北京北部山区天然油松林与人工油松林比较研究

基于α多样性和森林群落结构,对北京北部山区的天然油松林与人工油松林进行了对比分析,北京北部山区的人工油松林与天然油松林的物种组成及重要值相似性较高;天然油松林的α多样性与群落结构总体优于人工油松林;油松适合作为造林树种栽种于北京北部山区,但要注意控制种植密度和阔叶树种搭配。     

陇东黄土高原沟壑区刺槐和油松人工林的生物量和碳密度及其分配规律

【目的】基于陇东黄土高原沟壑区刺槐人工林和油松人工林样地调查数据,分析其生物量、碳含量、碳密度及其分配规律,为该地区人工林碳效益估算提供基础数据。【方法】以陇东黄土高原沟壑区12年生刺槐人工林和12年生油松人工林为研究对象,采用样地调查与生物量实测的方法,研究刺槐人工林和油松人工林乔木不同器官、灌草层和枯落物层生物量,以及刺槐人工林和油松人工林乔木层、灌草层、枯落物层和土壤层碳储量及其分配特征。【结果】刺槐人工林乔木层平均碳含量(468.44 g·kg －1)低于油松人工林乔木层平均碳含量(512.77 g· kg －1);刺槐林乔木各器官碳含量为458.00～496.96 g·kg －1,不同器官碳含量表现为干＞枝＞叶＞根＞皮,油松人工林乔木各器官碳含量为503.83～536.27 g·kg －1,不同器官碳含量依表现干＞叶＞枝＞皮＞根;刺槐林草本层、灌木层及枯落物层平均碳含量分别为390.52,398.72和402.82 g·kg －1,油松林草本层、灌木层及枯落物层平均碳含量分别为413.17,436.85和414.03 g·kg －1;随着土壤深度增加,刺槐林和油松林土壤碳含量依次降低,0～10 cm土层土壤含量显著高于10～20,20～30和30～50 cm土层;刺槐林0～50 cm 土层土壤平均碳含量(4.96 g·kg －1)高于油松林(4.45 g·kg －1);刺槐林植被层生物量为54.80 t·hm －2,乔木层、草本层和灌木层分别占95.88%,2.65%和1.46%;油松林植被层生物量为24.37 t·hm －2,乔木层、草本层和灌木层分别占93.43%,5.17%和1.40%;刺槐林枯落物层生物量和碳密度分别为1.36和0.55 t·hm －2,分别是植被层的2.48%和2.12%,油松林枯落物层生物量和碳密度分别为0.92和0.39 t·hm －2,分别是植被层的3.78%和3.09%;刺槐林和油松林土壤层碳密度分别为31.15和24.35 t·hm －2,0～10 cm土壤层碳密度较高,分别占0～50 cm土层土壤碳密度的40.19%和38.73%;刺槐林植被层生物量(54.80 t·hm －2)高于油松林植被层生物量(24.37 t·hm －2);刺槐林和油松林生态系统总碳密度分别为57.60和37.38 t·hm －2,且均表现为土壤层＞植被层＞枯落物层。【结论】刺槐林和油松林植被层生物量表现为乔木层＞草本层＞灌木层,乔木层生物量均以树干占比最大,分别为40.02%和37.29%;2种人工林生态系统碳密度主要分布在土壤和植被中,且刺槐人工林生态系统具有较高的固碳能力。     

内蒙古大青山不同林分密度油松人工林碳密度研究

对内蒙古大青山古路板林场半阴坡生长的30年生油松人工林,选取5种不同密度林分,采用生物量法测定、估算碳密度,系统研究.结果表明:当林分密度大于2 940株/hm2,油松人工林生态系统碳密度随着林分密度的增加而增加,不同密度油松林生态系统碳密度范围为70.47～81.09 t/hm2,平均碳密度为75.61t/hm2,油松林碳密度主要由3个部分组成:植被层、枯落物层和土壤层,平均碳密度分别为27.27 t/hm2、6.13t/hm2、42.21 t/hm2,其空间分布为土壤层＞植被层＞枯落物层.     

