东北天然次生林阔叶树种枝条基径模型

树冠是树木的重要组成部分,研究树冠结构是定向培育森林的技术手段,目前树冠模型常采用枝解析的方法。该研究用帽儿山地区天然次生林10个阔叶树种的枝条解析数据建立树冠结构相关的模型,提出了一种模拟阔叶树种枝条基径的模型,用逐步回归拟合枝条基径与总着枝深度、胸径、树高、冠幅、冠长之间的多项式回归关系,相关指数在0.9以上。模型检验结果表明冠长与着枝深度的组合对模型贡献率较小,白桦和椴树的相关指数较小。该研究对抚育整枝提供理论指导,为森林经营措施的优化提供技术支撑。     

桉树纸浆用材林树冠枝生长规律初步研究

以雷州林业局纪家林场1~5年生的华桉1号、DH32-29无性系为研究对象,从一级枝数量长度直径、二级枝数量长度直径等方面研究其枝生长规律,结果表明：华桉1号一级枝、二级枝各特征指标值及树冠小于 DH32-29,华桉1号枝条的柔韧性强于 DH32-29,表明树冠结构与林木的抗风性有关,华桉1号比 DH32-29抗风性强,在林业实践中已得到验证;两个无性系一级枝、二级枝结构因子之间的相关性呈现规律均基本一致,华桉1号一级枝、二级枝各结构因子之间的相关度低于 DH32-29。本研究可为桉树合理栽植密度的确定、空间结构优化及可持续经营提供参考和依据。     

特呈岛3种生境条件下白骨壤天然林的生长与树冠特征

文章以广东省湛江特呈岛高潮带、中潮带、低潮带白骨壤纯林为研究对象,调查了其树高、地径、冠长、冠幅以及分枝角度等,揭示了其生长及树冠特征.结果表明:不同潮带间白骨壤冠幅及树冠面积差异不显著(P＞0.05),而树高、地径、冠长及树冠体积均存在显著差异(P＜0.05),中潮带、高潮带与低潮带的树冠体积分别达31.522,15...     

不同估算树冠生物量方法的比较——以长白落叶松林为例

以长白落叶松人工林为研究对象,应用平均标准木法及枝解析木法调查树冠生物量,并采用标准枝法与枝条模型估算法对估测的树冠生物量进行了比较研究。分析了枝长与枝基径,枝条生物量与枝基径、枝长等各因子的相关关系,建立一级枝长模型及枝条生物量模型。通过对枝条生物量估测模型的比较,结果表明:枝基径与枝条生物量、叶生物量有很高的相关性,幂函数拟合的精度较高,参数估计较稳定;虽然二次多项式模型拟合的相关系数较大,但因参数变动较大,预测不稳定。在树冠生物量模型研究中,基于胸径建立异速生物量模型,相关系数R2值达0.906以上;通过对估测树冠生物量模型的比较,枝条模型估测法优于标准枝法,同时对模型进行F检验,F值达极显著水平,所选枝条生物量模型对长白落叶松树冠生物量的估测具一定参考价值。     

不同密度下小陇山蒙古栎次生混交林树冠结构与密集度的关系

[目的 ]林木树冠结构与密集度具有一定关联性。密度效应一直是森林经营关注的问题,本研究通过探究蒙古栎次生林林分密度与树冠结构、密集度的关系,以期深入掌握蒙古栎次生林结构特征,为蒙古栎林可持续经营提供充分的科学依据。[方法 ]于2020年8月在小陇山蒙古栎次生混交林中选取立地条件均一、不同密度的典型样地进行调查,采用最小显著性差异法、Pearson相关系数和最优结构方程模型,分析不同密度下树冠结构与密集度的关系。[结果 ]不同密度蒙古栎林中树冠体积的变异最强,其次为冠长与树冠面积,冠幅、冠长率和冠形率的变异最弱,树冠结构特征的变化趋势随林分密度的改变呈单峰型分布。随着林分密度递减,冠幅、树冠面积、树冠体积分别与胸径的相关性趋势近似于“L”型,而冠长和胸径的相关性趋势与林分密度的变化保持了一致,林分密度对冠长率、冠形率与胸径相关性的影响不大。蒙古栎林密集度处于中等密集至很密集状态,但不同密度林分内林木树冠的挤压与重叠程度有差异,其中优势树种蒙古栎、白桦、华山松和椴树起了决定性作用。蒙古栎林中林分密度对树冠结构与密集度关系的影响包含两种路径：林木竞争—树冠结构共同介导的间接影响;林木竞争—胸...     

