草地生态系统土壤碳储量的影响因子

草地是我国重要的土地利用类型之一,草地生态系统有机碳库是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,其积累和分解的变化直接影响全球的碳平衡,研究草地土壤有机碳库的影响因素,对于准确评估我国草地生态系统的固碳潜力具有重要的科学意义。该研究在对现有资料整理的基础上,着重综述了自然因子、人类活动以及气候变化等因素对草地土壤碳储量影响的国内外研究进展,指出了目前草地土壤有机碳研究存在的问题,探讨草地固碳对外界因子的响应机制和适应对策,提出了草地土壤碳储量影响因素研究的发展趋势,并对今后草地土壤有机碳研究进行了展望。     

生物结皮对土壤养分及碳循环影响的研究进展

生物土壤结皮是由土壤微生物和藻类、地衣、苔藓等孢子植物与表层土壤颗粒胶结形成的有机复合体，在退化或受损生态系统中占据重要地位。生物土壤结皮不仅能够改善土壤结构，增强土壤稳定性，还能提高土壤养分含量和酶活性。过去有关生物结皮的研究主要集中在其对荒漠地区及干旱半干旱地区的功能和作用上，作为陆地生态系统中重要的地表覆被物，生物结皮还能够通过光合作用影响土壤有机碳、一氧化碳含量及其稳定性，近年来关于生物土壤结皮如何影响全球碳循环和碳平衡逐渐成为研究者的主流方向。该研究综述了生物结皮覆盖下土壤理化性质、土壤碳循环和土壤呼吸等方面的变化，总结了生物土壤结皮影响生态系统碳循环过程的研究工作和取得的成果，并对未来研究重点进行展望，旨在为实现“碳中和”目标提供新的参考。     

土地利用对土壤有机碳储量及土壤呼吸的影响

陆地碳库的重要组成部分之一就是土壤有机碳,土壤有机碳目前是全球碳循环研究的重点工作之一。而土地利用的变化会对土壤有机碳的储量以及分布产生影响。做好土地利用对土壤有机碳储量影响的研究,对土加深理解全球气候变化与土地利用变化之间的关系有着重要的促进作用。本文主要阐述了土地利用对土壤有机碳储量及土壤呼吸的影响。     

中国农业科学院揭示沼渣生物炭调控土壤有机碳结构变化的微生物驱动机制

正2021年5月,中国农业科学院烟草研究所烟草栽培与调制创新团队与广东工业大学合作,研究揭示了沼渣生物炭调控农田土壤有机碳结构变化的微生物驱动机制,对土壤碳库增加和农业可持续发展具有重要的指导意义。相关研究结果发表在《全球变化生物学生物能源(Global Change Biology Bioenergy)》上。据郑学博副研究员介绍,土壤有机碳库是全球陆地表层系统中最大的碳库,其微小变动对大气CO2浓度及碳平衡均产生重要影响。     

菜业资讯

正农业土壤有机碳侵蚀动态研究取得进展农业土壤是全球陆地生态系统最大的碳库,但自农业文明以来遭受了严重的有机碳侵蚀。土壤有机碳作为全球碳循环的核心要素,其含量的轻微变化便会引起土壤圈与大气圈间碳平衡的明显波动,从而影响全球气候变化。因此,农业土壤有机碳侵蚀动态研究一直以来备受关注。然而,近年来,科学界对于土壤侵蚀究竟扮演碳源还是碳汇的作用争议不断。导致该争议     

阔叶和杉木人工林对土壤碳氮库的影响对比研究

森林生态系统里面的碳储量大概占陆地地上部分的82~86%,而森林土壤里面的碳占土壤里面总有机碳含量的70~73%,所以,森林土壤里面发生的很小有机碳改变,都会使森林生态系统里面的碳平衡出现变化,而土壤有机碳关键来源是枯落物输入和根系周转形成的碎屑,森林树种重要利用控制有机质输入质量以及数量的手段和分解机制来对土壤有机碳库造成影响。本文主要对阔叶以及杉木人工林给森林土壤碳氮库产生的影响进行对比研究,提出笔者的思考和建议,仅供参考。     

农田生态系统土壤呼吸作用的研究进展

农田生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分。我国是农业大国,为农田生态系统土壤呼吸作用的研究创造了很好的条件。文章综述了中国农田土壤呼吸近10年来的研究进展,指出了土壤温湿度、作物生理生长状况和田间管理措施是影响农田土壤呼吸作用的主要影响因子。同时指出了农田土壤呼吸作用的时间变化特点和空间变化特点,及当下农田土壤呼吸研究的几个问题,应加强农田土壤呼吸的区域性研究和比较,标准化和规范化土壤呼吸的试验设计和测定方法,扩大作物研究范围为农田生态系统碳循环碳源和碳汇的问题提供依据。     

