白桦种群间木材纤维性状的表型变异与分子标记的遗传多态性

以东北地区的5个白桦天然种群为研究材料,在木材纤维形态性状测定的基础上,采用ISSR、RAPD分子标记研究了5个种群的遗传变异以及种群间纤维形态性状与DNA分子标记的相关性.结果表明:白桦天然林成熟材(18～31年生)的木材纤维长度在种群间差异不显著,纤维宽度和长宽比差异显著,帽儿山种群的木材纤维形态性状最好,汪清最差;利用ISSR和RAPD 2种标记检测5个白桦种群的遗传多样性,所得的研究结果基本一致,多态位点比率最高的为辽宁新宾种群,其次是帽儿山和汪清,而塔河和金山屯最低;ISSR标记的AMOVA分析表明白桦种群间的遗传变异占总遗传变异的10.82%;RAPD标记的AMOVA分析表明白桦种群间的遗传变异占总遗传变异的12.94%,研究结果均显示白桦的遗传变异主要发生在种群内部.利用2种标记技术的种群聚类结果基本一致,这一结果与基于木材纤维性状的表型聚类基本一致, 而且种群间遗传距离和地理距离之间存在一定的相关性.     

濒危小灌木长叶红砂种群的遗传多样性

采用RAPD和ISSR2种分子标记对濒危小灌木长叶红砂5个种群的遗传多样性进行检测。18个RAPD引物和14个ISSR引物分别扩增出118和114个位点,多态位点比率(P)分别为88.98%和89.47%。在物种水平上,RAPD标记的结果为:Shannon’s信息多样性指数(I)为0.4656,Nei’s指数(H)为0.3303;ISSR检测的结果:I=0.4688,H=0.3083。2种分子标记均表明濒危小灌木长叶红砂具有较高的遗传多样性水平。Nei基因多样性指数表明,大部分遗传变异存在于种群内。RAPD分析发现86.22%的遗传变异发生在种群内;ISSR分析发现89.29%的遗传变异发生在种群内。种群间遗传变异低的主要原因是种群间存在较强的基因流(Nm)分别为3.0097和4.1787)。长叶红砂较高的遗传多样性水平与物种特性和对高胁迫环境的长期适应有关,濒危植物并不一定表现为遗传变异水平的降低。     

云杉遗传多样性研究进展

对国内外云杉属十余个种等位酶遗传多样性研究进展作了阐述,同时对表型性状、ＤＡＮ水平也进行了讨论。种源间生长性状、单萜类成分差异较大,质量性状差异较小;群体间生长性状、质量性状差异较大,木材密度与高生长呈负相关。等位酶分析表明：云杉遗传变异水平较高,分化较低,群体间变异较小,群体内变异较大。ＲＡＰＤ分析进一步证明云杉遗传变异水平较高。     

天然珙桐群体的RAPD标记遗传多样性研究

利用RAPD技术 ,通过 13个引物对 5个天然珙桐种群的遗传多样性、种群内和种群间的遗传变异进行了研究。结果表明 :珙桐天然种群具有丰富的遗传多样性 ,但群体间的差异明显 ,2 6 %的遗传变异存在于群体间 ,与我国濒危树种马褂木和银杉等相似 ,而与广布性树种相异。取样方法对遗传多样性参数的影响分析表明 ,有效等位基因数和基因多样度受取样个体数的影响较小 ,群体间的分化系数和基因流的估算受取样个体数的影响较大。研究还将珙桐划分为东南部和西北部两大种源区。通过珙桐遗传多样性的研究 ,为今后有效保存和合理利用珙桐种质资源提供了理论依据     

黄藤遗传多样性的RAPD分析

利用RAPD标记从DNA水平对收集的4个天然黄藤种群进行遗传多样性分析。15条引物扩增得到154条片段,整个种的多态性位点比率为75.97%,Ne i’s指数为0.258 4,Shannon信息指数为0.388 8。黄藤种的遗传多样性为0.257 8,种群间的Ne i遗传分化系数为0.141 2,各种群间的遗传变异非常小。4个种群间的遗传相似性分析结果显示:毛感乡和尖峰岭种群间的遗传相似度最高,吊罗山和坝王岭种群间的遗传相似度最低。AMOVA分析结果表明:种群间基因分化系数为0.026 2,大部分遗传变异(97.38%)来源于群体内。研究结果揭示:收集的天然黄藤种群具有较高的遗传多样性,有良好的保存和利用价值,尖峰岭种群可以作为重点保护。     

