不同类型亚洲栽培稻气孔长宽的比较研究

研究不同类型亚洲栽培稻气孔长宽的分布规律。经试验得出结论：参试品种各叶位正面与反面平均气孔长度和宽度有随叶位降低而增大的趋势,各叶位叶鞘则相反;典型籼稻剑叶气孔长宽均小于典型粳稻,而陆稻剑叶具有最大的气孔。     

优质稻新品种作烟后机械化直播栽培比较试验

采用直播方式可以省工、省力且高效,为筛选出适宜宁化县烟后稻（烤烟后作水稻,下同）直播栽培的新品种,2022年宁化县农技站与农机办引进了5个优质稻品种,与神9优28为对照,在宁化县济村乡神坛坝村进行品种筛选试验。结果表明：甬优4949、恒丰优珍丝苗、广8优粤禾丝苗和五乡优粤农丝苗等品种在抗病性、抗逆性等农艺生产性状等方面均表现突出,可作为今后宁化县烟后稻机械直播栽培推广的品种。     

山西省杂草稻发生情况调查及防治对策

杂草稻是禾本科稻属（OryzaLinnaeus）植物,学名OryzaSativaL,英文名（Weedyrice）。其既具有栽培稻的某些特性、又具有野生稻特性,能够在稻田自然繁殖和延续后代,与栽培稻竞争光、水分和养分,其危害性如同杂草,故被称为杂草稻。杂草稻分布较广,在大部分种植水稻的地区如北美洲、南美洲、南欧、非洲和亚洲都有发生的报道。     

叶生态特征及其相关性对下垫面热效应的生态权衡

为研究植物叶性状及其相关关系对城市下垫面热效应的响应及其生态权衡策略,以生长在6种典型城市下垫面(沥青、水泥、荷兰砖、大理石、嵌草砖和自然地表)环境中的3种常见绿化树种(洋白蜡、国槐和臭椿)为研究对象,测定其叶功能性状指标。结果表明：比叶面积、叶绿素含量、气孔面积、气孔开度及叶氮磷比均随着环境地表温度的增大总体上呈现先增加、后减小的趋势,城市下垫面从大到小依次为嵌草砖地表、自然地表、大理石地表、水泥地表、荷兰砖地表、沥青地表。而叶干物质含量、叶组织密度、气孔密度及叶脉密度、叶氮含量、叶磷含量则呈相反的变化规律,城市下垫面从大到小依次为沥青地表、荷兰砖地表、水泥地表、大理石地表、自然地表、嵌草砖地表。叶性状间表现了一定的相关关系,其中,比叶面积与叶干物质含量、叶组织密度与气孔密度间呈极显著的负相关关系(P<0.01),与叶氮含量、叶磷含量呈显著的正相关关系(P<0.01)。叶干物质含量与叶组织密度、叶脉密度和叶氮含量存在极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01)。气孔密度与气孔面积、气孔开度间存在显著的负相关关系(P<0.05),而与叶脉密度间存在显著的正相关关系(P<0.05)。气孔面积与叶氮含量间存在显著的正相关关系(P<0.05),与叶组织密度呈极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01)。随着地表温度的升高,植物叶性状间的相关性呈现先增、后减的趋势,小幅度升温总体上有利于加强叶功能性状间的相关性,而温度过高则明显降低其相关关系。城市生态系统中,植物叶片具有低的比叶面积、叶绿素含量、气孔面积、气孔开度和叶氮磷比,高的叶干物质含量、叶组织密度、气孔密度、叶氮含量和叶磷含量,进一步验证了城市生态系统中叶经济谱的存在,并在该谱系中属于“快速投资-收益”型。     

果园土壤健康状态与苹果健康栽培

果园土壤的理化性状和肥力指标,直接关系苹果树根系的生长及其对养分的吸收,而有效判断土壤肥力的重要指标就是土壤中有机质的含量。根据土壤有机质的含量合理施肥,能为果树提供充足的营养成分。文章主要围绕土壤中有机质含量对土壤结构及苹果健康栽培的影响、影响果园土壤健康状态的因素和苹果健康栽培状态、实现苹果健康栽培的有效措施展开讨论。     

镇稻10号密度与肥料试验小结

镇稻10号密度与肥料的研究,是水稻超高产栽培技术的一个重要内容,本试验通过不同基本苗和肥料用量的设计探讨密度与肥料对镇稻10号超高产栽培产量的影响,从而筛选出超高产栽培的最佳密度和最适宜的肥料用量,为超高产精确定量栽培提供依据。     