土壤微生物生物量及多样性影响因素研究进展

土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷是土壤微生物量的主要组成成分，其与土壤中各种营养物质的循环息息相关，土壤微生物生物量可作为环境变化的重要生命指标之一，而且土壤微生物群落结构更被认为是预警生态系统变化的敏感生物指标。该研究梳理概括了土壤理化性质、气候、立地植物和人为因素对土壤微生物生物量及其多样性的影响，并指出今后的研究热点是加强全球变化背景下大尺度多生态系统的整合，综合考虑多因素对土壤微生物的交互作用以及探讨在高生态压力下改善土壤微生物生物量及其多样性的方法，以期为今后土壤微生物多样性研究和实践提供参考依据。     

土地利用方式对土壤微生物生物量碳和土壤养分的影响

以天然草地、由天然草地转化成的农用坡耕地和22年生小叶杨人工林3种土地利用方式为研究对象,分析了土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤养分的变化规律,以揭示土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤养分对不同土地利用方式的响应规律,为内蒙古农牧交错带的生态建设提供依据。结果表明:不同土地利用方式明显影响土壤微生物生物量碳的含量,且3种不同土地利用方式土壤微生物生物量碳含量差异显著(P0.05),表现为22年生小叶杨人工林天然草地农用坡耕地;不同土地利用方式土壤微生物生物量碳的垂直分布表现为随土壤深度的增加而降低;土壤微生物生物量碳与速效钾、全氮、pH以及容重呈显著相关关系,说明土壤微生物生物量碳可作为衡量土壤质量变化的重要敏感指标。     

宁夏荒漠草原不同土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳的影响

以宁夏荒漠草原不同土地利用方式(耕地、弃耕地、草地和柠条地)的土壤为研究对象,测定了不同土层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量,分析了土壤活性有机碳占有机碳的比例,以期探寻不同土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳的影响。结果表明:不同土地利用方式土壤总有机碳含量范围在1.78~6.17 g·kg^-1,具体表现为弃耕地>柠条地>草地>耕地。表层(0~5 cm)土壤有机碳含量显著高于深层(10~60 cm),说明荒漠草原土壤有机碳主要富集在表层;4种土地利用方式土壤易氧化有机碳含量为0.57~1.38 mg·g^-1,变化趋势具体表现为柠条地>草地>耕地>弃耕地,且柠条地在每个土层都高于其它3种土地利用方式;土壤可溶性有机碳含量范围为6.8~11.1 mg·kg^-1,变化趋势表现为草地>耕地>柠条地>弃耕地。土壤易氧化有机碳含量占有机碳的比例范围为13.7%~43.1%,大小排序为柠条地>耕地>草地>弃耕地;土壤可溶性有机碳含量占有机碳的比例范围为0.11%~0.48%,比例大小为耕地>草地>柠条地>弃耕地,耕地和草地中土壤可溶性有机碳含量占有机碳比例随着土壤深度的增加而减小,这与有机碳在耕地和草地中变化趋势一致。土地利用变化可以显著影响土壤活性有机碳的含量与分布,能够敏感的反映土壤碳库的变化,可以作为评价宁夏荒漠草原土壤质量和肥力的指标之一。     

基于文献计量的近25年深层土壤碳循环研究进展分析

土壤深层碳库巨大,在全球碳循环中具有重要作用。为了深入理解深层土壤碳循环,分析深层土壤为主题的全球土壤碳循环研究的热点与前沿,以Web of Science核心合集为数据库,获取近25年以深层土壤为主题词的土壤碳循环研究文献(280篇)。通过文献计量方法,分别对年文献发表量、研究区分布、研究主题热点等进行了统计与可视化分析。结果表明：(1)1995-2020年间,以深层土壤为主题词对土壤碳循环研究的发文数量逐渐增长,尤其是2010-2020年期间;(2)不同研究主题对深层土壤的定义不同,其中以土壤碳储量为主题的研究对深层土壤的定义深度最深,52.2%的文献对深层土壤定义深度超过60 cm;(3)农林、环境科学、土壤科学和生态学是深层土壤碳循环研究的主要领域;(4)研究热点主要集中在环境因素和土地利用变化对土壤碳储量、碳稳定性及碳剖面垂直变化的影响方面;(5)近几年,研究主题逐渐向微生物群落、激发效应、碳组分、碳稳定性等转变,研究对象扩展到了北极永久冻土。     

Vegetation-mediated feedback in water, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles

