex PCR genotyping method was developed to simultaneously identify genotypes of five BB resistance genes, Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13 and Xa21. The resistance R alleles were amplified using five functional markers (FMs) to generate amplicons of 217, 103, 179, 381 and 595 bp in IRBB66. Amplicons of 198, 107, 87, 391 and 467 bp corresponded to susceptible alleles in Taiwanese japonica rice cultivars. In backcross breeding programmes, the multiplex PCR assay was integrated into selection from a population using BB resistance donor IRBB66 crossed to rice cultivar ‘Tainung82’. Two plants with homozygosity for Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13 and Xa21 were selected from 1100 BC₂F₂ plants. In addition, the five BB resistance genes were also accurately identified in F₂ populations. This multiplex PCR method provides a rapid and efficient method for detecting various BB resistance genes, which will assist in pyramiding genes to improve durability of BB resistance in Taiwanese elite rice cultivars.     

鹅生长激素受体基因荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

根据GenBank中鹅生长激素受体（GHR）基因序列设计合成了引物和探针,对荧光定量PCR的方法进行了方法学的评估,建立了TaqmanMGB荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法。结果表明,由pMD-18T-GHR所构建的标准曲线线性关系良好,建立的GHR基因荧光定量PCR检测方法灵敏度高、特异性强（可以检测出低于10个拷贝/μl的样品）,准确可靠。籽鹅和莱茵鹅GHR mRNA出壳到90日龄生长过程中肝脏中的表达量不同,30日龄不同组织的表达量各有变化特点。     

多重实时荧光PCR TaqMan-MGB杂交探针标记法快速鉴定转基因玉米MIR162

为对转基因玉米MIR162的进口实行监测、规范转基因玉米在国内市场中的流通,建立一种转基因玉米MIR162准确快速的检测方法,通过设计转基因玉米MIR162品系特异性序列的引物和探针,摸索和优化多重荧光PCR体系和参数,开发建立多重实时荧光PCR TaqMan-MGB杂交探针标记法快速鉴定转基因玉米MIR162。结果表明,转基因玉米MIR162品系标准品和平行样品中内标基因和品系特异性基因均出现明显扩增曲线,其他转基因玉米品系标准品仅内标基因有扩增曲线,空白对照无扩增曲线,说明该TaqMan-MGB探针对转基因玉米MIR162品系具有扩增特异性。该方法可作为鉴定筛查转基因玉米MIR162品系及其转化体成分的有效方法,用于规范管理转基因产品在市场上的流通。