S-诱抗素处理对'巨峰'葡萄果实花青素含量及品质的影响

为研究S-诱抗素对'巨峰'葡萄果实生长、果实着色效果、果实品质、花青素含量及相关酶活性变化的影响,指导S-诱抗素在'巨峰'葡萄生产上合理使用,采用不同质量浓度(0、100、200、300、400 mg/L)的S-诱抗素在葡萄果实转色初期进行茎叶喷雾处理。结果表明:S-诱抗素处理后外观色泽得到有效改善,葡萄果皮着色指数(CIRG)、花青素、叶绿素含量显著提高;随着时间推移,果实可溶性固形物、维生素C含量有不同程度的提高,可滴定酸含量明显下降;花青素合成相关酶PAL、CHI活性提高。葡萄果实转色初期(第2次膨大期,转色面积为50%～10%)不同浓度S-诱抗素处理对葡萄着色存在低促高抑的影响,其中用300mg/LS-诱抗素茎叶喷雾处理1次作用效果最好。     

套袋短枝红富士果实内含物及果皮色素的变化

对短枝红富士苹果套袋后果实内含物及果皮色素含量进行测定分析。结果表明，套袋果实中可溶性固形物含量随果实成熟而增加，淀粉含量下降；果皮中叶绿素含量幼果期最高，成熟期最低，花青素含量采收时最高。可溶性固形物、淀粉、叶绿素含量，未套袋果均高于套袋果，花青素含量未套袋果最低。     

褪黑素对设施延后栽培‘红地球’葡萄果实品质的影响

为探明褪黑素对鲜食葡萄果实品质的影响,并为褪黑素改善果实品质及其在生产中的应用提供理论依据。以‘红地球’葡萄品种为试验材料,采用设施延后栽培模式,在葡萄转色前,采用50、100、200、500μmol/L褪黑素水溶液进行全树喷施2次,以喷清水作为对照,研究不同浓度褪黑素处理对葡萄果实形态指标(单粒重、纵横径和果形指数)、果皮色泽(L*、a*、b*)、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、可溶性糖含量、糖酸比、维生素C含量以及酚类物质(总酚、黄酮和花色苷)含量的影响。结果表明:不同浓度褪黑素处理间的果实品质各指标(果形指数、果皮色泽除外)与对照间存在显著性差异,褪黑素处理可以显著提高果实单粒重、纵径,增加果实中可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量和糖酸比,并且有利于果实中酚类物质(总酚、黄酮和花色苷)积累,降低果实横径和可滴定酸含量;尤以100μmol/L褪黑素处理与对照间差异最大、效果最明显。综合分析认为,在葡萄转色前喷施褪黑素,可以改善设施延后栽培‘红地球’果实品质,其中以100μmol/L褪黑素处理对改善‘红地球’葡萄果实品质效果最好。     

日光温室延后栽培‘红地球’葡萄喷施尿素对叶片及果实糖含量的影响

以日光温室延后栽培的‘红地球’葡萄为试验材料,在果实转色前叶面喷施尿素,以清水为对照,分别在喷施后10、20、30、40 d测定功能叶面积、叶绿素相对含量、蔗糖含量、葡萄糖含量、果糖和淀粉含量,以及果实可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量。结果表明:叶面喷施不同浓度的尿素均可促进叶片增长,增加叶片中叶绿素相对含量,其中喷施0.75%尿素可延缓生育后期叶片叶绿素的降解;喷施尿素可促进叶片中碳水化合物的积累,0.5%和0.75%尿素处理后,叶片蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖在较长时间内保持较高的水平,喷施后40 d时3种糖含量为对照的1.2倍以上;喷施尿素增加了叶片中淀粉的积累,喷施0.75%尿素后,在生育后期叶片淀粉含量显著增加,达8.0 mg/g。喷施尿素后果实中糖酸含量变化明显,喷施后40 d,0.5%和0.75%尿素对果实可溶性固形物含量的增加最显著,但喷施0.75%尿素显著增加了同时期果实中可滴定酸含量。喷施0.5%尿素显著增加了果实大小、单粒重及穗重。因此,建议在‘红地球’葡萄果实转色前叶面喷施0.5%尿素溶液,可改善果实品质。     