樟子松人工林树冠结构模型及三维图形可视化模拟

以东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场樟子松人工林为研究对象,采用树干解析、枝解析的方法,分别于2002和2003年在老山施业区选择不同年龄、不同立地和不同密度的樟子松人工林有代表性的林分设置固定标准地15块(2002年设置7块,2003年设置8块),共获取解析样木53株,实测2298个一级枝活枝条变量因子(包括总着枝深度、方位角、着枝角度、基径、枝长、弦长、弓高)数据资料.基于理论或经验生长方程,建立樟子松人工林树冠结构静态模型及树冠动态生长模型.采用VC++6.0语言为开发平台,结合OpenGL开放式图形库,将生长模型与形态结构模型结合,建立樟子松人工林树冠动态三维图形可视化模拟系统,实现基于实测数据和生长模型的静态、动态单木和林分的可视化模拟.     

城市绿化红皮云杉树冠结构研究

以白城市不同地区9个样点的红皮云杉为研究对象,根据各树冠结构因子实测数据,建立了红皮云杉枝条基径、枝条长度与其着枝深度的关系模型,给出了弦长、着枝角度以及树冠半径的预估模型,并对红皮云杉树冠横断面和纵断面的基本形状进行了描速.     

三维扫描技术在获取杨树树冠结构特征参数上的应用

【目的】树冠结构影响光能截获能力从而直接影响生物量的积累。杨树冠形特征参数的研究能够为杨树优良品种的选育提供有力的选择依据，但是因为杨树的树型高达，树冠结构复杂，树冠结构特征参数难以直接观测。【方法】建立了利用三维扫描技术获取树冠结构特征参数的方法，并测量了高密度(2 m ×3 m)人工林中6年生杨树03-04-171的冠形特征参数，包括不同生长单元早发枝和同期枝一级枝的枝长、分枝角度、方位角、枝条曲率及弯曲度。对直接测量(砍伐)与三维扫描方法测量的胸径、树高进行回归分析，检测三维扫描测量的精度。【结果】回归分析结果表明：胸径的回归系数分别为 R2=0.96772，显著值为 P =8.26×10－13，树高回归系数为 R2=0.96527，显著值为 P=1.44029×10－12。结果说明三维扫描方法具有较高的测量精度，可以应用于树冠结构特征的测量。扫描参数结果显示，树冠上每一个生长单元的上部枝条长度较长，分枝角度较小，曲率较大，数量少，为早发枝；中下部枝条数量多，短而平直，为同期枝，这与已有的研究结果一致。【结论】三维扫描技术可以应用于树冠结构特征的研究。     

民勤荒漠沙枣树分形特征

以甘肃民勤荒漠成年沙枣树为研究对象,对不同径阶的标准木进行了全株破坏性取样。直接测量了树木的总生物量(含根、茎、枝、叶)、树冠形状、叶面积。并运用分形理论和方法,研究了叶片、树冠、整株树木的分形特征及其与生物学、生态学、环境、生长势的联系。结果表明:1)叶片周界分维数DLp均值=1.048。DLp与叶片圆度Rd呈反相关。叶片面积分维数DLa均值=1.337。DLa与叶片圆度Rd成正比。DLa反映了被调查的民勤沙枣的品种属性、栽培性质、生态学特性;2)树冠空间曲面分维数D(S-L)均值=2.304。树冠体积分维数D(V-L)均值=2.308。D(S-L)与树冠叶面积饱和值K2呈正相关。生长中庸的林木,D(S-L)≈2.2~2.3,与此相对应的K2≈0.6~0.7。D(S-L)与树冠垂直投影面的叶面积指数LAI值呈正相关。分维数D(S-L)平均值对应的LAI≈3。在一定范围内,D(S-L)随树木生长势的上升而增大,随立地条件的改善而增大。树冠分维数反映了树木的生长势和立地条件的优劣;3)整株树木分维数D(Wt-L)均值=2.410,D(Wt-L)的值映射出沙枣的中旱生植物、阳性植物、高光合植物特征。     

白桦枝叶的空间分布及导管特征

分别从8个不同方位测定7株白桦解析木树冠上层、中层和下层一级枝的叶面积、枝长与倾角及其导管直径、管孔密度和导管组织比量。结果表明:叶面积在树冠下层南向最大,上层东北方向最小。枝的数量在树冠下层东向最少,中层北向最多。在树冠下层的东南方向枝最长,东向倾角最大;在树冠上层东北方向,枝最短,倾角最小。导管直径和组织比量是树冠中层西向最大,树冠上层南向最小;管孔密度是树冠下层南向最小,上层西北方向最大。研究结果表明白桦树冠不同部位的叶、枝及其导管特征存在差异。讨论了白桦树冠叶、枝及其导管特征与微环境的关系。     

