不同化蛹基质对普通大蓟马蛹期、羽化率及性比的影响

【目的】研究沙子、蛭石、锯末、厨房用纸对普通大蓟马Megalurothrips usitatu羽化率的影响。【方法】以沙子、蛭石、锯末和厨房用纸为基质,其中沙子、蛭石和锯末分别设置3个湿度,进行普通大蓟马羽化的室内试验,观察并记录每日成虫羽化数。【结果】普通大蓟马在厨房用纸中的羽化率最高,为54.33%,其次为含水量(w)5%的沙子,羽化率为44.67%,在蛭石中的羽化率最低;在含水量(w)5%的沙子中蛹历期最短,为5.29 d,其次为含水量(w)7%的沙子,为6.01 d,其他基质中的蛹历期无明显差异;在w为30%的蛭石中羽化性比(雄性∶雌性)最高,为0.60,其次为25%的蛭石,性比为0.48。【结论】本试验条件下,厨房用纸最适用于普通大蓟马室内饲养的化蛹基质。     

普通大蓟马不同地理种群的分子鉴定及酶活测定

普通大蓟马Megalurothrips usitatus(Bagnall)是影响海南豇豆品质的重要害虫之一。笔者在采集不同地理种群的基础上,用试剂盒法提取其总DNA,对mt DNA COⅠ基因序列进行测序分析,并构建系统发育树;用分光光度计法进行酶活比较分析。结果表明,普通大蓟马不同地理种群之间的遗传距离非常小,并没有随地理位置的变化产生较大的遗传分化;抗氧化酶系活力测定中,不同地理种群的普通大蓟马GST活力差异较大,SOD活力不存在显著性差异,个别地理种群CAT活力与其他地理种群存在显著性差异。     

端大蓟马取食对豆科植物防御酶活性及丙二醛含量的影响

以3种豆科植物(菜豆、豇豆和蚕豆)为植物材料,研究端大蓟马成虫和若虫取食胁迫3种豆科植物后,其叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。结果表明,随着取食时间的延长,3种酶活性和MDA含量逐渐升高。若虫和成虫取食胁迫可引起3种酶活性和MDA含量上升,其中若虫取食胁迫下的3种酶活性和MDA含量最高。端大蓟马的取食胁迫可引起3种豆科植物POD、CAT活性和MDA含量的显著增加(P0.05)。表明豆科植物SOD、POD、CAT和MDA变化与植物种类、端大蓟马虫态和取食时间有关,豆科植物的抗性与体内的POD、CAT和MDA有密切联系。     

蓟马采集和玻片标本的制作

\t\t\t\t\t目的\t\t\t\t\t丰富中国呆蓟马属团蓟马种类,为呆蓟马属团的鉴定提供参考信息。\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t方法\t\t\t\t\t标本采集采用拍盘法,标本保存在75%的酒精中,带回室内进行玻片标本制作,在生物显微镜下进行鉴定。\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t结果\t\t\t\t\t记述了蓟马亚科呆蓟马属团一中国新纪录属塔姆蓟马属(Tameothrips)及1新纪录种芦竹塔姆蓟马(T. arundo),详细描述了该种的形态鉴定特征,编制了中国已知呆蓟马属团属种名录及分属检索表。玻片标本保存于云南农业大学植物保护学院昆虫系。\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t结论\t\t\t\t\t塔姆蓟马属(Tameothrips)为中国新纪录属,中国目前已记录呆蓟马属团9属21种。\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t     

Field resistance to spinosad in western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis(Thysanoptera:Thripidae)

The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, is one of the most destructive sucking pests of vegetables, fruits and ornamental crops in China. Spinosad is one of the most commonly used insecticides to manage thrips. To assess the incidence of spinosad resistance in F. occidentalis field populations in eastern China, survival rates for 24 different populations were compared with those of a susceptible laboratory strain. All populations showed significantly higher resistance to spinosad compared with the control as determined by comparing median lethal concentrations. Two populations from Shouguang and Liaocheng in Shandong Province were classified as having moderate and high levels of resistance to spinosad with a mean resistance ratio of 17.0 and 89.2, respectively. Our research indicates a widespread reduction in spinosad efficacy for controlling F. occidentalis field populations, and that resistance management strategies should be implemented as soon as practicable, to reduce the potential of progressive resistance development and loss of efficacy.     