套袋短枝红富士果实内含物及果皮色素的变化

对短枝红富士苹果套袋后果实内含物及果皮色素含量进行测定分析。结果表明,套袋果实中可溶性固形物含量随果实成熟而增加,淀粉含量下降;果皮中叶绿素含量幼果期最高,成熟期最低,花青素含量采收时最高。可溶性固形物、淀粉、叶绿素含量,未套袋果均高于套袋果,花青素含量未套袋果最低。     

成膜型抗蒸腾剂对‘赤霞珠’葡萄成熟进程的影响

为探讨成膜型抗蒸腾剂对酿酒葡萄成熟进程的影响机理,以酿酒葡萄品种‘赤霞珠’为试材,在始熟期前(花后55 d)对果实定期喷施3次成膜型抗蒸腾剂Vapor Gard(有效成分为帖烯聚合物松脂二烯),对照喷施清水。成膜型抗蒸腾剂处理对成熟初期葡萄果粒横、纵径及百粒质量影响不显著,但降低果实还原糖、可溶性固形物及总酚积累量,提高果实含酸量。成膜型抗蒸腾剂处理延缓了始熟期果实膨压的下降及果实转色,通过下调果实花色苷合成通路中关键基因MYBA、OMT、UFGT的表达降低了成熟初期果实总花色苷含量及修饰类花色苷在总花色苷中所占的比例。因此推测成膜型抗蒸腾剂处理可能通过减少果实水分蒸腾来保持果实的膨压,从而延迟果实转色和成熟进程,因而此抗蒸腾剂可被用来调节葡萄果实的发育进程。     

外源脱落酸对巨玫瑰葡萄着色及浆果品质的影响

本文以避雨栽培巨玫瑰葡萄为试验材料,在转色期用脱落酸(ABA)溶液100 mg/L、500mg/L和1 000mg/L处理果穗,并对成熟过程中果皮花色苷含量、果汁可溶性固性物含量(TSS)、可滴定酸含量和pH值进行了测定。结果表明,三种浓度ABA处理均能促进果皮的着色和果实成熟,但却抑制果汁可溶性固形物含量提高和单粒重的快速增加。其中,ABA 500mg/L处理在显著提高巨玫瑰葡萄果皮中的花色苷含量,降低可滴定酸含量的同时,其可溶性固形物超过上市的最低质量标准,并且能使葡萄果实提早10天成熟,整体上提高了果实品质。     

油菜素内酯和脱落酸调控葡萄果实花色苷合成的研究

【目的】为研究2,4-表油菜素内酯(2,4-epibrassinolide,EBR)和脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)处理对葡萄花色苷合成与可溶性固形物含量、果皮苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和类黄酮糖基转移酶(UFGT)活性以及果实内源ABA含量的影响,探索油菜素内酯调控葡萄果实成熟及花色苷合成的机理。【方法】以酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’(Cabernet Sauvignon)和‘烟73’(Yan 73)为试材,在葡萄转色前分别用0.1、0.4、0.8 mg.L-1EBR,1mg.L-1Brz(brassinazole,BR生物合成抑制剂)和200 mg.L-1ABA,均匀喷施于葡萄果实,在葡萄成熟过程中测定葡萄果皮花色苷含量及PAL和UFGT酶活性,同时测定果实ABA和可溶性固形物含量。【结果】在果实着色初期,‘赤霞珠’和‘烟73’葡萄果皮PAL和UFGT活性及果实内源ABA含量均逐渐升高,当果实接近成熟花色苷含量基本稳定时ABA含量开始降低。与对照相比,0.4mg.L-1EBR和200 mg.L-1ABA处理显著增加了果实内源ABA含量,提高了果皮PAL和UFGT活性,促进了果皮花色苷的合成和果实可溶性固形物的积累。0.1 mg.L-1和0.8 mg.L-1EBR处理总体增加了果实内源ABA含量,促进了花色苷的合成和可溶性固形物的积累,并提高了UFGT和PAL酶活性,但比0.4 mg.L-1EBR处理提高的幅度小,且差异显著。1 mg.L-1Brz处理使果实ABA的合成推迟,果实可溶性固形物含量、果皮PAL和UFGT活性以及花色苷含量均低于对照,但差异不显著。【结论】外源EBR和ABA处理促进了葡萄成熟和花色苷合成,在不同浓度EBR处理中,以0.4 mg.L-1处理效果较好;内源ABA可能参与了EBR对葡萄成熟和花色苷合成的调控。     