北京西山油松人工林结构特征研究

以西山试验林场近自然经营试点区建立的11块中龄油松人工林样地为依据,对油松林分的结构特点、表达模型和树种多样性格局进行了分析。结果表明：油松人工林林分平均密度为1069株／hm^2,平均胸径为13．7cm,平均高为8．6m,蓄积量为86．36m3／hm^2。应用正态分布、Weibull分布、对数正态分布、Gamma分布和Beta分布拟合直径和树高结构,发现正态分布拟合直径分布和树高分布效果最好,也符合人工林的林分结构规律;油松人工林层次结构简单,物种多样性较低,乔木层、灌木层和草本层的Shannon—wiener指数、均匀度指数分别为0．355、0．726、0．160和0．372、0．651、0．266;幼苗更新各高度级均以构树和栾树为主,他们分别占总体更新树种的72．2％和10．2％。     

承德市木兰围场不同强度间伐对油松人工林生长的影响

以河北省承德市木兰围场北沟阳坡中龄油松人工林为研究对象,研究不同间伐强度下油松林的生长。结果表明:随间伐强度增加,胸径和冠幅均呈现逐渐变大的趋势,但超强度间伐的胸径和冠幅均小于强度间伐。树高生长在强度间伐时最小。间伐有助于人工油松林的林分生长,且随着间伐强度的加大林分生长较好,但超强度的间伐并不一定是最合适的。调查地原密度1 815株·hm-2的油松人工林,在保留密度900~1 000株·hm-2时林分生长情况最好,这说明原密度1 815株·hm-2的油松人工林最适宜中度到强度间伐,间伐最适强度为40%~50%。     

油松人工林皆伐 间伐后天然更新状况调查

油松是华北地区山地造林的重要树种.建国后七沟林场乃至全省营造的油松林,大部分进入中熟林和近熟林阶段.不久的将来,共同面临的就是伐后怎么样更新的问题.然而,多年来由于油松人工林的分布区为温带大陆性气候,干旱少雨,造林成活率不高,给油松林更新带来许多困难.在此情况下,研究油松中、近熟林林冠下或皆伐迹地的人工促进天然更新,不仅对林场大面积油松人工林的更新换代有重要意义,而且对全省乃至华北地区也有指导意义.为此,结合林业生产,七沟林场从1993年开始,先后两次在中熟林分内选择样地,采用皆伐和间伐两种方式伐掉油松林木,同时对皆伐迹地和间伐后林冠下空地采取全面封山措施,以促进油松的天然更新.2000年我们作了全面调查,现将结果总结如下:     

马栏林场油松人工幼林主要害虫生物学特性观察

一、前言马栏林场位于乔山林区南端,属于残败的天然林区,次生着山杨、栎类、桦木、油松等树种。油松在这里生长历史悠久,已成为当前和今后造林的主要先锋树种。由于是天然林区,所以害虫区系比较复杂。在某种适宜的自然环境条件下,一些害虫会猖獗起来。例如1982年以建庄油松梢小蠹为主的蛀干害虫突然大发生,面积达6.4万多亩,占油松林面积的50.5%,其中人工林发生面积4.2万多亩,占1956年建场以来营造油松林保存面积7.4万多亩的56.7%,使木材蓄积损失约4万米~3。小蠹虫在该林区为油松人工幼林的主要虫种,为了给综合防治提供可靠的依据,我们在马栏林区进行了建庄油松梢小蠹等蛀干害虫生活史与习性的观察。现将结果概述如下:     

火烧对不同植被恢复类型物种多样性的影响

以山西省三交林场火烧迹地为研究对象,采用群落调查方法,分析了在自然更新下的不同植被恢复类型(油松人工林、灌木林、草本丛)下物种的组成及生物多样性。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,重度火烧后,草本丛的优势种重要值变化不明显,但喜阴耐旱的植物重要值显著升高;而灌木林主要以阳生耐旱草本植物占主要优势;油松人工林林分群落结构变化只是在灌木层和草本层中一些物种的更替。(2)重度火烧后所有植物的Simpson多样性指数均大于对照样地,油松人工林在重度火烧后多样性明显升高,油松人工林草本丛灌木林地。说明重度火烧2a后,不同类型植被恢复仍有一定的变化。     