Effect of heat shock on the susceptibility of Frankliniella occidentalis(Thysanoptera:Thripidae) to insecticides

Currently, insecticides are considered as the primary approach for controlling western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)(Thysanoptera: Thripidae). However, the heavy use of insecticides resulted in high insect resistance and serious environmental pollution. Given its characteristics of ease of operation and environmental friendliness, insect control using high temperature is receiving considerable renewed research interest. However, although the combination of insecticides and high temperature to control F. occidentalis has been studied before, few studies have focused on the short-term effect of such treatment. In a laboratory study, F. occidentalis adults and second-instar nymphs were exposed to 45°C for 2 h. Then, their susceptibility to acetamiprid, spinosad, methomyl, and beta-cypermethrin was tested after different periods of recovery time(2–36 h). Additionally, the specific activity of three detoxification enzymes(esterase, glutathione S-transferase, and cytochrome p450(CYP) monooxygenase) of the treated insects was determined. The results indicated that the fluctuation of susceptibility to insecticides and detoxification enzyme activity during F. occidentalis recovery from heat shock are related. Furthermore, several recovery time points(2, 30, and 36 h) of significant susceptibility to four tested insecticides compared with the control were found during the treatment of adults that were heat-shocked. Recovery time points of higher susceptibility compared with the control depended on different insecticides during the second-instar nymph recovery from heat shock. Interestingly, the fluctuation of CYP monooxygenase activity exhibited a trend that was similar to the fluctuation of susceptibility to insecticides(especially spinosad) during the recovery from heat shock of adults. In addition, the glutathione S-transferase and CYP monooxygenase activity trend was similar to the trend of susceptibility to spinosad during the recovery from heat shock of second-instar nymphs. Our results provide a new approach for controlling F. occidentalis using the combined heat shock and insecticide. This effectively enhances the control efficiency of heat shock and significantly reduces the application of insecticides.     

西花蓟马在中国适生区的基于CLIMEX的GIS预测

 【目的】西花蓟马是世界性的重要害虫，在中国首次于2003年在北京发现，亟需对其适生区进行预测。【方法】将CLIMEX和GIS分析方法结合起来，利用GIS的插值功能，对用CLIMEX预测西花蓟马中国适生区所得的EI值进行插值替换，并利用GIS的叠加功能，初步分析了寄主和湖泊等因素对西花蓟马分布的影响，从而使CLIMEX的预测结果更加精细准确。【结果】预测结果表明西花蓟马能广泛分布于黄河、渭河以南，其中主要发生地分布在云贵高原，渭河流域，淮河流域及广东、广西、浙江等地。【结论】西花蓟马在中国的华中、华南以及西南的广大地区可周年发生，气候条件合适及具备越冬场所时在中国广大北方地区也可能严重发生。     

Characterization of two novel heat shock protein 70s and their transcriptional expression patterns in response to thermal stress in adult of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Heat shock protein 70(HSP70) is one of the most important members in the heat shock protein family, and plays important roles in the thermotolerance of insect. To explore the molecular mechanism of thermotolerance of Frankliniella occidentalis adults, the difference in the expression of HSP70s in F. occidentalis male or female adults under the thermal stress was studied under the laboratory conditions. Two full length c DNAs of HSP70s gene(Fohsc704 and Fohsc705) were cloned from F. occidentalis by using RT-PCR and RACE. The genomic sequence was demonstrated by genomic validation, and the position and size of the intron were analyzed by sequence analysis of c DNA. Real-time PCR was used to analyze the HSP70 expression patterns. The c DNA of Fohsc704 and Fohsc705 possessed 2 073 and 1 476 bp which encoded 690 and 491 amino acids(aa) with a calculated molecular weight of 75 and 54 k Da, respectively. Four introns in Fohsc704 and six introns in Fohsc705 protein were found. However, the HSP70 protein sequences in our study were ended with EKKN and GIFL, which were different from the reported Fo HSP70s. Various expression patterns of Fohsc704 and Fohsc705 were found in both genders of F. occidentalis under thermal stress. The expression of Fohsc704 and Fohsc705 reached to the highest level at –12 and –8°C in male adults, respectively, and Fohsc705 expressed the highest level at 33°C in female adults. In conclusion, HSP70s of F. occidentalis in our study are novel heat shock proteins. There were difference in expression patterns of the two hsc70s in genders of F. occidentalis, and the two HSP70s play important roles in the thermotolerance of F. occidentalis.     