水曲柳造林密度与林分生长的关系

为确定水曲柳人工林合理的造林密度,以帽儿山实验林场10年生的水曲柳密度试验林为研究对象,分析了造林密度对林分生长的影响,结果表明：1m×1m（A）、1．5m×1．5m（B）、2m×2m（C）、3m×1．5m（D）4种不同造林密度对林木生长、林木的干形、林分的产量均有显著地影响,其中林分胸径、单株材积、冠幅、单株叶面积、冠高比随密度的减小而显著增大;造林密度对树高生长、叶面积指数无显著影响。综合比较4种密度水平林分,C水平的造林密度是最为合理的。     

Branch mortality and potential litterfall from Douglas-fir trees in stands of varying density

Forest floor characteristics influence nutrient cycling and energy flow properties of forest ecosystems, and determine quality of habitat for many forest plants and animals. Differential crown recession and crown development among stands of differing density suggest that an opportunity may exist to control the input of fine woody litter into the system by manipulating stand density. The objective was to measure the rate of branch mortality among stands of differing density and to estimate the range in total per hectare necromass inputs. Although litter traps are reliable for estimating per hectare rates of litterfall, branch mortality dating on sectioned stems uniquely allows assessment of several other litterfall components: (1) individual tree contributions to total litterfall; (2) the amount of branch material released by mortality, regardless of whether the branches are shed to the forest floor; (3) the distribution of basal diameters characterizing the litterfall from a given tree and stand. Twenty-four trees were felled and sectioned on permanent plots that were part of a silvicultural study of stand density regimes in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco.). Whorl branches were dissected out of bole sections to determine the dates of mortality, and a branch biomass equation was applied to estimate potential rate of litterfall. Periodic annual rates were expressed in four ways: (1) number of branches per tree; (2) mass of branches per tree; (3) mass of branches per unit of crown projection area; (4) mass of branches per hectare. For the growth periods investigated, larger trees and trees growing on denser plots tended to release a greater necromass through branch mortality. Average branch basal diameter generally decreased with increasing stand density. Annual branch mortality ranged from 33 to 430 g m⁻² crown projection area for individual trees, and from 236 to 1035 kg ha⁻¹ for individual plots. These rates approached the low end of the range of previously published fine litterfall rates for Douglas-fir. Rates on these plots were relatively low owing to the temporary delay in crown recession imposed by artificial thinning. A conceptual model of branch litter dynamics is presented to depict consistencies with crown development among stands managed under different density regimes.     

城市景观红竹林立竹冠形结构特征

对景观红竹林2007-2009年立竹的胸径、枝夹角、枝分角、冠长、冠幅、枝盘数进行了调查分析。结果表明:立竹冠长、冠幅、枝盘数与立竹胸径分别呈3次、2次多项式和线性关系;当立竹密度45023株/hm2以下时,不同年龄立竹不同竹冠部位的枝夹角无显著差异,立竹密度为26713株/hm2时,立竹不同竹冠部位的枝分角差异极显著;试验林立竹密度范围内,立竹密度对枝夹角、相对竹冠长无显著影响,对枝分角、相对冠幅、相对枝盘数有一定的影响。随着立竹密度的增大,竹冠上部枝分角显著下降,竹冠中部、下部枝分角呈先升后降趋势,相对冠幅、相对枝盘数呈下降趋势。当立竹密度为60030株/hm2时,枝分角、相对冠幅、相对枝盘数显著下降,对竹林的更新生长已产生不利影响。     

Crown fragmentation assessment in tropical trees: Method, insights and perspectives

Decreasing growth rate (Feeley et al., 2007) and large die-back due to drought (Phillips et al., 2009) suggest that tropical forests are suffering recent climate changes. Forest vulnerability to external factors (e.g. air pollution, acid rain) is widely studied in northern countries, while only a few attempts have investigated crown integrity in the Tropics. The method needs to be generic enough to account for the large number of species and crown shapes encountered in tropical forests. In the present study, we developed and tested a novel field method that estimates crown fragmentation (main branch mortality (MB) and secondary branch mortality (SB)), liana infestation (LI) and crown position (CP) in the canopy. The relationship between crown fragmentation and annual growth rate (agr) was investigated through multiple regression. Six out of eight canopy tree species showed significant growth decline with increasing crown fragmentation. Higher probability of death was also found in trees with severe crown fragmentation. The capacity of such crown assessment to depict tree vitality in a forest stand is discussed along with potential applications in both forest science and management.     