间伐对油松林下植被生物多样性及土壤物理性质的影响

采用样方调查和取样分析方法,研究甘肃兴隆山油松(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.)人工林在不同密度条件下林下植被多样性和土壤因子的动态变化,为有效指导该区森林经营提供依据。结果表明:相同立地条件下中度间伐(林分密度从6 255株/hm^2调整为2 850株/hm^2)后油松林生物量具有显著增长,林下物种数量有所增加,草本层生物多样性和地上植被鲜质量均呈上升趋势,多样性指数、均匀度指数及优势度指数上升;年份和间伐对土壤物理性质均有显著影响,土层只对土壤容重、非毛管孔隙度和饱和含水量有影响;不同年份对枯落物和活地被物生物量有显著影响,间伐能够增加活地被物持水量。     

冀北山地华北落叶松人工林与油松天然次生林群落灰色关联度分析

采用灰色关联法,对冀北山区华北落叶松人工林与油松天然次生林群落稳定性进行研究。结果表明:同一海拔样地比较,落叶松林土壤肥力高于油松林;除坡顶样地外,落叶松林同海拔样地内植被生长状况优于油松林;除坡中样地外,油松林同海拔样地内林下草本物种多样性优于落叶松林;除坡顶样地外,落叶松林综合稳定性评价优于油松林。     

Breeding bird community composition in different successional vegetation in the montane coniferous forests zone of Taiwan

To examine the relationship between forest succession following fire and the composition of bird communities, we investigated the vegetation structure, bird population density, foraging behavior and guild structure in bamboo grasslands (11 years since the last fire), pine savanna (41 years), pine woodland (58 years), old-growth hemlock forest (never burned), and old-growth spruce forest (never burned) in the Tatachia area of central Taiwan. Canopy height, total foliage cover, tree density, total basal area of tree, total basal area of snags, foliage height diversity, and tree species richness all increased with successional age. However, shrub cover peaked in intermediate successional stages. The vertical profile of foliage cover was more diverse in later successional forests, which had more breeding bird species and ecological guilds. All the breeding bird species recorded in early and intermediate stages were also found distributed in the late successional forests. Because Taiwan has high precipitation and humidity, and most forest fires in Taiwan are caused by human activities, forest fires and large areas of early successional vegetation were probably rare in the mountain areas of Taiwan prior to the arrival of humans. Therefore, bird species have not had enough time to adapt to areas with early or intermediate successional vegetation. Moreover, late successional forests host all the major plant species found in the early and intermediate stages and have higher foliage height diversity index, which was positively correlated with the bird species richness and bird species diversity index in this study. As a result, all breeding bird species and guilds in the area can be found in late successional forests. Efforts for conserving avian diversity in Taiwan should focus on protecting the remaining native old-growth forests.     

不同程度马尾松毛虫危害对松林植被群落的影响

采用样点调查法对不同程度马尾松毛虫危害松林的植被群落进行了调查。结果表明:不同程度马尾松毛虫危害对松林林分密度的影响不显著,但对松树生长量有着不同程度的影响,中、重度危害可降低松树的高度和胸径(重度危害三年后高度、胸径分别下降0.34 m和1.8 cm),轻度危害则可促进松林的生长;马尾松毛虫危害可适度改变松林的郁闭度和地表植被的盖度(中、重度危害后三年盖度分别上升15%和20%),对林下植被的恢复与生长有一定的促进作用;松林植被物种多样性分析表明,中、重度马尾松毛虫危害可有效增加林地植被物种的多样性,轻度危害则对林地植被物种多样性影响不大。     

采伐作业对长白山阔叶红松林林下植被影响的研究(英文)