似士维螨实验种群的生殖力、性比率和世代期

【目的】研究产卵时段和培养温度对似士维螨(Schwiebea similis Manson(蜱螨目:粉螨科))亲代雌螨生殖力、子代性比率和世代期的影响,为防治西洋参新害虫提供理论依据。【方法】采用二因素试验设计,因素A为亲代雌螨群产卵时段,设3个水平,分别为每批34头亲代雌螨在夜间产卵12h(N12h)、白天产卵12h (D12h)、昼夜产卵24h(DN24h);因素B为培养温度(T),设9个水平,分别为11.0,12.0,14.9,17.7,21.0,23.7,27.1,30.0和33.0℃。将子代卵、幼螨和若螨用群体培养法培养,统计各有效组合内子代雌、雄螨数及世代期,计算亲代雌螨均殖数(PCR)、子代性比率和世代期均值(N),并使均值服从方差分析;计算世代发育起点温度(C)和有效积温(K),并组建N与T间的倒数模型。【结果】亲代雌螨昼夜产卵,由此2时段内所产卵粒育活的子代成螨数近似,PCR均值间差异不显著(P0.05)。在11.0～27.1℃,子代全螨PCR均值达13.9头/d,而在23.7℃最高为16.2头/d。产卵时段和培养温度对子代雌雄性比率都无显著影响(P0.05),均值1.10,有波动但无定向偏差。培养温度对子代成螨世代期的影响极显著(P0.01),世代期随温度的上升而骤降。子代全螨世代期N与温度T间的倒数模型为:N=K/(T-C)=(184.3±4.55)/[T-(8.43±0.28)];估算此螨在当地发生6～9代/年。【结论】昼夜节律不影响似士维螨的产卵习性,亲代雌螨均殖数显示其有高产特例,子代雌雄性比率反映其种群结构,而倒数模型揭示其生理学时期,并为估算其田间种群增长趋势提供基本参数。     

中国黑蓟马属一新记录种记述(缨翅目:黑蓟马科)(英文)

【目的】调查中国缨翅目黑蓟马科的种类和分布.【方法】用拍打法采集各种植物上的蓟马标本,并制成玻片标本,进行形态学分类和鉴定.【结果和结论】黑蓟马科在中国仅发现1属3种,其中1种为中国新记录种:克氏黑蓟马Melanthrips knechteli Priesner.本文描述了该新记录种并提供了中国该属已知种的鉴别特征和检索表.     

花粉在胡瓜钝绥螨控制西花蓟马中的作用

西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)是重要的农业害虫,胡瓜钝绥螨(Amblyseius cucumeris)是西花蓟马的重要捕食性天敌,对西花蓟马有明显的控制作用.花粉对害虫西花蓟马的生长发育和繁殖有一定的促进作用,同时花粉是天敌胡瓜钝绥螨的替代饲料,能增加胡瓜钝绥螨种群数量.文中总结了花粉在胡瓜钝绥螨控制西花蓟马中的作用,为进一步加强花粉的增效作用和提高捕食性天敌的利用效率提供依据.     

生物发酵对大口黑鲈的脱腥效果研究

采用植物乳杆菌、酵母菌及复配适度发酵大口黑鲈,研究改善其风味的效果。利用感官分析、电子鼻和新型固相萃取整体捕集-气相色谱-质谱联用技术 （MMSE-GC-MS） 检测不同微生物发酵处理后鲈鱼的挥发性风味成分,分析其脱腥前后风味物质的变化。感官和电子鼻分析结果显示处理组与对照组间气味差异明显。GC-MS结果表明,鲈鱼经生物发酵后,辛醛、壬醛、癸醛、1-戊烯-3-醇和6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮等腥味物质经微生物转化利用,呈现不同程度的减少,显示出脱腥效果。其中,植物乳杆菌处理组产生了2,3-戊二酮、香叶基丙酮等具有奶油香、花香等愉悦气味的物质,风味更协调,脱腥增香效果明显。