江西毛红椿天然群体的遗传多样性分析

以江西境内的5个毛红椿天然群体为研究对象,开展基于ISSR与SSR分子标记的群体遗传多样性研究。结果显示,5个群体总体表现为杂合子过剩,纯合子不足,总的遗传多样性偏低;物种水平的基因多样度（h）为0.2524,各群体基因多样度按大小排序为：九连山>官山>井冈山>马头山>岩泉。毛红椿群体规模小且林龄结构单一,推测这是造成其杂合子过剩但是基因多样性低下的主要原因。遗传分化指标（GST）显示受检测的毛红椿各群体间已发生显著分化,但群体内的遗传变异约占总变异的70%,仍是变异的主要来源;群体间基因流值（Nm）仅为0.596,多世代后的随机遗传漂变会逐渐加剧毛红椿群体遗传分化。为保证遗传完整性及保持群体的多样性水平,在江西境内可仅选择遗传多样性水平较高的九连山与官山两个群体来开展毛红椿的资源保存以及迁地保护。     

林芝云杉天然群体针叶与种实的变异及其地理趋势

在西藏地区11个有代表性的林芝云杉天然群体内分别随机抽取15～30个个体为试材,测量了针叶与种实共9个表型性状,采用统计分析方法研究了在群体内和群体间的变异和分化趋势.结果显示:林芝云杉9个表型性状在群体内和群体间的差异显著.群体间表型分化系数均值为29.55％,与云杉属其他树种相比处于中等水平;群体内的方差分量占70...     

东亚孑遗植物柳杉属的遗传分化及其种群进化历史

【目的】研究解析东亚地区柳杉属树种的遗传变异格局与种群分化,模拟其种群历史动态,为东亚植物区系演化研究和柳杉遗传资源保护提供科学依据。【方法】基于14个核基因组微卫星标记(nSSR),检测来自中国和日本共18个天然(或古树)种群的遗传变异,分析其遗传分化水平和模式,利用DIY ABC模拟其种群进化历史。【结果】柳杉属表现中等程度的遗传多样性(H_o=0.472,H_e=0.488),种群间具有较高的遗传分化(F_ST =0.136)。分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示,遗传变异主要来自种群内的个体间,种群内遗传变异占总变异的86.37%(P<0.001)。与地理来源一致,STRUCTURE与DAPC分析将柳杉属树种分为柳杉和日本柳杉2个地理种群,以及中国东南部、中国庐山、日本海沿岸和太平洋沿岸4个谱系。柳杉的遗传多样性(N_a =4.571,H_o =0.442)低于日本柳杉(N_a =4.634,H_o =0.510),但种群间存在较高的遗...     

云杉属树种谱系地理学研究

云杉属谱系地理学主要是研究云杉属种群遗传结构的历史动态规律,以及气候振荡和地质变迁对种群分布范围、种群间基因渐渗及遗传分化的影响。文中综述了国内外云杉属谱系地理学的研究进展,结论如下:我国西南山区和青藏高原（QTP）地区云杉属树种谱系地理学研究,验证了上新世QTP上升和第四纪冰期气候振荡对该物种进化起到推动作用,该物种在这2个时期快速分化;在云杉属争议种的研究中,通过对云杉属复合种群的群体结构展开研究,揭示了种群间的基因渐渗常存在于有较低基因流的基因组,方向通常是由本土树种向入侵树种渗透;某些种群之间的基因渐渗可有助于在一些基因位点上增加这些种群和其他种群之间的分化,导致生殖隔离的产生;云杉属天然杂种多被发现在种群的对称分布区边缘、或者其重叠分布区,杂种经过异地扩张又形成了新种,验证了云杉属网状进化的历史,并证明了生境特征决定杂交优势种的分布边界。     

枫香秋季叶色与其遗传间相关性的研究

利用RAPD和ISSR技术对不同生长地的25株枫香基因组进行PCR扩增,分析秋季叶色与其遗传间的关系.结果表明:在RAPD分析中,1号与2号样本间的遗传相似度最大,为0.88,表明两者亲缘关系最近,但其秋季叶色分别为红、黄色;9号与14号样本间的遗传相似度最小,为0.56,其叶色也是分别为红、黄色.在ISSR分析中,同样是1号与2号样本间遗传相似度最大,为0.922;最小遗传相似度存在于13号与8号、13号与5号之间,表明其亲缘关系最远,但三者叶色皆是黄色.利用RAPD和ISSR技术的研究表明,不同种源枫香单株间的变异较大,但秋季叶色与遗传变异间无明显的相关性,而可能与环境等因素相关性更大.     