不同砧木对‘赤霞珠’酿酒葡萄果实品质的影响

以不同砧木嫁接的‘赤霞珠’为试材,以自根苗为对照,于葡萄果实转色初期开始采样直至果实成熟,测定不同时期果粒质量、果实可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸、pH值,果皮花色苷和单宁含量。结果表明,果实发育成熟过程中,果粒质量、可溶性固形物含量、pH值和果皮花色苷含量缓慢增加,果实可滴定酸含量和果皮单宁含量下降。果实成熟时,SO4、5BB、3309M和101-14砧木降低了果粒质量、pH值和果皮单宁含量,提高果实可滴定酸含量;3309M和101-14可提高果实可溶性固形物含量,SO4和5BB降低了果实可溶性固形物含量;5BB、3309M和101-14提高了果皮花色苷含量,其中‘赤霞珠’/101-14的花色苷含量最高（0.92mg/g）,比对照提高33.33%;SO4砧木降低了果皮花色苷含量。     

叶面喷施ABA和PDJ对‘巨峰’葡萄果实着色及品质的影响

【目的】研究叶面喷施脱落酸(ABA)和二氢茉莉酸丙酯(PDJ)对‘巨峰’葡萄果实着色及品质的影响。【方法】在果实转色初期和中期,使用不同浓度ABA(A1:10 mg·L~(-1)、A2:25 mg·L~(-1)、A3:50 mg·L~(-1))和PDJ(P1:5 mg·L~(-1)、P2:10mg·L~(-1)、P3:25 mg·L~(-1))对‘巨峰’葡萄进行叶面喷施处理,并分析不同处理下成熟果实花色苷、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和类黄酮含量,以及穗重、单粒重等指标的差异,通过主成分分析对葡萄果实着色指标和内在品质进行综合评价,以确定最适宜的ABA和PDJ施用浓度。【结果】不同浓度ABA和PDJ处理均能显著增加果皮花色苷含量,降低叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,提高了颜色指数(CIRG)和红绿色差指标(a~*),并降低果实亮度(L~*)和黄蓝色差指标(b~*),从而提高果实着色程度;果穗重、单粒重增大,可溶性固形物和果皮类黄酮含量显著上升,但对果实可滴定酸无影响。【结论】不同处理的效果综合评价依次为A2P2A1A3P1P3CK,在所有处理中,A2处理对于促进果实着色以及提高果实品质的效果最好,P2处理次之,ABA处理效果整体上优于PDJ处理。     