Since the industrial revolution, industry, traffic and the manufacture and application of nitrogenous fertilizers have increased carbon dioxide emissions and accelerated the nitrogen (N) cycle. The combined effects of a warming climate, CO₂ fertilization, land-use change and increased N availability may be responsible for primary productivity increases in many parts of the world. Enhanced productivity may lead to shifts in albedo and transpiration, which feed back to the water cycle through heat fluxes and precipitation. Plants may also respond to elevated CO₂ by closing their stomata or by structurally adapting their stomatal density and size, which potentially diminishes transpiration. Intensification of agriculture has also led to an increase in both nitrogenous (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization. The combined effect of atmospheric N deposition and P fertilization has distorted the balance between N and P availability in many ecosystems. The active role of plants in accessing nutrients from the soil may trigger switches in nutrient availability, triggering shifts in plant productivity and species composition in these ecosystems and therefore also in the carbon (C) cycle. In response to global change, the above plant responses may influence each other positively or negatively and may impact on the elemental cycles of C, N and P and the water cycle. We are only beginning to understand how these four cycles interact, the role of plant processes and vegetation in these interactions, and the net outcome for plant competition, vegetation distribution, landscape development and directions of global change. In this paper we have integrated a number of recent research findings into known relationships that together elucidate interactions between these cycles through vegetation, and could potentially have unexpected effects on landscapes and larger-scale systems (continental, global). These interactions include processes operating at very distinct temporal and spatial scales, in which terrestrial ecosystems and their spatial organization in the landscape are key. We argue that to better understand the effects of changes in land cover and land use on biogeochemical and biogeophysical fluxes, it is necessary to account for feedbacks via vegetation and how these interfere with elemental cycles. Finally, we suggest directions for further research to fill the current knowledge gaps.     

Regional modeling of grassland biogeochemistry using GIS

We used an ecosystem coupled to a Geographic Information System (GIS) to simulate spatial variability in storage and fluxes of C and N within grassland ecosystems. The GIS contained information on driving variables required to run the model. These were soil texture, monthly precipitation and monthly minimum and maximum temperatures. We overlayed polygon maps of the above variables to produce a driving variable map of our study region. The final map had 768 polygons in 160 unique classes. The ecosystem model was run to a steady state for each class and NPP, soil organic matter (SOM), net N mineralization and trace gas emission were mapped back into the GIS for display. Variation in all of the above propertiees occurred within the region. NPP was primarily controlled by climate and patterns followed spatial variation in precipitation closely. Soil organic matter, in contrast, was controlled largely by soil texture within this climatic range. Error associated with aggregation within the study area showed that spatial averages over the study area could be used to drive simulations of NPP, which is linearly related to rainfall. More spatial detail had to be preserved for accurate simulation of SOM, which is nonlinearly related to texture. Mechanistic regional models form a valuable link between process studies and global models.     

Road Density and Landscape Pattern in Relation to Housing Density,and Ownership,Land Cover,and Soils

Roads are conspicuous components of landscapes and play a substantial role in defining landscape pattern. Previous studies have demonstrated the link between roads and their effects on ecological processes and landscape patterns. Less understood is the placement of roads, and hence the patterns imposed by roads on the landscape in relation to factors describing land use, land cover, and environmental heterogeneity. Our hypothesis was that variation in road density and landscape patterns created by roads can be explained in relation to variables describing land use, land cover, and environmental factors. We examined both road density and landscape patterns created by roads in relation to suitability of soil substrate as road subgrade, land cover, lake area and perimeter, land ownership, and housing density across 19 predominantly forested counties in northern Wisconsin, USA. Generalized least squares regression models showed that housing density and soils with excellent suitability for road subgrade were positively related to road density while wetland area was negatively related. These relationships were consistent across models for different road types. Landscape indices showed greater fragmentation by roads in areas with higher housing density, and agriculture, grassland, and coniferous forest area, but less fragmentation with higher deciduous forest, mixed forest, wetland, and lake area. These relationships provide insight into the complex relationships among social, institutional, and environmental factors that influence where roads occur on the landscape. Our results are important for understanding the impacts of roads on ecosystems and planning for their protection in the face of continued development.     

影响土壤有机碳动态变化的因素研究进展

土壤作为地球上最大的碳库,对全球碳循环贡献巨大。土壤有机氮循环已经成为近年来国内外研究的热点;而土壤有机碳对于土壤理化性质和土壤肥力有着不可忽视的影响,国内外关于土壤有机碳的输入、输出和转化等方面已经做了大量研究。该文主要归纳总结土壤有机碳动态的影响因素如微生物、温度和水分等。     

不同物料及配比对设施土壤与番茄产量、品质的影响

研究了有机肥、化肥、青沙等不同物料及配比对二代日光节能温室内土壤营养状况,番茄生长、产量及品质的影响。研究结果表明,施有机肥的土壤pH值和容重显著降低,土壤全盐、有机质、速效氮、磷、钾、田间持水量和总孔隙度均增加：单施化肥的,土壤pH值和容重也显著降低,除土壤田间持水量外,全盐、有机质,速效氮、磷、钾,总孔隙度均增加。在施有机肥的基础上进一步配施化肥和沙子等物料,全盐、速效氮、磷、钾均显著增加。化肥和有机肥施用都显著提高了土壤磷酸酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶的活性,显著增加了番茄的株高和冠幅,最终显著增产;化肥加沙和有机肥加沙处理增加了土壤通气性,显著促进了茎粗的增长,有利于植株健壮;不同物料处理下番茄果实中可溶性糖显著增加,总酸度显著下降．糖酸比显著增大,改善了番茄的风味,尤其是在化肥和有机肥配合并掺和沙子的情况下,番茄VC含量最高．但也显著增加了番茄的硝态氮含量。     

