Epitrix cucumeris,E. similaris and E. tuberis

Specific scope

This standard describes a diagnostic protocol for adult Epitrix cucumeris, Epitrix similaris and Epitrix tuberis 1 . Note: this protocol focuses on the 3 major North American Epitrix species that can be detected in potato crops.

Specific approval and amendment

Approved in 2011‐09.     

M. Ichinari,M. Masuko,H. Takenaka,R. Hasegawa,T. Ichiba,Y. Hayase and R. Takeda, ‘Structure and fungicidal activities of methoxyiminophenylacetamide derivatives’. Pesticide Science 55(3) 1999, 347–349

The original article to which this Correction refers was published in Pesticide Science 55 (3) 1999, 347–349. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Development of a real‐time PCR method for the detection of the dagger nematodes Xiphinema index,X. diversicaudatum,X. vuittenezi and X. italiae,and for the quantification of X. index numbers

The ectoparasitic dagger nematodes Xiphinema index and Xiphinema diversicaudatum, often at low numbers in the soil, are vectors of grapevine nepoviruses, which cause huge agronomical problems for the vineyard industry. This study reports a method, based on real‐time PCR, for the specific detection of these species and of the closely related non‐vector species Xiphinema vuittenezi and Xiphinema italiae. Specific primers and TaqMan probes were designed from the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), enabling the specific detection of single individuals of each of the X. index, X. diversicaudatum, X. italiae and X. vuittenezi species whatever the nematode population. The specificity of detection and absence of false positive reaction were confirmed in samples of each species mixed with the three other Xiphinema species or mixed with nematodes representative from other genera (non‐plant‐parasitic Dorylaimida, Longidorus sp., Meloidogyne spp., Globodera spp. and Pratylenchus sp.). The method was shown to be valid for the relative quantification of X. index numbers through its use, from crude nematode extracts of soil samples, in a greenhouse assay of grapevine accessions ranging from highly susceptible to resistant. As an alternative to time‐consuming microscopic identification and counting, this real‐time PCR method will provide a fast, sensitive and reliable diagnostic and relative quantification technique for X. index nematodes extracted from fields or controlled conditions.     

Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xiphinema diversicaudatum,X. pachtaicum,X. simile</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">X. vuittenezi</Emphasis> (Nematoda,Dorylaimida)

Genetic analyses using sequences of partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene of mitochondrial DNA were conducted to determine the extent of genetic variation within and among Xiphinema diversicaudatum, X. pachtaicum, X. simile and X. vuittenezi populations. Pairwise distance among the four species was 22.5 to 31.2%. Four different sequence variants of cox1 were determined among six populations of X. diversicaudatum and three variants among three populations of X. simile. Nucleotide variation was detected at 18 of 414 bp (1.9 to 2.7%) in X. diversicaudatum and 4 of 435 bp (0.2 to 0.9%) in X. simile. All changes were at silent sites. No nucleotide variation was detected within three populations of X. pachtaicum and within three populations of X. vuittenezi.     

Effect of cutting frequency on above‐ and belowground biomass production of Rumex alpinus,R. crispus,R. obtusifolius and the Rumex hybrid (R. patienta × R. tianschanicus) in the seeding year

Rumex species are important weeds in grasslands and on arable land. The Rumex hybrid (R. patienta × R. tianschanicus; cv. OK‐2, Uteusha) has been planted as a forage and energy crop since 2001 in the Czech Republic, but its ecological requirements and its potential to become a new weedy species have never been investigated. In 2010 and 2011, we performed a pot experiment to investigate the effect of none, one and two cuts per year on biomass production of Rumex OK‐2 and common broad‐leaved Rumex species (Rumex obtusifolius, R. crispus and R. alpinus). The higher cutting frequency can reduce the belowground biomass, but no effect on the aboveground biomass was detected. Flowering in the seeding year was recorded in only 50% of R. obtusifolius plants. Non‐flowering R. obtusifolius plants produced significantly more belowground biomass than flowering plants under no cutting or one cut treatments. The growth response of Rumex OK‐2 to different cutting treatments was very similar to R. crispus. These similarities indicate the weed potential of the hybrid to become a troublesome weedy species, similar to R. crispus.     

Dynamique de quelques dicotylédones adventices en culture de céréale. II. Survie, floraison et fructification

La connaissance du devenir de la flore adventice levée en situation non désherbée est utile au raisonnement de la lutte chimique et culturale, á l'échelle de l'année et de la succession de cultures. Or, les associations dicotylédones annuelles—céréales ont été peu étudiées dans cette optique. C'est pourquoi nous avons abordé l'étude de la survie des plantules adventices et de leur production finale (croissance, nombre de semences) en situation de concurrence variable avec divers peuplements de céréales (principalement blé d'hiver, cv. Fidel). Cinquante-huit parcelles du champ d'essai de Grignon, dans le Bassin Parisien, ont été suivies, au cours de deux années culturales; les résultats concernent des communautés adventices naturelles, peu denses et composées en majorité de dicotylédones annuelles. Le stade foliaire des plantes adventices á l'époque du gel s'est révélé un bon prédicteur du taux de disparition hivernale. Le nombre d'épis de la céréule par m² a permis de rendre compte de maniére satisfaisante du devenir de la flore au printemps. Cependant, la date de levée des plantes conditionne également leur survie et leur production semencière. Une relation satisfaisante a pu être mise en évidence entre nombre de semences et matière sèche (par plante et par m²) à la récolte de la céréale. La conduite de la céréale (date et densité de semis, fumure azotée), en interaction avec le climat, se révèle comine on facteur d'évolution de la flore adventice. Le travail entrepris ici devrait déboucher sur une modélisation de cette dynamique au champ.