盐碱胁迫对酿酒葡萄“赤霞珠”果实品质形成的影响

以欧亚种酿酒葡萄"赤霞珠"为试材,探讨了50mmol·L^-1 NaCl和50mmol·L^-1NaHCO_3喷施葡萄果粒对葡萄果实品质形成的影响,研究使用适度中性盐和碱性盐直接处理葡萄果实对果实成熟启动及品质形成的影响。以期为深入研究在盐碱条件下葡萄果实品质的变化提供参考依据。结果表明:2种处理均未对成熟过程中葡萄百粒质量产生显著影响,但降低了果实TSS含量,且NaHCO_3处理的果实TSS含量显著低于NaCl处理;2种处理均延缓了果实发育过程中花色苷的积累,且NaCl的延缓程度高于NaHCO_3;2种处理均提高了果实总酸含量,且成熟初期(花后109d)处理组酒石酸和苹果酸含量均高于对照;荧光定量结果表明,盐碱处理抑制了花色苷合成过程中UFGT基因及其调控蛋白MYBA1的表达量,与花色苷的积累结果一致,推测盐碱处理是通过抑制相关基因的表达而延缓花色苷的积累。总之,对果粒进行盐碱处理,并不利于果实品质的改善,而且在一定程度上延缓了果实的成熟进程。     

Effect of ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) on the fruit ripening characters of rabbiteye blueberry

Effect of ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) application on rabbiteye blueberry fruit quality during the growth period was investigated. Ethephon treatment stimulated the decrement of titratable acidity, anthocyanin accumulation and fruit softening 4 days after treatment and the promoting effects continued through the investigation period. The ripening promotion effect of ethephon on total soluble solids content was observed only 8 days after treatment. Ethephon treatment did not affect the fruit enlargement during the investigation period. From these results, it is concluded that ethephon application for rabbiteye blueberry promote the fruit ripening, but the stimulatory effects of ethephon on fruit ripening were different in degree on each ripening characters.     

CPPU和GA_3在葡萄中的残留动态及对果实品质的影响

以夏黑葡萄为试材,研究氯吡脲(CPPU)和赤霉素(GA3)在葡萄果实中的残留动态及对品质的调控作用。结果表明,25 mg.L-1 GA3+5 mg.L-1CPPU复合处理对葡萄果实的膨大效果最为明显。在葡萄果实生长发育过程中,CPPU和GA3总体呈降低趋势,外源GA3没有影响内源GA3总体变化趋势,CPPU消解率在处理后15 d时超过90%,CPPU残留量在处理后10 d时低于美国最高残留限量(MRL,0.03 mg.kg-1),GA3残留量在处理后1 d时低于美国、日本MRL(0.2 mg.kg-1)。所有处理均使果实可溶性固形物含量上升,可滴定酸含量下降。GA3处理促进了果皮花青素的合成,CPPU处理抑制了果皮花青素的合成。为CPPU和GA3在葡萄种植中的合理应用提供了科学依据。     

柑橘新品种‘桂青橘1号’

‘桂青橘1号’是从‘五月橘’芽变中选育出的优良新品种,果实扁圆形,平均单果质量54 g,成熟时果实绿色或局部黄色。果肉橙黄色,可溶性固形物含量13% ~ 15%,总酸含量0.16% ~ 0.18%,肉质细嫩化渣,有特殊香味。平均种子数少于1粒,属少核或无核品种。在广西玉林地区9-12月均可采摘上市。     

红色‘南果梨’新品种——‘南红梨’的选育

‘南红梨’为‘南果梨’红色芽变新品种,果面鲜红色,片红,着色指数0.89,比‘南果梨’高0.70;平均单果质量84.6 g。果肉白色,果实后熟后肉质细腻多汁,风味酸甜,香气浓,石细胞少;含可溶性固形物17.3%,总糖11.5%,可滴定酸0.41%,维生素C 0.02 mg·g-1,花青苷35.9μg·g-1,是‘南果梨’的1.65倍。     

Involvement of 1-methylcyclopropene in ripening of harvested mei (Prunus mume) fruit