MODELS FOR CROWN STRUCTURE OF LARCH PLANTATION

INTRODUCTIONToreflecttree'sgrowthactivityandcompetitioneffectsoftree'sdevelopment,someofcrownvariablescanbeusedtode-velopcompetitionindexes(Mitchelll975,BigingandWensell99O,BigingandDobbertin,l992).Thecrownsizedirectlyinfluencestree'sassimilationanditisoneofthebasicvariableforpredictingincrementoftree.TherefOre,inmanygrowthandyieldmod-els,treecrowndimensionsareoftenusedasanimportantcomponent.Crownvariablesintroducedingrowthmodelsasameanstoimprovethepredictiveabilityandaccuracyoftreeors…     

Species diversity of broad-leaved trees in Cryptomeria japonica plantations in relation to the distance from adjacent broad-leaved forests

The species diversity of broad-leaved trees in relation to the distance from a broad-leaved forest was investigated in Cryptomeria japonica plantations with crown snow damage near the Japan Sea in central Japan. The number and diversity of species and stem density decreased with distance from the broad-leaved forest in maturing gap stands (51–58 years old; >10 years after crown snow damage), but not in recent gap stands (34–42 years old; <10 years after crown snow damage), and increased with improved light conditions in the interior of recent gap stands, but not in that of maturing gap stands. The stem densities of tall and small tree species and woody lianas were greater in the interior of recent gap stands than in maturing gap stands. Woody lianas, which are characteristically shade intolerant, had a high stem density in the interior of recent gap stands. In contrast, the stem density of shrubs was greater in maturing gap stands than in recent gap stands, irrespective of distance. Shade-tolerant shrubs had a high stem density in maturing gap stands. Wind-dispersed and frugivore-dispersed species were concentrated at the edges of maturing gap stands, but some frugivore-dispersed species, which may persist in soil seed banks, occurred in the interior of recent gap stands. Gravity-dispersed species tended to occur both at the plantation edge and in the interior. The differences in the occurrence patterns of broad-leaved trees in the two types of stands reflected the difference in the effect of both the distance from the adjacent broad-leaved forest and the light conditions related to canopy gaps, with the time since gap formation in a region where crown snow damage often occurs.     

樟子松人工林枝条生长规律的研究

根据标准地和解析木调查资料,以樟子松人工林树冠内活枝为研究对象,探讨同一树木的不同龄阶的枝生长规律,同一林分不同大小树木枝生长的规律,以及不同林分条件下枝生长的规律。结果表明:单株树木枝条长度总生长曲线呈"S"形,连年生长在生长初期达到一最大值后随年龄的增加而逐渐减小;在同一林分中,枝条总生长随着枝龄的增加而持续增长;在不同年龄相同密度林分中,年龄较小的林分枝长连年生长要比年龄较大的树林增长快一些;在相同年龄不同密度林分中,密度较小的林分比密度较大的林分枝长总生长及同期连年生长要快一些。     

我国华北地区落叶松林碳储量动态研究

通过对解析木及一类林业调查样地材料碳储量及碳密度的研究,求出树木碳增量的年降水、材积及时间阀值,得出落叶松碳密度增长的材积限制条件年生长量现实林为2.84m3/hm2,近自然林6.837m3/hm2,理想林8.052m3/hm2,均不能高于这一阀值;时间限制条件为近自然林为区间(3.58a,19.95a),理想林为(6.4a,20.33a);降水量限制条件为年降水量区间现实林为(586.18mm,756.86mm),近自然林(435.55mm,1508.1mm),年降水量高于690.3mm,出现负相关,理想林(0,958.87mm),年降水量高于690.5mm,出现负相关,因此年降雨量超过690.3mm,不宜进行浇水作业,即使进行浇水,也不要高于这一当量。平均递增速度最快的年份近自然林为16.14a;即时递增速度最快的年份为8.07a。过多的人为干扰使树木适应的生态位宽度(包括时间生态位、降雨量生态位、材积生长量等)明显变得狭窄,引起蓄积量及碳密度拓展空间明显变小,因此发展近自然林业势在必行。     

Quantifying branch,crown and bole development in Populus tremuloides Michx. from north-eastern British Columbia

Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) from 14 aspen stands ranging in age from 5 to 142 years were destructively sampled to provide branch, crown and bole growth information. Analysis of crown development processes such as branch angle, branch extensional growth, branch crookedness and annual height growth suggested a significant increase in relative branch growth with height and age which was linked to the temporal decline of height growth. Crown class dependent crown length (%) and crown area relationships were observed indicating crown size followed the sequence: open grown trees > dominants > suppressed trees. A significant shift in crown development from vertical to lateral crown expansion was observed as aspen mature.