稻后免耕点播青蚕豆栽焙技术

蚕豆为粮菜饲肥兼用,用地养地结合的豆科作物,也是冬季农业开发的重要作物之一。稻后免耕点播青蚕豆栽培是在水稻收获后不耕翻,将蚕豆种子直接点播在稻田中的一种轻型栽培方式。蚕豆免耕栽培对保蓄土壤水分,培肥地力,节本增效等都有良好的效果。已成为冬季农业开发、稻一菜高效栽培的一种新模式。     

稻秸秆机械还田扬辐麦4号高产栽培技术

秸秆机械还田已成为江苏省主推技术,水稻秸秆机械还田种植扬辐麦4号要实现500kg/667 m2以上的产量,需要集成配套的精确定量栽培技术。为了给大面积扬辐麦4号高产栽培提供技术支持,总结了扬州市江都、邗江区近年来的稻秸秆机械还田条件下扬辐麦4号高产栽培技术,并进一步提出了稻秸秆机械还田技术、扬辐麦4号高产栽培产量构成指标和群体控制指标。     

稻后免耕点播青蚕豆栽培技术

蚕豆为粮菜饲肥兼用，用地养地结合的豆科作物，也是冬季农业开发的重要作物之一。稻后免耕点播青蚕豆栽培是在水稻收获后不耕翻，将蚕豆种子直接点播在稻田中的一种轻型栽培方式。蚕豆免耕栽培对保蓄土壤水分，培肥地力，节本增效等都有良好的效果。已成为冬季农业开发、稻一菜高效栽培的一种新模式。     

甜菜机械化生产技术

甜菜属藜科,两年生长日照草本作物。自18世纪中叶至今,甜菜作为栽培作物已有250多年的栽培史,我国种植甜菜已走过了110多年的历史。世界上有40多个国家种植甜菜,主要种植区分布在欧洲、亚洲及北美一些国家,先进国家的甜菜产量达65～70t/hm2,最高为荷兰,产量达105t/hm2。甜菜喜偏碱性土壤,具有耐旱、耐寒和耐盐碱等特点,其适应性和抗逆性都很强。甜菜是高产经济作物,增产潜力     

温室番茄叶片生理指标日变化特性及其与生态因子的关系

以温室春-夏季番茄为试验材料,采用小区试验方法,探讨了花果期和盛果期不同土壤水分条件下番茄叶片生理指标日变化特性、水分利用效率WUEL及生态因子间相关性。结果表明,番茄不同生育期生理指标日变化峰值时间不同;日均气孔导度、蒸腾速率随土壤水分的增加而变大,而日均光合速率最大值出现在70%土壤相对含水率的处理;两生育期蒸腾速率和光合速率受气孔调节的效应明显。在试验范围内,土壤水分越低,WUEL越高,番茄花果期WUEL较大。光合有效辐射是影响叶片光合速率重要生态因子。     

夏玉米叶片气孔阻力与冠层阻力估算模型的研究

根据田间试验观测结果，分析了夏玉米叶片气孔导度与环境因素之间的关系，应用多元非线性回归分析技术建立了气孔阻力的估算模型；对叶片正反两面不同部位和垂向不同层次上叶片气孔阻力的差异及其日变化过程和季节变化规律进行了分析，又用叶片气孔阻力估算模型导出了冠层阻力的计算模型。     

冬小麦叶片水势、气孔阻力、蒸腾速率与环境因素的关系

本文依据田间试验资料,分析了冬小麦叶片水势、气孔阻力和蒸腾速率在不同土壤基质势条件下的日变化规律,探讨了其与土壤基质势和天气条件(光照强度、净辐射、饱和差、气温)之间的关系,建立了叶片水势、气孔阻力、蒸腾速率与环境因素间的定量关系式。     

Osmotic adjustment of sugar beets in response to soil salinity and its influence on stomatal conductance,growth and yield

Sugar beets were grown in tanks filled with loam and clay, and were irrigated with waters of three different levels of salinity. Osmotic adjustment was determined by analyzing the pressure-volume curves at three growth stages. Sugar beets showed osmotic adjustment in two ways: with their phenological development and towards salinity. Owing to the latter adjustment sugar beets are able to maintain the turgor potential at the same value for lower values of the leaf water potential, to maintain stomatal conductance and photosynthesis and finally their production under severe water stress.Salinity affected the pre-dawn leaf water potential, stomatal conductance and evapotranspiration on both soils, but leaf area and yield only on loam.Soil texture affected stomatal conductance, evapotranspiration, leaf area and yield. As the latter was about 35% lower on clay, whereas the evapotranspiration decreased 10 to 15%, the water use efficiency was about 25% lower on clay compared with loam.     