Summary

Harvested mei (Prunus mume) fruit were stored at 20°C after exposure to 500 nl l^–1 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) for 8 h. Firmness, peel colour, chlorophyll content, chlorophyllase activity, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), respiration and ethylene production, and cell wall hydrolysis enzyme activities were monitored to determine the efficacy of 1-MCP treatment in delaying mei fruit ripening compared to untreated control fruit. Results showed that control ‘daqinghe’ mei fruit displayed typical climacteric patterns of respiration and ethylene production. Peak CO₂ production and ethylene production were observed after 6 d. Fruit softening was accompanied by a progressive decrease in colour parameters expressed as hue angle (h°), chlorophyll content, SSC, TA and increases in chlorophyllase, pectin methylesterase (PME) and polygalacturonase (PG) activities. 1-MCP treatment prior to the climacteric increase significantly delayed the onset of the climacteric peaks of CO₂ and ethylene production. These delays were associated with reductions in fruit softening, consistent with delaying the activities of PME and PG. Fruit treated with 1-MCP exhibited less peel colour change from green-to-yellow because of their lower levels of chlorophyllase activity and less chlorophyll breakdown. Moreover, 1-MCP treatment also significantly retarded reductions in SSC and TA compared with control fruit. The shelf-life of mei fruit ripening was increased by 4 d following 1-MCP treatment. Thus, 1-MCP treatment can markedly extend the post-harvest life of ‘daqinghe’ mei fruit.     

‘红香酥’梨果皮色素变化规律及套袋对其形成的影响

为探讨提高‘红香酥’着色的套袋技术措施,以‘红香酥’梨为试材,研究了果实发育过程中果皮花青苷含量的变化及果园温度、套袋时期对果皮花青苷积累的影响。结果表明,‘红香酥’梨果皮花青苷合成与积累高峰出现在果实发育后期,期间含量有所下降,接近果实成熟时花青苷含量急剧增加,成熟时达到最高峰;叶绿素含量从盛花后100 d开始逐渐降低,至果实成熟时达到最低值;类胡萝卜素含量在盛花后90 d以后一直保持较低的水平;昼夜温差不影响花青苷的积累,但较低的昼夜气温有利于花青苷的积累;花后30 d套袋,果实成熟前60 d去袋可显著提高果皮花青苷含量,但对叶绿素含量影响不显著。单独利用套袋技术不能显著改善‘红香酥’梨果实着色。     

香蕉和大蕉果实在不同温度下催熟后的色泽变化

 香蕉和大蕉在20℃和30℃条件下果实催熟期间果皮色泽及几种色素含量的变化结果表明: 在20℃下香蕉、大蕉具有正常的呼吸和乙烯释放高峰, 果皮色泽由绿转黄, 叶绿素含量逐渐降低, 类胡萝卜素含量逐渐上升; 但在30℃下, 香蕉果实虽然出现了正常的呼吸和乙烯释放的高峰, 但叶绿素的降解受到了一定的抑制, 果皮不能正常褪绿, 出现了青皮熟现象, 而大蕉却能正常褪绿转黄。     

Changes in enzymes involved in photosynthesis and other metabolic processes in the fruit of Opuntia ficus-indica during growth and ripening

The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the abundance of a number of enzymes in the peel, core and seeds of fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller during development. The enzymes studied were phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC; EC: 4.1.1.31), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RUBISCO; EC: 4.1.1.39), aldolase (EC: 4.1.2.13), pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK; EC: 2.7.9.1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK; EC: 4.1.1.49) and aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT; EC: 2.6.1.1). To detect these enzymes, antibodies specific for each enzyme were used to probe Western blots of sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gels. Fruit weight increased throughout development, and during ripening there was both an accumulation of total soluble solids and a decrease in both total titratable acidity and chlorophyll content. In the early stages of its growth the polypeptide pattern and enzyme composition of the fruit chlorenchyma was similar to that of the cladode. In the peel of the fruit PEPC, RUBISCO, plastidic aldolase and PPDK decreased to undetectable amounts as ripening progressed. PEPCK was not detected in either the chlorenchyma of the fruit or cladode. This showed that O. ficus-indica is not a PEPCK type CAM plant and that in this fruit PEPCK is not involved in the metabolism of organic acids. Cytosolic aldolase and AspAT were present in both the peel and core throughout development. The seeds accumulated storage proteins before the fruit ripened, and the abundance of all the enzymes studied declined once the accumulation of storage proteins was complete.