河北省苹果园生草现状及土壤-树体-果实的综合效应

为明确河北省苹果园行间生草现状,探究草种适应性,为河北省果园生草栽培技术的推广与应用提供依据。采用调研的方法探究河北省果园行间生草的现状;在邢台市浆水镇富士苹果园,设置清耕、苜蓿、白三叶和自然生草4个处理,测定土壤有机质、无机氮、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、储水量和土壤酶活性等土壤性状,分析叶绿素、叶面积和新梢长等树体生长指标以及产量、果实品质。结果表明,河北省果园以清耕管理为主,生草园占31.96%,其中自然生草园占25.77%,人工生草园占6.19%;自然生草园草种选择更多样化;果农对生草认知缺乏且获知途径单一。自然生草显著提高0～20 cm和20～40 cm土壤有机质的积累,分别为15.46 g/kg和8.85 g/kg;苜蓿与白三叶显著增加了0～20 cm土层土壤无机氮、有效磷、速效钾含量,且对0～40 cm土层储水量有显著影响。白三叶与自然生草显著提高叶片叶绿素SPAD值,苜蓿与自然生草则显著增加了叶面积,苜蓿与白三叶显著增加了新梢长,连续6年生草老园叶绿素SPAD值(58.96)、叶面积(18.57cm²)以及新梢长(28.00 cm)均显著高于其他处理。苜蓿、白三叶与自然生草显著增产7.21%～13.40%。连续6年生草老园果实Vc(182.20 mg/kg)和可溶性糖(16.93%)显著高于各处理,可滴定酸(0.309%)显著低于清耕。河北省生草技术普及度低,行间种植苜蓿与白三叶能改善土壤性状、促进树体生长,改善果品品质、增加果品产出,因此推荐河北省苹果园种植豆科植物苜蓿和白三叶。     

Mapping carbon flux uncertainty and selecting optimal locations for future flux towers in the Great Plains

Flux tower networks (e.g., AmeriFlux, Agriflux) provide continuous observations of ecosystem exchanges of carbon (e.g., net ecosystem exchange), water vapor (e.g., evapotranspiration), and energy between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. The long-term time series of flux tower data are essential for studying and understanding terrestrial carbon cycles, ecosystem services, and climate changes. Currently, there are 13 flux towers located within the Great Plains (GP). The towers are sparsely distributed and do not adequately represent the varieties of vegetation cover types, climate conditions, and geophysical and biophysical conditions in the GP. This study assessed how well the available flux towers represent the environmental conditions or “ecological envelopes” across the GP and identified optimal locations for future flux towers in the GP. Regression-based remote sensing and weather-driven net ecosystem production (NEP) models derived from different extrapolation ranges (10 and 50%) were used to identify areas where ecological conditions were poorly represented by the flux tower sites and years previously used for mapping grassland fluxes. The optimal lands suitable for future flux towers within the GP were mapped. Results from this study provide information to optimize the usefulness of future flux towers in the GP and serve as a proxy for the uncertainty of the NEP map.     

Ownership and soil quality as sources of agricultural land fragmentation in highly fragmented ownership patterns

The relation between landscape structure and its drivers is a central issue in studies of landscape ecology. However, agricultural land fragmentation is dealt with in only a few such studies. We have investigated the effects of ownership and soil quality on agricultural land fragmentation in the highly fragmented ownership patterns that characterize some of the transition countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Using patch-scale spatial data generated from GIS, Minimal Adequate Models, based on ANOVA, were performed to test for the effects of ownership and soil quality patterns on arable land and grassland fragmentation across 483 study areas. The results show that there are important differences in the predictors of fragmentation between arable land and grassland. Grassland fragmentation was found to be associated particularly with ownership fragmentation, whereas arable land fragmentation tended to be driven mainly by soil conditions. A higher proportion of public ownership supports the more frequent appearance of larger patches. We found a significantly positive relationship between natural soil fertility and arable land fragmentation, while there was a strongly negative relationship between natural soil fertility and grassland fragmentation. Soil quality diversity was observed to be the most important driver affecting arable land fragmentation, but only a non-significant driver of grassland fragmentation. The study provides arguments for intervention aimed at reducing the huge differences between the levels of land-ownership and the land-use fragmentation.