森林采伐是森林经营中的一个关键环节。采伐对树木天然更新的影响直接关系到森林的结构、组成及森林的可持续经营。本文以长白山阔叶红松林为研究对象,对择伐5 年后不同作业迹地(集材道、楞场和采伐后林窗)的幼苗更新及灌木、草本的多样性进行研究,并以没有进行采伐干扰的林地作为对照。共设计样地23 块,在各个小样地内调查幼树的种类、树木、高度;灌木和草本植物的种类、树木、高度和盖度,应用SPSS 软件进行一元方差分析。结果表明,择伐作业影响幼苗的更新,灌木和草本的多样性在作业迹地增加,尤其在林隙处的多样性最高。适当采伐能促进幼苗的更新,特别是阔叶树种的更新。集材道对幼苗密度的影响比对幼苗高度的影响大,幼苗密度在集材道上密度最高;采伐作业对针叶树种有严重的影响,在三种作业迹地上针叶树种的密度都比对照低。为了维持森林的结构和组成,在森林收获和楞场的建立时,必须采取科学措施保护针叶树种。此外,采伐林窗和楞场的面积都应该减小。为了确保采伐迹地建群树种的更新,经营中应该在保护生物多样性的前提下,适当控制过于旺盛的灌木和草本层的生长。本研究结果将为采伐后作业迹地的恢复和森林的可持续经营提供科学的依据。图1 表4 参14。     

Influence of different forest conversion strategies on ground vegetation and tree regeneration in pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus sylvestris</Emphasis> L.) stands: a case study in NE Germany

The conversion of anthropogenic into more natural, self-regenerating forests is one of the major objectives of forestry throughout Europe. In this study, we present investigations on permanent plots with different silvicultural treatment in NE German pine stands. Management of old-growth pine stands on acidic and nutrient-poor sandy sites differs in fencing, thinning, and planting of certain tree species. The investigations were carried out on the community, population, and individual level of the pine forest ecosystems. Thus, vegetation changes, size and height of tree populations, and height increment of tree individuals were observed over a time span of 6 years. Special attention was paid to short-lived tree species such as, e.g., Frangula alnus and Sorbus aucuparia, as well as to Fagus sylvatica as one of the most typical forest tree species of Central Europe. Vegetation changes are interpreted as a consequence of natural regeneration of formerly degraded forest sites, involving an increase in nutrient availability. High browsing pressure can be considered as a key factor for the inhibition of tree seedlings and growth of saplings. Some Sorbus aucuparia individuals, however, succeeded in growing out of the browsing height also in unfenced stands. Few found specimens of Fagus sylvatica proved that this species is able to establish spontaneously on these relatively dry, acidic sites under continental climate influence. Such natural regeneration processes, also including spontaneous rejuvenation of trees, can be integrated into silviculture as passive forest conversion management. An active management like thinning of stands, planting of trees, and fencing can accelerate forest conversion with regard to height growth and species number of trees.     

Effect of stand age on bird communities in late-successional Macedonian pine forests in Bulgaria

To gain insight into the question of which vegetation characteristics have the most influence on avian assemblages in late-successional forests, the habitat preferences of bird-guilds in old-growth endemic forests of Macedonian pine were studied over 3 years in the Pirin National Park, Bulgaria. Bird–habitat relationships were investigated by comparing vegetation characteristics, and bird species richness, diversity, abundance, and guild structure of birds (determined according to food type, foraging and nesting sites) between mature (60–100 years old) and over-mature (>120 years old) Macedonian pine forest stands. Studied forest age-classes differed mainly by the density, height and diameter of trees, and the amount of dead wood. The first one of these parameters decreased and the latter two parameters increased with the forest succession. The difference in the vegetation structure affected the abundance of bird-guilds and thus, the overall bird abundance and the structure of avian assemblages within Macedonian pine forests. There was no significant difference in bird diversity among studied forest age-classes, but the overall bird abundance increased with forest maturation. Analyzed by study plots, species richness was higher in over-mature forests, but at cluster level, there was no significant difference between mature and over-mature forest age-classes. Half of the studied (insectivorous, hole- and ground-nesters, bark- and canopy-foraging bird species) guilds were more abundant in over-mature forests, while there was no bird-guild exhibiting a preference for mature forest stands. The abundances of bird-guilds were correlated with tree height, diameter at breast height and the amount of dead wood between the studied forest age-classes and this might explain their preferences for over-mature pine forests. Therefore, for future sustainable management of these endemic forests and the conservation of their avifauna, efforts should focus on protecting the remaining native old-growth forest stands and the importance of the structure of Macedonian pine forests on their bird assemblages should be considered in forestry practices.     