Application of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to detect genetic variation in Norway spruce

The RAPD assay is a screening method for genetic variation; in Norway spruce biology research, it may find many applications. We have investigated into its suitability for Norway spruce genetics by optimizing the protocol, testing for stability in clones, especially tissue culture clones, assessing the variation in a seed sample, and checking for correct Mendelian segregation in haploid megagametophytes. The RAPD assay produced numerous genetic markers quickly. The data obtained gave insight into the genetic make-up of clones and seed.

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Zusammenfassung Die RAPD Methode, ein Schnelltest für die genetische Variation, wurde für die europäische Fichte getestet, wo viele Aspekte der Biologie der Baumart damit untersucht werden könnten. Das Protokoll wurde optimiert, und genetische Stabilität in Klonen, besonders aus Gewebekultur, die genetische Variation in einer Samenprobe und die Mendel-konforme Aufspaltung in haploiden Megagametophyten wurde untersucht. Zahlreiche genetische Marker konnten gefunden werden, wodurch ein Einblick in die genetische Zusammensetzung des untersuchten Materials gegeben war.

     

银杏种质资源分类研究综述

银杏为单科属种,雌雄异株,长期系统发育和个体发育的演变使其产生了较多的分化,形成了丰富的种质资源。银杏种质资源通过植物学、果树学及同工酶标记等方法已得到初步分类并命名。该文在进行银杏种质资源的分类及其DNA分子标记研究的基础上,收集国内外有关文献,主要介绍了目前银杏种质资源的特点、DNA分子标记技术在银杏种质资源分类中的应用及银杏分子基因组研究中常用的RAPD,SSR,ISSR,AFLP等4种分子标记方法,并阐述了分子标记在银杏种质鉴别、遗传图谱构建以及新品种培育等方面的应用前景。     

Identification of the genus Armillaria by specific amplification of an rDNA-ITS fragment and evaluation of genetic variation within A. ostoyae by rDNA-RFLP and RAPD analysis

Genetic variation among Armillaria ostoyae isolates was studied by rDNA-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. A total of 20 A. ostoyae isolates, mainly obtained from Picea spp. of different geographical origins, were examined. Southern hybridization of whole-cell DNAs digested with AvaII and probed with biotin-labelled cloned rDNA from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis allowed the differentiation of five RFLP groups. UPGMA cluster analysis of RAPD profiles (138 scorable bands) generated by 10 decamer primers (OPA 01-OPA 10) grouped the isolates in subclusters at similarity levels between 40% and 96%, indicating high intraspecific genetic variability. Some isolates of different geographical origins subgrouped together, suggesting that similar mutational events have occurred independently and that genetic exchange and recombination occurs among the DNAs in natural populations. The potential role of historical and current spread of spruce plants on the genetic variation of A. ostoyae isolates in Europe is discussed. Using the primer pair ARM-1 and ARM-2, an Armillaria-specific ITS-DNA fragment of about 660 bp was obtained. No intraspecific RFLP of this amplicon could be revealed, indicating low genetic variability of this region. The established informative RFLP and RAPD markers and also the Armillaria-specific ITS-DNA fragment may be powerful tools for further epidemiological, phylogenetic and host-pathogen interaction studies with A. ostoyae.     

Evaluation of genetic fidelity among micropropagated plants of Gloriosa superba L. using DNA-based markers — a potential medicinal plant

Malabar glory lily (Gloriosa superba L.) is a medicinally potent plant species used for the production of alkaloid colchicine. With ever increasing demand, there is a pressing need to conserve it through biotechnological approaches. A large number of complete plantlets were obtained by direct regeneration from the non-dormant tuber explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) + 0.5 mg/l α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Large number of plants can be produced in vitro under aseptic conditions, but there is always a danger of producing somaclonal variants by tissue culture technology. Thus, the genetic stability of micropropagated clones was evaluated using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis. During the study a total of 80 (50 RAPD and 30 ISSR) primers were screened, out of which 10 RAPD and 7 ISSR primers produced a total of 98 (49 RAPD and 49 ISSR) clear, distinct and reproducible amplicons. The amplification products of the regenerated plants showed similar banding patterns to that of the mother plant thus demonstrating the homogeneity of the micropropagated plants. This is the first report that evaluates the use of genetic markers to establish genetic fidelity of micropropagated G. superba using RAPD and ISSR, which can be successfully applied for the mass multiplication, germplasm conservation and further genetic transformation assays for colchicine production to meet the ever increasing demand of this medicinally potent plant for industrial and pharmaceutical uses.     