Response of tomatoes,a crop of indeterminate growth,to soil salinity

Tomatoes were grown in tanks filled with loam and clay, and were irrigated with waters of three different levels of salinity. Osmotic adjustment was determined by analysing the pressure–volume curves at four growth stages. Owing to the osmotic adjustment, tomatoes are able to maintain the turgor potential and the stomatal conductance at the same value for the lower values of the leaf-water potential. Salinity affected the pre-dawn leaf-water potential, stomatal conductance, evapotranspiration, leaf area and fruit yield on both soils. Soil texture only affected the fruit yield. The evapotranspiration showed a moderate decrease, owing to the small decrease in leaf area and the effect of osmotic adjustment on the stomatal conductance, whereas the fruit yield decreased strongly. The tomato plant apparently favours under saline conditions, the growth of foliage at the expense of fruit formation.     

Effect of salinity on water stress, growth, and yield of maize and sunflower

Maize and sunflower were grown in tanks filled with loam and clay, and were irrigated with water of three different levels of salinity. Predawn leaf-water potential and stomatal conductance were used as parameters for water stress. The predawn leaf-water potential of maize was higher than that of sunflower, but the effect of salinity and soil texture on the predawn leaf-water potential was the same for both crops. The stomatal conductance of sunflower was much higher and more severely affected by salinity and soil texture than the stomatal conductance of maize.

Although salinity had a more serious effect on the development of leaf area and canopy dry matter of sunflower, its effect on evapotranspiration and grain yield was the same for both crops. Soil texture had a stronger effect on the development of leaf area and canopy dry matter of sunflower, which also appeared in the evapotranspiration and grain yield, indicating that sunflower is more sensitive to drought than maize.     

蕾铃期涝渍相随对棉花叶片光合作用与产量的影响

在棉花蕾铃期进行了涝渍相随试验,对奢水胁迫过程及涝后棉花主茎功能叶的光合作用相关指标进行了观察。结果表明,随着涝后受渍程度的增加,叶片的叶绿素相对值、净光合速率、水分利用效率逐渐降低,叶片气孔导度则有增加的趋势,减产幅度达22%以上,严重者减产近一半。根据试验结果,为促进植株尽快恢复,建议在涝解除后3~6 d将地下水位降至80 cm以下,并在涝解除后第5 d或第6 d适当追肥。     

水分和锌对番茄叶水势、光合特性及蒸腾效率的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了3个土壤水分水平W1、W2、W3和2个锌溶液水平Z0、Z1对番茄叶水势、光合特性及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,随着土壤水分的增加,番茄叶水势升高,晴朗天气中午12:00时W3处理叶水势可达-1.52 MPa;W3处理叶面积、光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度分别比W1与W2高出25.7%与10.0%、19.6%与4.2%、20.7%与9.3%、26.6%与15.8%;叶面喷施锌不同程度的提高了叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度,在W2适宜水分下,三者分别提高9.1%、2.9%和7.3%;土壤水分的提高使植株的蒸腾效率增加,在W1、W2条件下叶面喷锌显著提高了叶片蒸腾效率。     

A simple technique for timing irrigation in coffee using cobalt chloride paper disks

Summary A simple technique for determining the time to irrigate coffee using leaf water potential as an indicator of internal water belance is described. The technique is based on the time taken for dry cobalt chloride paper disk to change its colour from blue to pink when attached to the abaxial side of the leaf. If this is more than 5 min during the time when trees experience maximum diurnal stress (i. e. between 12.30 and 14.00 h) and leaf water potential is close to –20 bar trees should be irrigated, otherwise not.     

Response of sorghum to moisture stress using line source sprinkler irrigation I. Plant-water relations

The response of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) to moisture stress during the post-rainy season was studied at ICRISAT research center on a medium deep Alfisol using a line source sprinkler irrigation system. Changes in soil moisture content, stomatal conductance, leaf-water potential and leaf temperature of sorghum as a function of distance away from the line source sprinkler system were monitored throughout the season. Use of the line source technique facilitated the imposition of a range of moisture stress levels as indicated by increased water use by sorghum closer to the line source compared with the crop farther away from the line source. Canopy response measured in terms of stomatal conductance, leaf-water potential, and leaf temperature clearly reflected the gradient in moisture stress perpendicular to the line source.