Effects of multiple factors on plant diversity of forest fragments in intensive farmland of Northern Portugal

The joint and independent effects of dominant tree species, forest patch spatial attributes, and forest structure and management as drivers of plant species richness and composition in small forest patches scattered within an intensive agricultural landscape were addressed.In a landscape with scattered urban and intensive dairy agricultural areas in north-west Portugal, within which small forest patches (dominated by pines, eucalypts, or both) represent semi-natural habitat islands, 50 small forest patches, with areas ranging between 0.3 and 3 ha, were selected and surveyed for vascular plant diversity, within dairy farming landscape mosaics dominated by annual forage crops. Explanatory variables were composed of three datasets derived either from GIS mapping or field observations: forest type (dominant tree species), forest patch spatial attributes (patch area and shape index), and measures of forest management and structure (diameter at breast height, tree density per hectare, and percentage cover of vegetation strata). Variations in these forest patch attributes were assessed across forest types, and related to measures of plant diversity (total, native, alien, woody, and herbaceous species richness). Redundancy analysis with variance partitioning was applied to evaluate the joint and independent effects of the three sets of variables on species assemblages. The recent shift in canopy dominance from pine to eucalypt observed in the region appears to be related to a (nonsignificant) tendency for the increase of patch area and to the decrease of patch complexity, as well as several changes in forest structure and management, expressed as a trend to denser tree canopies and lower cover of understory plants. Dominant tree species and attributes related to forest structure and management were the most important factors determining plant diversity. The joint effect of the dominant tree species and forest structure and management resulted in lower levels of plant species richness in eucalypt plantations. These were also more prone to invasion by alien species, probably due to decreased biotic resistance from unsaturated native plant assemblages. Our results draw attention to the importance of dominant tree species and management practices for the maintenance of plant diversity levels (species richness and composition) in dairy landscape mosaics, highlighting the importance of the remnants of semi-natural forests as refuges for plant diversity in the landscape context. Nonetheless, forest plant diversity could further be fostered by promoting naturalness of pine stands and the regeneration of native oak woodlands in some forest areas. This would also diversify the range of ecosystem services that could be provided by forest areas in these peri-urban farmlands.     

川中丘陵区低效防护林"开窗补阔"改造模式对不同施肥措施的响应

以柏木纯林、马尾松纯林、松柏混交林 3 种川中丘陵区典型低效防护林为研究对象,对其进行开窗补阔改造,分别种植窄冠刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia Zhaiguan)、台湾桤木(Alnus formosana)、天竺桂(Cinnamomum japonicum)和香樟(Cinnamomum camphora...     

北亚热带不同森林群落类型的生物多样性研究

北亚热带地区的人工针叶纯林可以通过抚育间伐或者封山育林等措施大大加快其向着该地区的顶级群落方向演替。该地区几种典型群落的乔木层生物多样性指数大小依次为：针阔混交林〉〉常绿阔叶纯林〉马尾松纯林（郁0.5）〉马尾松纯林（CK组）〉杉木纯林（修枝）〉杉木纯林（间伐10%）;灌木层生物多样性指数大小排序为：马尾松纯林（CK组）〉杉木纯林（间伐10%）〉杉木纯林（修枝）〉常绿阔叶纯林〉马尾松纯林（郁0.5）〉针阔混交林。     

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研究了原始红松阔叶林及其次生林草本植物物种组成及多样性动态,共记录了179种草本植物,其中红松阔叶林125种,次生林160种。红松阔叶林及其次生林草本植物的月季动态变化明显,物种数、Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-wiener指数及均匀度指数均表现为先增加再减小。不同月份次生林内草本物种数均明显高于红松阔叶林。红松阔叶林下草本植物垂直方向呈现明显的分层现象;在整个生长季内,次生林下草本植物高度均大于红松阔叶林。