珙桐天然种群遗传多样性的ISSR标记分析

利用ISSR分子标记分析来自11个天然珙桐种群的遗传多样性。从100条引物中筛选出5条引物能扩增出稳定、清晰且具多态性的条带,共扩增出77个条带。其中74个为多态,多态条带百分率(PPB)为96.10%;各种群PPB值为37.66%～63.64%,平均为54.07%。种内Shannon多样性指数(HSP)为0.4849,种群内Shannon多样性指数(HPOP)为0.1886～0.3274,平均为0.2774。这表明珙桐在物种和种群水平上均维持较高的遗传多样性。分子方差分析显示,种群间与种群内遗传变异分别占总遗传变异的46.22%,53.78%,种群间呈高度遗传分化。种群间遗传距离与对应的地理距离呈显著正相关(r=0.546,P<0.01)。UPGMA法聚类分析将11个珙桐种群分为3组。研究结果为珙桐遗传资源保护策略制定提供有价值的种群遗传学信息。     

利用ISSR标记对12种五针松亲缘关系的研究

采用ISSR 标记技术,对12 种五针松的亲缘关系进行分析。利用筛选出的12 个ISSR 引物共检测到117 个位点,多态条带比率(PPB)在9.40%～33.33 %之间,遗传分化最高的是偃松,最低的是柔枝松。12 种五针松的基因多样性(Ht)为26.21%,其中种内基因多样性(Hs)为7.66%,种间基因多样性(Dst)为18.55%,五针松种间变异占总变异的70.78%。遗传距离聚类,将12 种五针松分为2 个类群,第一类群包括乔松、华山松、海南五针松、华南五针松、北美乔松、山白松和云南五针松;第二类群包括美国白皮松、偃松、、柔枝松、西伯利亚红松和红松。图1 表3 参6。     

Genetic diversity and association analyses of fruit traits with microsatellite ISSRs in Sapindus

Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. and S. delavayi Franchet are among the most valuable species in the genus Sapindus for their commercially exploitable plant oils and chemicals. However, few studies have addressed genetic variation and improvement for either species. We evaluated the genetic diversity of germplasm from selected plus trees within a wide region and established the relationship between fruit traits and molecular markers. An association analysis based on inter-simple sequence repeats(ISSRs)provided a genetic basis for studies of fruit traits. A total of 247 loci were detected by scanning 61 trees of S. mukorossi and S. delavayi using 16 ISSR markers. Genetic diversity parameters were estimated for selected superior trees(or germplasm) and S. mukorossi and S. delavayi were categorized into two main groups, as well as into four groups within S. mukorossi. An association analysis between the ISSR markers and 14 fruit traits used the TASSEL MLM model. A genetic structure analysis differentiated S.mukorossi and S. delavayi. Eighteen ISSR loci associated with 13 fruit traits(P<0.005) were identified, with 13, 1,and 4 loci associated with seed oil production, fruit saponin production, and fruit quality, respectively. Using this information, a core collection was selected with adequate genetic diversity and good seed oil characters. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of effectively estimating fruit trait associations in Sapindus using ISSR markers, and the method is applicable and valuable for select germplasm conservation. The markers obtained in this study are potentially useful for molecular-assisted breeding of Sapindus spp.     

Genetic aspects of age dynamics of a natural Picea abies (L.) Karst. population in the Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland

We studied temporal changes in the genetic structure and diversity of a naturally regenerated Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Norway spruce) population in the Bia?owie?a Primeval Forest, Poland. The analysis included five age classes of trees: newly germinating seedlings (in laboratory conditions), seedlings up to 3 years old, young trees 4–10 years old, middle-aged trees 11–100 years old, and trees older than 100 years. We conducted genetic analyses of 26 allozyme loci using dormant buds from 405 individuals and 100 embryos. The results showed that the naturally regenerating Norway spruce population is genetically heterogeneous across the studied age classes. As determined by Chi squared tests, there were statistically significant differences in frequencies of alleles and genotypes as well as Wright’s index values (F) among the five age classes. The level of genetic differentiation (pairwise F_ST = 0.5–2.3 %) among the age class groups was equal to levels previously determined for various populations of this species. The Ewens-Watterson test for neutrality showed that one or two loci across different age classes of Norway spruce were affected by the selection process. The distinctiveness of embryo and seedling classes was confirmed by the number of detected alleles, the number of private alleles, the level of observed heterozygosity, and Wright’s index value. The results obtained in the present study indicate there are interesting dynamics of adaptation processes occurring in the natural age-diverse population of Norway spruce in the Bia?owie?a Primeval Forest.